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m
THE GENERAL
BIOGRAPHICAL PICTIONARY.
A NEW EDITJON.
VOL. IL
Nichols, Sob, and Bentley, Printers,
Und lion Passage, Fleet Street, Lofidon*
THE GENERAL
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY:
CONTAINING
AN HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL ACCOUNT
OF THE
LIVES AND WRITINGS
a
OF THE
MOST EMINENT PERSONS
IN EVERY NATION;
PARTICULARLY THE BRITISH AND IRISH;
FROM THE EARLIEST ACCOUNTS TO THE PRESENT TIME,
A NEW EDITION,
REVISED AND ENLARGED BY
ALEXANDER CHALMERS, F. S. A.
VOL. n.
LeNDONi
^PRINTED FOR J. NICHOLS AND SON ; F. C. AND J. RIVINGTON ; T. PAYNE ^
W. OTRIDGE AND SON ; G. AND W. NICOL ; WILKIB AND ROBINSON |
J. WALKER ; R. LEA ; W. LOWNDES ; WHITE, COCHRANE, AND CO. }
1. DBIGHTON ; T. EGERTON ; LACKINGTON, ALLEN, AND CQ. ; LONGlIf AN,
HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN; CADELL AND DAVIES ; C. LAW;
J. BOOKER ; CLARKE AND SONS ; J. AND A. ARCH ; J. HARRIS ; BLACK, PARRY,
AND CO.; J. BOOTH ; J. MAWMAN ; GALE AND CURTIS; R.H.EVANS; J.
BATCHARD; J. HARDING ; J. JOHNSON AND CO. ; E. BENTLBY; AND J. FAULDER.
1812.
A
y
A NEW AND GENERAL
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
AlLEMANT. See LALLEMANT.
ALLEN ^Anthony), an English lawyer and antiquaiy,
was born at Great Hadbam in Hertfordshire, about the end
of the seventeenth century, and was edu<?^ted at ffton;
whence he went to King's college, Cambridge, and took
his bachelor's degree in 1707, and his master's in 1711.
He afterwards studied law, was ciiJI^d.to' the bar, and bjr
the influence of Arthur OnsloW^ speaker of the house of
commons, became a roaster in chancery. His reputation
as a lawyer was inconsiderable, Jbiut he was Esteemed a good
classical scholar, and a man of Wit: and -convivial habits.
He became afterwards an alderman of the corporation of
Guildford, and an useful magistrate in that neighbourhood,
fie died April 11, 1764, and was buried in the Tentple
church* He collected a biographical account of the mem«-
bers of Eton college, which by his will, dated 1753, he or-,
dered to be placed in the libraries of the two colleges, and
a third copy to be given to his patron, Mr. Onslow. He
also compiled, at his leisure hours, or rather made collec-
tions for, an English dictionary of obsolete words, of words
which have changed their meaning,''as villamj knavCy and of
proverbial or cant words, tLs helter-skeUery wUch he ddrived
from hUariter celeriter. It is not known what became of
this manuscript. He bequeathed his fortune, and probably
his books, to a brother who wa$a Turkey merchant.'
ALLEN (John), archbishop of Dublin in the reign of
Henry VIIL was first educated at Oxford, whence he re*
^ Harwood's Alumni Etonenses.— Whiston's MS additions to the first edition
M this Dictionary.
VoL.lI. B
9 ALLEN.
moved to Cambridge, and took the degree of master of arts ;
or, as Wood rather thinks, that of bachelor of laws. He
was afterwards sent to Rome to the pope, by Wairbam,
archbishop of Canterbury, to manage some afFail-s relating
to the church. He continued there about nine ye^rs, and
was created doctor of laws in some Italian university. On
his return he was made chaplain to cardinal Wolsey, and
commissary or judge of his court, when he 'was legate it la-
tere, but he was accused of great dishonesty in the exe-
cution of that office. He assisted the cardinal in 6rst vi*
siting and afterwards dissolving forty small monasteries, for
the erection of his colleges at Oxford and Ipswich.. His
church-preferment was considerable. Archhishop Warham
gave him Aldyngton, with the chapel annexed, March «6,
1510, in which he was succeeded by Erasmus; and in the
following year his grace presented him to Riseburgh, in the
deanery of Riseburgh. In 1524 he was presented to the
perpetual vicaifige of Alborne, and he had, by the favour of
Wolsey, the church of Dalby on theWoulds in Leicestershire,
though it belonged to the master and brethren of the hospi-
tal of Burton Lazars. In the latter end of the year 1525,
he. was incorporated doctor of laws of the university of Ox-
ford; and March 13, 1528, upon the death of Dr. Hugh
Inge, be was consecrated archbishop of Dublin, and about
the same time was made chancellor of Ireland. In 1 534* he
was barbarously murdered in an insnrrection, by Thomas
Fit^-gerald, eldest son of the earl of Kildare, in the fiftieth
year of his age. He wrote some treatises on ecclesiastical
affairs, which remain in manuscript. ' -
ALLEN (Thomas), an eminent mathematician of the
sixteenth century, was born at Uttoxeter in Staffordshire|
Dec. 21, 1542, and was a descendant, through six gene-
rations, of Henry Allen, or Alan, lord of the manor of
Buckenhall in that county. He was admitted scholar of
Trinity college, Oxford, June 4, 1561, became fellow in
JSBS, and in 1567, took his master^s degree. From a
strong indination to a retired life, and a dislike to entering
into holy orders, to which, according to the statutes, he
must have been called, he quitted the college, resigned his
fellowship, and went to Gloucester*hall (now Worcester col-
lege), in 1570. Here be studied very closely, jftod acquired
V Wood'f Atb«o«.<^«^en. Diet— Biog. Brit. — ^Tanner. — Fiddes's I^ife of WoU
fley.—-Stry)>«*8 Memorials, voi I. pp. 73. 125.-— Nichols's Uist of I^icestf}cshii«B
TOl. «I. p. 95S.
ALLEN. .«
a high reputation for bis knowledge in antiquity^ philosoe,
phy, and mathematics. Having received an invitatbn from
Henry earl of Northumberland, a great friend and patron
of the mathematicians, he spent some time at the earl's
h6use, where he became acquainted with those celebrated
mathematicians Thomas Harriot, John Dee, Walter War-
ner, and Nathanael Torporley. Robert earl of Leicester
bad a particular esteem for Mr. Allen, and would have con-
ferred a bishopric upon him, but his love of solitude and
retirement made him decline die offer. He was also highly
respected by other celebrated contemporaries, sir Thomaa.
Bodley, sir Henry Savile, Mr. Camden, sir Robert Cotton,
air Henry Spelman, Mr. Selden, &c. His great skill in
the mathematics made the ignorant and vulgar look upon
him as a magician or conjuror; and the author of a book^
intituled *^ Leice$ter's Commonwealth," has absurdly ac-
cused him of using the art of 6guring, to bring about the
earl of Leicester's schemes, and endeavouring, by the
black art, to effect a match betwixt him and queen Eliza-
beth. It is more certain the earl placed such confidence in
Allen, that nothing material in the ^tate was transacted
without his knowledge, and he had constant information^
by letter from Allen, of what passed in the university.
Allen was very curious and indefatigable in collecting scat-
tered manuscripts relating te history, antiquity, astronomy,
philosophy, and mathematics, which collections have been
quoted by several learned authors, &c* There is a cata<-
logue of them, bearing date 162^, among Anthony Wood's
papers^ in the Ashmolean museum- He published in Latin
the second and third books of Ptolemy, ** concerning the
Judgment of the Stars," or, as it is commonly called, of
the quadripartite construction, with an exposition. He
wrote also notes ou many of Lilly's books, and sooie on
John Bale's work, '* De scriptoribus Maj. Britanniae.**
Having lived to a great ag^, he died at Gloucester-hall, Sept
^0, 1632, and was buried with a solemnity suited to the
greatness of his character. He bequeathed a valuable por-
trait of himself, which has since been engraven, to the
president of Trinity college and his successors. Mr. Bur*
■ton, the author of his funeral oration, calls him not only
l!he Coryph^us, but the very soul and sun of all the nuthe-
maticians of his time. Mr. Selden mentions him as <^ omoi
eruditionis genere summoque judicio ornatissimus, cete-
berrimae acadeoii?^ Oiconiensis decus insignissimum : a
B 2
* , A L L EN.
f^ersQD of tib^ most extensive learning and consummale
judgment, t^ brightest ornament of the university of Ox*
{bra.*' Camden says, iie wbs ^ Piurimis optimisque arti*
Ims omatissimus ; skilled in most of the be«n; aru and sci*
ences.*' Mr. Wood has transcribed part of his character
^m a manuscript in the library of Trinity college, in these
words : ^ He studied polite literature with great applica-*
iaon ; he was strictly tenacioiis ^ academic discipline, al-
<wi^8 highly esteemed both by foreigners and those of the
university, and *by all of the highest stations in the church
of £ ngbnd and the university of Oxford. He was a saga^
^ious observer, and an agpreeable companion*^
ALLEN (Thomas), a learned divine, was born in the
year 1578, educated in the king's school at Worcester, and
#rom thence removed to Brazen-^nose college, Oxford,
i589. He was elected a probationer fellow of Merton col-
lege in 1593 r He afterwards went into orders; but, instead
of preaching, he applied himself to the more abstruse and
critical parts of learning. This pecoromended him to the
esteem of sir Henry SaHle, by whose interest he obtained
a fellowship of Eton college in 1604, and whom he assisted
In his elaborate edition of St, Chry$ostom. While at Eton,
lie assisted the studies of Dr. Hammond, then a school-boy,
|>articularly in 4^e Greek language. He wrote ** Obser-
vationes in libellum Chrysostomi in Esaiam.** He died
Oct. 10, 1638, and was buried in Dton college chapel.
ile was a benefactor in books to the libraries of Brazen^*
nose and Merton colleges.'
ALLEN (Thomas), a non-conformist clergyman of
Norwich, was bom in that city in 160S, and educated at^
daius college, Cambridge. He appears to have been mi-
nister ef 8t. Edmund's, Norwich, where he was silenced by
l>i^p Wren,, in 1636, for refusing to read the book of
Sports, and other non-compliances peculiar to the times.
Two years afterwards he went to New England, and was a
preacher at Charlestown until 1651, when he returned to
Norwich, and had the rectory of St. George's, from whidi
fie was ejected for nonconforiiifity in 16^2, and during the
1$«ne period he preached in a meeting csfUed the congre*-
gaHonal church. He afterwards preached in the latter
place^ as he had opportunity, and without molestation, till
1 G^n. Diet— Biof. Biit^WMon't Life of Sir Ti)Q«M8 Pope, p. 416.r;*-Atlu
0Sj^fn\W9 Woithics. '
> AUu Ox«wpHarwood'8 Alamm Stoaessef, f. Sf^jst-Biofr. Brttr
i
A L L X nr. s
the time of his death, Sept. 21^ 1671 He pii&tighed »e«-
vetsil pions pvacUcal trettises ; hut the work which obtaiued
lUffi moBt reputotioB, was his ** Chain of Scripture Cbro--'
ikoiogy, from the creation to the death of Christy in seren
period^'' 1639, 4ta On«r of his biographets compares
hin to Bucboh^ery wbo, being weary of controversy^ betook
Kmsetf to clMronology, sayii^g that be would rather com*
pute tban dispote. >
. ALLEON (DtiLAC John Lfiwis) was born at Lyons,*
and for a long tiine was a practitioner there at the bar. He
united, however, a knowledge of the law with a taste for
natural hiftary, which last induced him to retire from busiw
ness to St. Ettenne in Forez, where be could more conve-
niently .pursue his inqisiries into the properties of fossilsf
and mineTBlagy in general* He accordingly publisbed
^* Memoires poor servir a I'histoire naturelle du Lyonnois,
Forez, et Beaojolais," 2 vols. 12 mo, 1765 ; and << Melanges
d'histoiire n^tnrelle," which first appeared in 1763, 2 vols.
12mo, but afterwards there was a new edition in 6 vols.
He died at St. Etienne in 1768,*
ALLESTElY (Jacob), an English minor poet of thei
seventeenth century, was the son of James Atlestry, a book«.
fieiler of London, who was ruined by the great fire in 1666^
and related to provost Allestry, the subject of the next ar<«
ticle. Jacob was educated a« Westminster school, and en^
tered at Cbrist-^duirch, Oxford, m the act*term 1671, at
the age of crighteen, and was elected student in 1672. Het
took the degree in arts; was music-reader in 1679, an^
terr^ filins in 1681 ; both which offices he executed with
great applause, being esteemed a good philcdogist and
poet. He had a chief hand in the verses and p^storak
spoken in the theatre at Oxford, May 21, 1681, by Mr.
William Savile, second son of the marquis of Halifax, and
George Cbolmondeliey, second son Of Robert viscount Kells
(both of Christ-church), before James duke of York, hig
duchess^ and the lady Anne; which verses and pastoralil
were aftei'ward^ printed in the '< Examen Poeticura." He
died of the consequence of youthful excesses, October 1 5;
16^6, and was buried, in an obscure manner, in St. Tho^
mas's church-yard, Oxibrd,*
1 Calamy,->-Matber*r History of Ntw £iiglMid» book iii. p. S15.
• Diet Hiat— Biog. Unirerselle.
i AtK Oje«^,<^JHiclM>U'i PotKB^i Tol. |IL «tttf« trt sptcime&ier fail poefi^.
6 A L L E S T R V,
ALLESTRY, or Allestree (RicharI)), aii eminent
English divine, jtvas born in March 1619, at Uppington
near the Wrekin in Shropshire. He was at first educated
at a free-school in that neighbourhood, and afterwards re-
inoved to one at Coventry, taught by Philemon Holland
the tran^ator. In 1636, he was sent to Oxford, and en*
t^red a commoner in Christ- church, under the tuition of
Mr. Richard Busby, afterwards master of Westminster
school. Six months after his settlement in the university,
Br. Fell, dean of Christ-church, having observed the part»
and industry of young Allestry, made him a student of that
college, where he ajipUed himself to his books with great
assiduity and success. When he had taken the degree of
l^achelor of arts, he was chosen moderator in philosophy,
in which office he continued till the disturbai>ces of the
kingdom interrupted the studies and repose of the univer-
sity. In 1641, Mr. Allestry, amongst other of the Oxford
students, took arms for the king, under sir John Bdron,
and continued therein till that gentleman withdrew from
Oxford, when he returned to his studies. Soon after, a
party of the parliament forces having entered Oxford and
plundered the colleges, Mr. Allestry narrowly escaped be-
ing severely handled by them. Some of them .having
attempted to break into the treasury of Christ-church, and
leaving forced a passage into it, met with^ nothing hut a
single groat and a halter, at the bottom of a large iron
chest. Enraged at their disappointment, theyVent to th^
deanry, where having plundered as much as they thought
fit, they put it all together in a chamber, locked it up, and
retired to their quarters^ intending next day to return and
dispose of their prize ; but, when they came, they found
theniselves disappointed, and every thing removed out of
the chamber. Upon examination it was discovered^ that
Mr. Allestry had a key to the lodgings, and that this key
had been made use of. Upon this he was seized, and would
probably have suffered severely, luul not the earl of Essex
called away the forces on a sudden, and by that means res*
cued him from their fury. In October following, he took
^rms again, and was at the batde fought betwixt the king
and the parliament's forces under the command of the earl
of Essex upon Keinton-field in Warwickshire ; after which,
understanding that the king designed immediately to march
to. Oxford, and take up.hi^ residence at the deanry of
Christ- church, he hastened thither to mako preparatiQos
•A L L E S T R Y. 7
for his majesty's- reception; but in his way was taken
prisoner by a party of horse from Boughton-house, which
was garrisoned by lord Say for the parliament : his con-
finement, however, was but short, as the garrison surren-
dered to the king. And now Mr. Ailestry returned again
to his studies, and the spring following took his degree of
master of arts. The same year he was in extreme danger
of his life by a pestilential distemper, which raged in the-
garrison at Oxford ; but as soon as he recovered, he entered
once more into his majesty's service, and carried a mus-
quet in a regiment formed out of the Oxford scholars.
Nor did he in the mean time neglect his studies, ^^ but
frequently (as the author of the preface to Dr. AUestry's
Sermons Expresses it) held the musquet in one hand ^nd
the book in the other, uniting the watchfulness of a soldier
with the lucubrations of a student." In this service he
continued till the end of the war; then went into holy or-
ders, and was chosen censor of his college. He had a
considerable share in that test of loyalty, which the uni-
versity of Oxford gave in their decree and judgment against
llie Sk)len^n League and Covenant. In 1 648, the parlia-
ment sent visito/s to Oxford, to demand the submission of
that body to their authority : those who refused to comply
were immediately proscribed ; which was done by writing
their names on a paper, and affixing it on the door of St.
Mary's church, signifying that such persons were, by the
authority of the visitors, banished the university, and re-
quired to depart the precincts within three days, upon pain
of being taken for spies of war, and proceeded against as
such. Mr. Ailestry, amongst many others, was accordingly
expelled the university. He now retired into Shropshire,
and. was entertained as chaplain to the honourable Francis
Newport, esq. and upon the death of Richard lord New-
port, that gentleman's father, in France, whither he had
fled to avoid the violence of the prevailing party, was sent
over to France to take care of his effects. Having dis-
patched this affair with success, he returned to his employ-^
ment, in which he continued till the defeat of king Charles
II. at Worcester. At this time the royalists wanting an in-
telligent and faithful person to send over to his majesty,
Mr. Ailestry was solicited to undertake the journey, wliich
he accordingly did ; and having attended the king at Roan,
and received his dispatches, returned to England. In 1659,
he went over again to his majesty in Flanders , and uppa
» ALLESTRY.
bis return was seized at Dover by a party of soldiers^ buti
be had the address to secure his letters, by conveying them
to a faithful hand. The soldiers guarded him to London^
and after .being examined by a committee of the council o£
safety, he was sent prisoner to Lambeth-house, wheve he
contracted a dangerous sickness. About six or eight week&
after, he Was set at hberty ; and this enlargement was per*
baps^ owing to the prospect of aa approaching f evolution;.
fi>r some of the heads of the republican party, seeing every
thing tend towards bis majesty's restoration, were willing
by . kindnesses to recommend themselves to the royal
4>arty.
Soon after the restoration, Mr. Allestry was made a ca-
non of Christ-church ; at the same time he undertook one
of the leptureships of the city of Oxford, but never received
any part of the salary.; for he ordered it to be distributed:
amongi^t the poor. In October 1660, he took the degree
t)f D.'D. and was appointed one of the king's chaplains ia
ordinary, and in Seprt 1663, regius professor of divinity, in,
which chair he gat seventeen years, and acquitted himself
with honour. In 1665 hewas appointed provost of Eton col-;
lege, where he raised the school, which he found in a low
condition, to an uncommon pitch of reputafion. The west
side of the outward quadrangle of that college was built from
the ground at his expense. The excellent Dr. Hammond,
who was his intimate friend, left him his valuable library,
which he bequeathed himself to his successors in the divinity
chair. His eagerness for study^ and his intention of mind
while he was employed in it was so great, that it impaired *
his constitution,, and hastened his deaths In 1630, find-,
ing his health and sight much weakened, he resigned his.
professorship of divinity to Dr. Jane. And now the decay
of, his constitution terminating in a dropsy, he removed to
London, to have the advice of physicians; but medicines,
proving ineffectual, he died January 27th, 1680; and was
buried in Eton chapel, where a marble monument, with ai^
elegant Latin inscription, was erected to his memory.
Ther§ ar,e extant forty sermons by Dr. Allestry, for thct '
most part preached before the king, upon solemn occa<b'
sions, fol. 1684. Mr. Wood likewise mentions a small .
tract, written by him, entitled, " The Privileges of the
University of Oxford, in point of Visitation,'* in a letter
to an honourable personage, 1647. The first eighteen of
liis sermons were publijihed in 1669, foL for a benevolent
ALLESTRY. 9
purpose. He gave them to Allestrj the faooks^er, inen««
tioned in the preceding articte, who was his kinsman^ and
was mined by the great fire. ' These^ with the others^ wer^
afterwards published by Dr. Fell, bishop of Oxford, whQ
has donegreat justice to his memory in the life prefixed. *
ALL£tZ (Pons Auoustjn), a French advocatei was^
born at Montpellier, aivd died at Paris, March 7, 1785^
in the eighty-second year of bis age. Having no talentt
to ma&e a figure at the bar, he became an author by prot*
fession, and compiled a sreat number of works . for th^
booksellers, some of which nad considerable success. The
principal productions of his industry were, 1. Several dic*^.
tionaries, particularly ^^ L' Agronome,'* 2 vols. 8vo ; a good
abridgment of the ^' Maison Rustique ;'* a ^^ Dictionnaire
Theologique/* and another " Des Conciles," both in 8vo,
concise, but not remartiable for perspicuity. 2. ^^ Manael
(ie Fhomme du monde," 8>vo; and ^^ UEncyclopedie de
Pensees," Svo; compilations made with little care. 3. ** Sy-
nopsis Doctrinae Sacrse,'* dvo, a collection of the passages
in the Bible which regard the articles of belief* 4. " Ta-
bleau de rhistoire de France," 2 vols. 12mo, which was
adopted into some schools, and although negligently written,
and with little attraction, gives the principal facts of the
French history with fidelity and simplicity. 5. " Les
Princes celebres qui ont regn6 dans le monde,*' 4 vols.
1 2mo. 6. L'Histoire deB P^apes," 2 vols. 1 2mo. 7. " L*His-
toire des Singes,'' 2 vols. 12aio, This transition from the
Ivistory of "pnnces and popes to that of apes and monkeys,
may be thought a proof of the versatility of our author's
genius : his history of princes, however, is the best of the
three ; that of popes is said tq be superficial, and not very
impartial. 8. ^^ Les ornamens de la memoire/' 12mo, ia
which the title is more happy thaifi usual in such works, is a
collection of the beauties of the French poets, and has been
often repriated and enlarged. 9. " Les Lemons de Thalie,'*
3 vols. 12mo:> these are portraits and characteristic pieces*
from the comic poets, iO. " Connoisances des Poctes Fran-
coises," 2 vols. 12mo. H. " Catechiame d^ Tage mur,"
12nio, an abridgment of tHe proofs of relig^oa by ques«
tion and answer. 12. " L' Albert modetne," 2 vols. l2mo..
13. *^.L'jE§pritdesJournalistes de Trcvoux^" 4vok I2rao«
^I.ifiB prdBttd U> his Serflioi».«-*^Glett« D!ct. — Bkf^^ Die4.-«Atbv 0)^9n.-.-H»r«^
wood's AluaiBJ^ p< 24.— His great niece, wlio very much resembled bis picture 19
GMsi-cl^ttrch hail, died lSa9. ' GeaU Mag.: Toi. UQCIX. 9* Vd-;?.
10 A L L E T Z.
14. " L' Esprit des Journalistes de Hollande,'' 2 vols.
13nio. The former of these is a judicious selection. He
compiled likewise several books for schools, and abridg-
ments of the Greek history, the *^Magasin des Adoles-
f*ens," lives of the saints, &c* &c. This copious list, in
which we have not given all his compilations, is no small
testimony to the industry of M. Alletz, who was at least
virtuously, and often usefully employed, and whose cha-
racter made his death, although at a very advanced period,
be much regretted by hi$ friends and family. »
ALLEY, or Alleigh (William), bishop of Exeter in
the reign of queen Elizabeth, was born at Great Wycomb-
in Buckinghamshire, and educated at Eton school. In
J 528 he went from thence to King's college, Cambridge,
where he took a bachelor's degree, but removed to Oxford,
and spent some time in the academical studies of that uni-
versity. He afterwards married, was presented to a living,
and became a zealous reformer. On queen Mary's ac-
cession he left his cure, and retired into the north of Eng-
land, where he maintained himself by keeping a school
and practising physic. On queen Elizabeth's accession,
when he could avow his principles with safety, he went to
London^ and was appointed to read the divinity lecture at
St. Paul's, in which he acquired great reputation ; and in
July 1560, was consecrated bishop of Exeter. He was
not created doctor of divinity until November 1 56 J . He
died April 15, 1570, and was buried at Exeter. He wrote,
I. ** The Poor Man's Library," 2 vols, folio, 1571. These
volumes contain his twelve lectures at St. Paul's, on the
first epistle of St. Peter. 2. ** A Hebrew Grammar," but
it is uncertain whether it was ever published. He translated
the Pentateuch in the version of the Bible undertaken by
command of queen Elizabeth. Three epistles of Alley to
Matthew Parker, in Latin, are preserved among the MSS,
of Corpus Christi college, Cambridge. His " Judgment
cjoncerning the Doctrine and Discipline of the Church" is in
Strype's Annals. Wood and Godwin agree in placing
bishop Alley's death in J 570; but Tanner says, that it
wasron April 15, 1571, and Fuller carries it down so low
as 1576. He left a son, Roger Alley, who was archdea«
con of Cornwall ; and his great grandson, the rev. Peter
Alley, died so lately as August 1763, at the very extraor-
^ Diet fiitft.— BiOf r»jphi« Univ«r»elk^
ALLEY. 11
dinary age of ooe hundred and ten years and two months.
He was for seventy-three years rector of Donamow, in
Qaeen's County^ Dublin^ and served his own cure till
within a few d^ys of hi; death.
The following particulars of bishop Alley's personal.
history are given by a contemporary. He was well stored,
and his library well replenished with all the best writers ;
which most gladly he did impart, and lay open to every
good scholar and student requesting the sanle^ whose
company and conference he did desire and embrace. He
seemed at the first appearance to be a rough and austere
man, but in truth was a very courteous, gentle, and af*
fable man ; at his table full of honest speeches, joined
with learning and pleasantness, according to the time,
place, and company ; at his exercises, which for the most
part were at bowls, very merry and pleasant, void of all
sadness, which might abate the benefit of recreation, loth
to offend, ready to forgive, void of malice, full of love,
bountiful in hospitality, liberal to the poor, and a sue-
courer of the needy ; faithful to his friend, and courteous
to all men ; a hater of covetousness, and an enemy to all
evil and wicked men ; and lived an honest, godly, and
virtuous life. Finally, he was endued with many notable
good gifts and virtues ; only he was somewhat credulous, of
a hasty belief, and light of credit, which he did oftentimes
mislike and blame in himself. In his latter time he waxed
somewhat gross, and his body was full of humours, which
abated much of his wonted exercise. Queen Elizabeth,
out of the great respect she bad for this bishop, sent him,
yearly, a sUver cup for a new year's gift. The mayor of
Exeter much opposed him, on his obtaining a commission
to be a justice of the peace within the same, contrary to
the charters and liberties thereof. ^
. ALLEY N (Edward), a celebrated comedian in the
seigns of queen Elizabeth and king James, but more justly
celebrated as the founder of the college at Dulwich, in
Surrey, was born in London, in the parish of St. Botolph
without Bishopsgate, Sept. 1, 1566, as appears from a
memorandum of his own writing. Dr. Fuller says, that he
was bred a stage«>playeip ^ and that his father would have
* Biog. Brit.— Gen. Diet.— FuHer^s Worthies.— Harwoo4*» Alumni ^ton.—
Ath.Ox. — Tanner. — Strype's Life of Partter, pp. 67, 103, 156. — Strype's Annals^
VOL I. p. 201.— St. James's Chronicle, Sept. 3, 1703.— Pol whele's Hist, of De-
viDiiiJure.-^Uack«'s Aaiiqoitiet of l^xeter.^
12 A L t E Y N.
given him a liberal edupaition, but that be was not
turned for a serious course of life. He was^ however, a
youth of good capacity, of a cheerful temper, and tenia-;
clous memory, and in bis person of^ a stately port and as«:
pect ^ all 'which advantages are 4^^''^^<^^^^i^& foi'> ^nd
sometimo^ incitements to, the theatrical profesMon. By*
several authorities ^^e fiad be must have beeo on the sttagidt
^me time before 1592; for at this lime he was in higfar
favour with the town, and greatly applauded by the besft
judges, particularly by Ben Jdnson. Haywood, in fai»
prologue to Marlow's Jew of Malta, caUs him Proteus for
shapes, and Roscijis for a tongue. He usually played tfao
capital parts, and was one of the original actors in Shak-'
speare^s plays; in some of Ben Jonson^s he was also di
principal performer : but what characters he personated in
either of. these poets, is diiEcult now to determine. Thitf
is owing, to the inaccuracy of theit editors, who did not
print the names of the players opposite to the character
they performed, as the modern custom is, but gave on^
general list of actors to the whole set of playsj as in the
old folio edition of Sbakspeate ; or ^divided one from th<^
other, setting the dramsltis personam before the plays, and
the catalogue of performers after them, as in Jonson's.
It maj' appear surprising, how one of Mr. Alleyn's pro-*
fession should be enabled to erect such an edifice as thil^
wich college, and liberally endow it for the maintenanGo
of so many persons. But it must be observed that he bad
some paternal fortune, which, tliough small, probably laid
the foundation of his future affluence ; and it is to be^ pf e^
sumed that the profits he received from acting, to one» of^
his provident and managing disposition, and one who \>y
bis excellence in playing drew after him such crowds o^
spectators, must have considerably improved bis fortime v
besides, he was not only an actor, but master of a play-
house, built at his own expence, by which he is said tis
have amassed considerable wealth. This was the Fortune
play-house, near Whitecross street, by Moorfields.. There
is a tradition in tbe neigbbourboi>d: of this place, tbat iw
digging the foundation of this hoose, there was fo«(iid a*
considerable treasure ; so that it is probable the whole or
greatest part of it might fall to Mr. AUeyn. He was also
keeper of the king's wild beasts, or master of the royal
bear-garden, which was frequented by vast crowds of
spectators : and the profits arising from these sports are said
A L L E Y H. nl3
to hare smounted to 50Q/. per annunL He was thride
Qianried ; and the portions of his two first wives, they
leavijig him no issue to iiiherit, probably contributed to this
benefa^ioD. Such donations have been frequently thought
to proceed more from vanity and ostentation than real
charity ; but this of Mr. Alleyn has been ascribed to a very
singular cause* Mr. Aubrey mentions a tradition, that
Mr. Alleyn, playing a daemon with six others, in one of
•Sbakspeare's plays, was, in the midst of the play, stir-
prised by an apparition of the devil, which so worked on
his &ncy, that he made a vow, which he performed by
building Dulwich college. Whatever may be in this story^
he began- the foundation of this college, under the direc-
tion of Inigo Jones, in 1614; and the buildings, gardens,
&c. were finished in 1617, in which he is said to have ex«
pended about 10,000/. After the college was built, he
met with some difficulty in obtaining a charter for settling
his lands in mortmain ; for he proposed to endow it with
.900/. per annuniy for the mainteriance of oiie master, one
warden, and four fellows, three whereof were to be cler-
gymen, and the foutth a skilful organist; also six poor
men, and as many wemen, besides twelve poor boys, to
be educated till the age of fourteen or sixteen, and then
piA out to some trade or calling. The obstruction he met
with arose from the lord chancell(M!' Bacon, who wished
^ing James to settle part of those lands for the support of
two academical lectures; and he wrote a letter to the mar^
quis of Buckingham, dated Aug. 18, 1618, entreating him
to use Jiis interest with his majesty for that purpose *. Mr.
Alieyn's solicitation was, however, at last complied with,
and he obtained the royal licence, giving him full power
•
* The letter is as foUovs : " I now tores, the one in Oxford, the oUier ift
write to give the king an account of a Cambridge, foundalions of singular
patent I have stayed at the seal ; it is honour to his majesty, and St which
0f lioence to give in mortmain 800/. there is great want ; whereas hospitali
l^ndy though it be of tenure in chief, to abound, ond beggars abomid never 9.
Allen that was the player, for an h^s- whit the less. If bis majesty do like
liitaL X like well that Allen playeth !• pass the book at all, yet if he would
•Ihe last act of his life so well ; but if be pleased to abridge the 800/. to 500f.
his majesty give away thus to amortize and then give way to the other tw(»
Ikis tennres, his court of wards will books for the university, it were a
ilacay ; which I had wel| hoped ^llOQld princely work ; and I would make «t /
hnpr^ve. But that which moved mc humble suit to the king, and desic*
chiefly, is that his miyesty now lately vour lordship to join in it, that it Qkight
4id aibsoUitely deny sir Henry JSavile . he so«" The works of Francis loit|
for 200/. and sir Edward ^ndys for ISacon, yoi, IV. foU n4iO, j^. ^^
|00i to the perpetMatiQ|; of two lee-
14 A L L E Y N.
to lay his foundation, by his majesty's letters patent,
bearing date th^ 21st of June, 1619; by virtue where-
of he did, in the chapel of the said new hospital at Dul-
•wich, called "The College of God's Gift," on the I3tb
of Septennber following, publicly read, and published,
a quadripartite writing in parchment, whereby he created
and established the said college; he then subscribed it
with his name, and fixed his seal to several parts thereof,
in presence of several honourable persons, aud or-
dered copies of the writings to four different parishes.
- Those honourable persons were Francis lord Verulam lord
chancellor ; Thomas earl of Arundel, earl marshal of Eng-
land ; sir Edward Cecil, second son to the earl of Exeter ;
sir John Howard, high sheriff of Sussex and Surrey ; sir
£4ward Bowyer, of Camberwell ; sir Thomas Grymes of
Peckbam; sir John Bodley, of Stretham ; sir John Tonstal,
of Carshalton ; and divers other persons of great worth
and respect. The parishes in which the said writings were
deposited, were St. Botolph's without Bishopsgate, St.
Giles's without Cripplegate, St. Saviour's in Southwarfc,
and the parish of Camberwell in Surrey. The contents or
heads of the said statutes, or quadripartite writings, con-
taining the laws and rules of this foundation, axe as follow :
1. A recital of king James's letters patent. 2« Recital of
the founder's deed quadripartite. 3. Ordination of the
master, warden, &c. 4. Ordination of the assistant mem^,.
bers, &c^ 5. The roaster and warden to be unmarried,
and always to be of the name of Alleyn or Allen. 6. The
master and warden to be twenty-one years of age at least
7. Of what degree the fellows to be. 8. Of what degree
the poor brothers and sisters to be. 9. Of what condition
the poor scholars are to be. 10. Of what parishes the as-
sistants are to be. 11. From what parishes the poor are
to be chosen, and the members of this college, 12. The
form of their election. 1 3. The warden to supply when
the master's place is void. 14, The election of the war-
.den. 15. The warden to be bound by recognizance.
16. The warden to provide a dinner for the college upon
his election. 17* The form of admitting the fellows:
18^ The manner of electing the scholars. 19. Election of
the poor of Camberwell. 20. The master and warden's
oath. 21. The fellow's oath. 22. The poor brother's and
sister^s oath. 23. The assistant's oath. 24. The pronua-
ciation of admission. 25. The master*s oflSce/ 26. The
A L L E Y N. IS
warden's office. 27. The fellow's office. 2a. The poor
brother's and sister's oifitb. 29. That of the matron of
the poor scholars. 30. The porter's office. 31. The of-
fice of the thirty members. 32, Of residence. 33. Orders
of the poor and their goods. 34. Of obedience. 35. Or-
ders for the chapel and burial. 36. Orders for the school
and scholars, and putting them forth apprentice. 37. Or*
derofdiet 38, The scholars' surplices and coats. 39.
Time for viewing expences. 40. Public audit and private
sitting days. 41. Audit and sitting chamber. 42. Of
lodgings. 43. Orders for the lands and wopds. 44. Al-
lowance to the master and warden of diet for one mB,n a
piece, with the number and wages of the college servants.
45. Disposition and division of the revenues. 46. Dis-
position of the rent of the Blue-house. 47. The poor to
be admitted out of other places, in case of deficiency in
the parishes prescribed. 48. The disposition of forfeitures.
49. The statutes to be read over four several times in the
year. 50. The dispositions of certain tenements \n St
Saviour's parish, Southwark.
He was himself the first master of his college^ so that,
to make use of the words of Mr. Haywood, one of his con-
temporaries, '^ he was so mingled with humility and
eharity, that he became his own pensioner, humbly sub-
mitting himself to that proportion of diet and clothes which
be had bestowed on others.'' We have no rei^son to think
he ever repented of this distribution of his substance ; but
ofi the contrary, that he was entirely satisfied, as appeart
from the following memorial in his own writing, found
amongst his papers: ^^May 26, 1620, My wife and I ac-
knowledged tbe fine at the common pleas bar, of all our
lands to the college : blessed be God that he hath given
us life to do it" His wife died in 1623 ; and about two
years afterwards . he married Constance I^inchtoe, who
survived him^ and received remarkable proofs of his affec-
tion, if at least we may judge of it by his willy wherein he
left her considerable property. He died NoVi, 25» 1626,
in the sixty-first year of his age ; and was buricKl in the
chapel of bis new college, where theite is a tomb-stone
over his. grave^ with an inscription. His original diary 19
still preserved. ^
> Biog.. Brit, origtiiany Written by Mr. OMyt ; but flurny tdditionml paitieiilart
my be seen to Lytons't £avjroos of Loadoo, ro\. I. end M^fcme'i History of (ha
jftage, pjrefixed to kii» Md t» Jehnfoa nd SiMVtBi'f t^tmk of Sbak^Wh
16 ALLlBb'N*-D.
ALLIACO. SeeAIlLY.
ALLIBOND (John), D. D. of Magdalen college, Ox-
ford, was a native of Buckinghamshire, and master of the
free- school adjoining to Magdalen college. He was after-
wards rector of Bradwell in Gloucestershire, where he died
in 1658. He is principally known in the literary annals of
Oxford by an exquisite piece of poetical humour, which he
had the courage to publish in 1648, in ridicule of the par*
Hamentary visitors and their party: it was entitled *^Rus-
tica academiae Oxoniensis nuper reformatae descriptio :
nnsL cum comitiis ibidem, 1648 habitis.'^' Notwithstanding
the danger of publishing a satire of this description, two
editions were eagerly bought up, but it is now very rare. '
ALLIBOND (Petbr), father of the preceding, was bom
in 1560 at Wardenton, near Banbury, in Oxfordshire, of
an aucient family, and studied at Magdalen-hall, where
he took his bachelor's and master's degrees, and then
travelled on the continent. On his return he became
rector of Cheyneys in Buckinghamshire, where he died
March 6, 1628-9. His publications, according to Wood,
were mostly translations of pious works by foreign divines*
1. 'V Comfort for an afflicted conscience,*' Lond. 1591,
Svo, from the French of John L'Espine, 2. *^ Confutation
of the Popish Transubstantiation," Lond. 1592, 8vo,
3. ** The golden chain of Salvation,'* from the Latin of
Harman Renecker, Lond. 1604, 4to.*
ALLI0NI (Charles), a celebrated Piedmontese phy^
$ician, and professor, of Botany, in the university of Turin,
was born in 1725, and died in 1804. On account of his
high reputation for learning, he was elected a member of
many scientific societies, such as the institute of Bologna,
and th6 royal societies of London, Montpellier, Gottingen,
Madrid, fee. Of his numerous medical and botanical pub--
licatio^s, the following are the principal : 1. " Pedemontii
stirpium rariorum specimen primum," Turin, 1755, 4to,
containing the * description and figures of thirty plants,
either new or little known, ^which grow on the moun-
tains of Piedmont. 2. ^* OryctographioB Pedemontanafc
specimen,** Paris, 1757, 8vo ; an account of the fossils
in Pieduiont, 3. " Tractatio de miliar! um origine, pro-
gressu, natura, et curatione," Turin, 1758, 8vo; a me-
dical treatise much esteeofed.. '4. ^' Stirpium. prabc^mafinn
1 W904'«FMli, vol. Ih|ik40^.«Awuam voll^pp. ^i 58)1 .
? Atl;i.Ox.Toi.I. p.525^
A L L I O N 1. 1»
uUoiris et agri Nicaeensis enunieratio xnetbodica, cum
elencho aliquot animalium ejusdem maris/' Paris, 1757,
8vo. This work is often quoted hy naturalists under the
abridged title of " Enumeratio stirpium Nicwensis.' • The
principal part of it was collected by John Giudice^ a bo-
tanist at Nice, and a friend of Allioni, to whom he be-^^
queathed his papefrs. 5. " Synopsis methodica horti Tau-^
rinejisis,'* Turin, 1762, 4to, a methodical catalogue of the
plants in the botanic garden of Turin, divided into thir-
teen classes. 6* ^' Flora Pedemontana, sive enumeratio
methodica stirpium indigenarum Pedemontii," Turin, 1785^
3 vols. foL This splendid work, which is illustrated with
ninety-two plates, was the fruit of long labour and study^
and added greatly to the author's reputation. In it he
describes 2813 plants, which he found growing wild in the
duchy of Piedmont, of which those in the ttiird volume
are new. It has been, however, said, that those already
known acquire a kind of novelty by his descriptions, which
are drawn from nature, and not from books ; and the work
derives an additional value, especially on the spot, from
the very cautious manner in which he speaks of the me-
dical properties of any of these plants. The arrangement
resembles that of Haller in his history of the .Swiss plants.
Haller had a great regard for AUioni, and corresponded
with him till his death, 7. " Auctuarium ad Flora Pede-
montana,'* Turin, 1789, containing some additions and
corrections to the former. Besides these works, he wrote
several papers in the memoirs of the academy of Turin ;
and from all his writings seems to deserve an honourable
place among those who have contributed to the advance-
ment of the botanical and medical sciences. Loeffling
consecrated a genus to his memory, under the name of
AUionia, which Linnaeus has adopted. It is a genus of
the monogynia order belonging to the tetrandria class of
plants. ^
ALLIX (Peter), a very learned and eminent divine of
the church of England, although a native of France, and
well kno^^ti by his numetous and excellent writings, was
born in 1641 at Alen^on; and having received a liberal
education, which highly improved his great natural, parts,
he became minister of the reformed church at Roued. At
tbisplacci before he was thirty* five yeai'sof age, be distin-
* Blog. Univers«llt»
Vgt. It Q ^ .
18 ,A L L I X.
fished hiiriself by pubtishing some rery able pieees^ which
excited mach notice, and he was invit€fd to Charenton, theri
the principal church the reformed ha4 in France, and
whither the most considerable persons of the Protestant
religion constantly resorted. As he now saw himself in a
eondition to promote the interest of the ehureh, he applied
himself to the task with all imaginable zeal, and preached
several valuable sermons in defence of the faith, . against
the artful attempts of the bishop of Meaiix, who was* then
labouring to overturn the reformed religion, by Seeming
concessions to its professors. Upon the revocation of the
edict of Nantz, Mr. AUix found himself obliged to quit
France, and had prepared a pathetic discourse, which he
intended to have delivered as hi^^arewell tahis congrega-
tion, but was obliged to omit it, although it was afterwards
printed.
In 1685, when tl^e above edict was revoked, and the
Protefstant religion banished from France, Mr. AUix came
into England, either in that or the following year, and met
with a riiost favourable reception, on account of his exten-
sive learning, and especially his knowledge in ecclesiastical
history. Soon after his arrival, his first object was to ac-
quire the English language, which he attained in a high
degree of perfection. In 1690, he was complimented with
the degree of D. D. by the university of Cambridge, and in
the same year he had the treasurership of the church of
Salisbury given to him ; and some foreign memoirs say he
was made canon of Windsor, but this does not appear to
have been the case. It was proposed that he should have
Published here an authentic " History of the Councils,'*!
for which laborious and important work he was well quali-^
fied : but by sOnae accidents intervening, and for want of
encouragement, this undertaking miscarried. He wrote
^nd published, however, several treatises relating to eccle-
siastical history, which displayed great learning, were very
interesting, and very useful to the Protestant cause, which
was then in considerable danger. These pieces, of which
we shall give a list, were remarkably well received, and the
author became in as great credit here, as ever he had been
in France, for his ingenious and solid defences of the re-
formed religion, from reason and authority, and from the
practice of early ages, as well as the precepts of the gos-
pel. In 1699 he wrote a very learned treatise in defence
pf the Trinity, which has always been considered bh^ an able
A L L I X. 19*
MnA arjgumentative performance, and is mentioned with
great respect by the late bishop Horsley, in his letters to
Dr. Priestley. He wrote several other learned and inge-^
nious treatises on curious and important subjects, and was^
for upwards of thirty years, a strenuous and affectionate
defender of the established church. Some of these pieces
exposed him, however^ to very severe censures ; and among
the rest, Bayle, who had formerly complimented him very
highly, attacked him with contemptuous language; but the
opinion of Bayle, where orthodoxy is concerned, is not
deserving of much respect. One of his antagonists, Mr.
Stephen Nye, rector of Hormead, accuses him of Tritheism ;
and in Moreri's Dictionary, printed in 1740, it is insinuated
that he was inclined to Socinianism, a charge the most
absurd and incredible that could be brought. Dr. Allix,
however, continued steady and fixed in his principles, and
was so well known to be a zealous defender of the doctriQe
of the church of England on that subject, that Whiston
thought proper to consult him, when he first proposed
writing in support of his own opinions, as appears by what
he says on this subject in his " Historical Preface,*' which,
however, Dr. AUix found it necessary to correct in a short
relation of his interview with Whiston.
Dr. AUix ei\joyed a very uncommon share of health apd
spirits^ afi appears by his latest writings, in which there is
not only adl the erudition, but all the quickness and
vivacity that appeared in bis earliest pieces. Those who
knew him, derived the same pleasure from bis conversa-
tion, that the learned found \n his productions ; for, with
an extensive share of learning, he had a remarkable liveli«
hess of temper, and expressed himself on the driest sub*
jects with much sprightliness, and in a manner out of the
common road. He was consulted by the greatest men of
his age, on the deepest and most intricate parts of learning,
and received the praise of the ablest critics of his time. It
was not any single branch of literature, or a few related to
each other, that could occupy his thought^, but the whole
circle of sciences which fall, under the cognizance of a
general scholar and sound divine. His sermons shew him
to have been an admirable orator, and at the same time a
profound scholar, and the several ancient authors whose
writings he publislxed, testify his skill in criticism, and his
perfect acquaintance with antiquity. His treatises on
4ci^^iastical l^istory discover a vast fund of reading, and
c 3
to ALL IX.
an exact comprehension of his subject, with a vrarm zfsal
for the JProtestant religion. He, laboured also to serve it
by the tracts he rescued from oblivion, to shewj which they
did effectually, that the charge of novelty oh which^ the
Papists insisjted so loudly, was not only unreasonable, but
entirely groundless. His thorough acquaintance with He-
brew and Rabbinical learning was displayed in his labo-
rious performance in defence of the doctrine of the Trinity,
in which his sincerity is as conspicuous as his learnhig. If
in the. prosecution of those deep and recondite studies, he
sometimes mistook his way, and erred in his computations,
as when he fixed the year of Christ's second coming at
1720, it was no more than had befallen the greatest men
who have travelled this road before him, particularly Jo-
seph Mede and bishop Lloyd ; neither have these instance*
conviiiced other eminent men that the roads are impassable,
since the very learned dean Prideaux, and the sagacious
sir Isaac Newton, have devoted many of their hours to the
like inqumes. Dr. AUix continued his application to ihe
last, and died at London, Feb. 21, 1717, in the seventy -
sixth year of his age, leaving behind him the reputation of
a man, equally assiduous in the right discharge of all the
offices of public and private life, and every way as amiable
for bis virtues and social qualities, as venerable from his
uprightness and integrity, and celebrated for his various
ind profound learning.
His works are, I. " Response h, la Dissertation sur Ber-
tram et Jean Scot, ou Erigene," printed at the end of
Claude's answer to M. Arnaud's Perpetuity of the Faith,
1670. 2. " Ratramne, ou Bernard, Pretre, dii Corps et
du Sang du Seigneur," Lat et Fr. JElouen, 1672, 12mo.
3. ^' Dissertatio de Trisagii origine,*' Rothoma^i, 1674,
Avo. Maimbourg erroneously ascribes this to another per-'
son, 4. " Dissertatio de Sanguine D. N. J. Christi," date
uncertain. 5. " Dissertatio de Tertulliani vita, et scriptis."
6. " Dissertatio de Conciliorum quorumvis definitionibus
ad examen revocandis," 8vo, circa 1680. 7. ** Anastasii
8inait8B contemplationum in Hexahemeron liber xii hac-
t^nus desideratus,** Gr. et Lat. cum notis, &c. Lond. 1682,
4to. 8. " Douze Sermons sur divers textes," Rotterdam,
1685, 12mo. 9. " Les Maximes du vrai Chretien,'* which
was printed at Amsterdam, 1687, and joined with " Bonnes
et sahites pens^es pour touts les jours du mois." 10. ** L' A-
4ieu de St. Paul aux Ephesiens, Sermon," Amst. *168S^
A L L I X. 21
t
l2mo. Thb was his int;ehded farewell sermon noticed
above. 11. " Reflections upon the books of the itolj.
Scripture, to establish the truth of th^^ Christian Religion,**
Lond. 1688, 2 vols. This work was dedicated to king
James II. from whopa the author had received some obli-
gations. The dedication, which is wanting in some edi-
tions, may be seen in the Biographia Britahn^ca. Bishop
Wati^on, in his late " Tracts,'* republished these Reflec-
tions, which he says have always been held in, great repute
for the plainness and erudition with which they are written.
12. ^' Determipatio F. Joannis Parisiensis demodo. exis*
tendi Corpus Cbristi in sacramento Altaris, &c. cni est
prefixa prefatio historica de dogmate Transubstantiar
tionis,'* Lond. IB86, 8vo. 13. " Some remarks upon tha
ecclesiastical history of the ancient Churches of Pied-
nidnt,** Lond. 1690, 4to. This is a very elaborate work,
in which the author traceis the history of opinions with
great acuteness and fidelity. 14. " Remarks upon the ec-
clesiastical history of the ancient Chutches of the Albi-^
genses,** Lond. 1692, 4to ; a performance of a similar kind
with the foroier, and throwiiig much light on the opinions
of the reformed churches. 15.^*^ The judgment of the
ancient Jewish Church, against the Unitarians, in the con-
troversy upon the Holy Trinity, and the diviiiity of our
blessed Saviour,*^ Lond. 1689, 8vo. This was occasioned
by the controvetsy betweenTjishop Bull and the Unitarians,
and is the able defence of the doctrine of the Trinity to
which we have already alluded. 16. " De Messiae duplici
adventu dissehtationes duae adversiis Judeos," Loiid. 1701,
12mo. It was in this treatise our author fell into the erro-
neous cotnpiltation respecting ' Christ's second comings
tf ..} ■ 17. ** Prefsice. and arguments on the Psalms." 18. "Nee-
tarii Patriarchse Hierosolymitani confutatio Imperii Papw
in Ecclfesiam,'''*/'Lond. 170^, 8yo; a translation frem the
' original in Gr^ek. 19^,' ** Aug, Hermanni Franke manur-
ductio ad lectioh^iri' Scrip. Sac.** Lond. 1706, 6vo ; our
author wrote'bniy a short prefatory riecommendation to this-
book. 20. ^ Dissertatio de J. 'C. Domini nostri anno et
Aense natali,** Lohd. 1707 ahd' 1710. . '21. ** The Prophe-
cies which Mr. Whiston applies tb. the times immediately
following the appea^aqce 6f the Messiah, considered and
examined,** Lond. 1767^ 8vo. ' 22. ** Preparations a la
Cene,'* 8 vo, often p|inted,^ti Geneva, 2S. ^^ Remarks upon
tome placed of Mr. Whiston*s books, either printed or ia
aa ALL IX.
'■ . • • •
mauuscripV Loud. 1711, .Svo. This, pamphlet isiinconi*
monly scarce. Besides these, the late Dr. Flesmai;i as-,
slir^d Dr. Kippls that the following pieces may be attri-i
bnted to our author, " Theses Theologicae de ultimo judi-
ibio,*' Salmur, 1660, 4tQ, probably academical exercises;
.•*A discourse concerning Penance,^' Lond. 1688, 8vo;
** An historical discourse concerning the necessity of thet
Ministers* intention in administering the Sacrament,** 1688^
Svo ; " An Examination of the scruples of those who re-
fuse to take the Oaths,** 1689, 4 to; ** Animadversions on
Mr. Hill's Vindication of the primitive Fathers, against th^
fight rev. Gilbert, bishop of Sarum, 1695, 4to.* .^
ALLOISI (Balthazar), called Galanino> ah eminent
painter of history and portraits, received hjs ediiqatioit in[
the school of the "Caracci, aiid iii all his compositions re-
tained the admirable style of his master. He had naturally
a melancholy turn of mind, and was of a retired and soli-
tary disposition : this induced him to avoid the conve^rsar
tion of his friends, and devote himself to the study o^ hi$
^rt; but by this plan he became so necessitous, thatb^wai(
compelled to paint portraits to procure a subsistence.. la
this branch, however, his success was astonishing ; and h^
grew into* the' highest esteem, not only for the resemblanpe
visible at first sight, and the beauty of his colouring, but;
also for a new and unusual boldness of manner,, by which;
his portraits seemed absplutely to breathe. None of hi$k
contemporiaries could enter irito competition with him; and
the Italian writers place him in the same rank of merit with.
Vandyck. He was born at'Bologna in 1578, and died iri
163S.« • • j^
ALLORI ( Alexander), called Bronzing, an eminent
|>ainter, was born at Florence in 1535,. and was the ais.ciple
of Agnolo Brdnzino, likewise a distinguished painter, who
educated him with ail the tenderness of a parent, Allo^ri^
having been deprived of his owa f^^tber, when be was but.
five years old. He was very studious, and applie4 hiins^tf
diligentlj^, not only to imitate the manner of hi^ master,
but the different manners of those masters who were in th^
greatest reputation. When he commenced painter, his.
first work was a crucifixion, intended for an altar-piece,
which was much praised, but hi$ success in portrait-paint-
ing induced him to employ a great de^ of hip tivaSe in that
Blor^ Brit » Pincingtoii'8 Diet.
.(■
A L L O R L ?S
branch. Michael Angelo waa the master whose works be
studied with the greatest attention^ and he designed a pig-
ture of the Last Judgment^ after, the manner of that great
genius, which is preserved at Rome, and will perpetuate
the honour of Allori. He died in 1607, aged 72. It is
said that he wrote some burlesque poems, and a. dialogue
on Design, The* existence of this last is denied by his
French biographer, but we fipd its title in Haym's Biblio-
teca Italiaaa^ '^ Dialogo di Alessandro Allori pittore Flq-
rentino sopra Parte del disegnare le figurie principiando da
MuscoU, Ossa^ Nervi, Vene, Membra, Notomia^ . e figiu*a
perfetta,** Florence, 1590.* .;
ALLORI (Chistophano), called also BRONZiNPy wa5
the son and disciple of the preceding, and born in Flo-
rence in 1577. For some time he followed the manner of
Alexander^ but, afterwards studying design from the work^
of Santi di Titi, and colouring from the lively and elegant
tints of Cigoli, be formed to himself a manner entirely dif-
ferent. He executed several large designs for altars, ye%
had a particular excellence in painting small pictures, in
which he introduced a number of minute figures, so exqui*-
site for correotness oU drawings so round and relieved by
the colouring, and touched with so much delicacy, that it
seemed surprising how either the band or. the eye could
execute them. His portraits were also in high esteem.
His best pictur4&s were those of Judith, St. Francis, and
St. Julian. The. last mentioned, long one of the chief or*>
naments of the Pitti palace, is now in the imperial coUec*
tion at Paris, and shews him to have been one of the finest
colourists of the Florentine school. He died at the age of
forty-two, in consequence of a wound in his foot, Ampu«
tation Was recommended^ but he refused his consent, and
ppntinu^d delibera.tely using his pencil to the last moment
of his life.*
ALMAIN (James)^ professor of divinity in the college
of Navarre, at Paris, and one of the most able scholastie
writers of bis time,^ was a native of Sens, and died young at
Paris in 151$> Buriog his. short life, he published a con«
siderable numbeir of worl^^, on logic, physics, morality, and
divimty. The two which, procured him most fame are,
1. '^ De e^ntoritate Ecclesiee, &c.'' Paris, 1512, 4to, in which
he defends the doctrine of the council of Pisa, against
A Pinmi|^*s Dict.*^Bios^. UDiT«r«ellr. « IbkU
M A L M A I N. •
Cajetan', who had raised the pope's authority above that of
the councils. 3. " De potestat« ecclesiastica et laicali
contra Ockam." — ^These are both in the edition of hh
works, published at Paris, 1517, foL; bnt in that edition
we do not meet with his " Moraha,'* Paris, 1525, Sro, ' , •
ALMAMON, caliph of Bagdat, a philosopher and astro-
'iK)mer in the beginning of the ninth century, ascended the
-throne in the year 814. He was the son of Harun-AI-
-^Rashid, and the grandson of Almanzor. His name is
otherwiise written Mamon, Almaon, Almamun, Alamoun,
or Al-Maimori. Having been educated with great cate,
and with a love for the liberal sciences, h6 applied himsetf
^o cultivate and encourage them in his own country. For
"this purpose he requested th^ Greek emperors to supply
him with such books on philosophy as they had among
them; and he collected skilful interpreters to translate
them into the Arabic language. He also encouraged hist
subjects to study them ; frequenting the meetings of the
learned, and assisting in their exercises and deliberations.
He caused Ptolemy's Almagest to be translated in the year
-S27 ; and in his reign, and doubtless by his encouragement,
an astronomer of Bagdat, named H^bash, composed threi^
sets of astronomical tables. Almamon himself, however,
made many astronomical observations, concerning the obli-
quity of the ecliptic, and caused skilful observers to pro-
cure proper instruments to be made, and to exercise them-
selves in such observations. Under his auspices also a de-
gree of the Meridian was measured ; and he revived the
sciences in the East so successfully that many learned men
were found, not only in his own time, but after him, in a
country whfere the study of the sciences had long been for-
gotten. This learned king died near Tarsus irt Cilicia, by
having eaten too freely of date^, on his return from a mili-
tary expedition, in the year 833, in the 48th or 49th year
of his age. *
ALMARUS (Elmarus, Elmbrus, or iELMfeRUs)^ was
abbot of the monastery of St. Austin in Canterbtiry, at the
time that Alphage, the arohbishop, was barbarously mur-
dered by the Danes, in 1011, whc|n the oity was betrayed
to them. Almarus, however, wUs suffered by those plun«
derers to go at liberty ; and in the year 1022, was made
• Moreri. — Du Pin. — Cave, vol. II. — Biog, Uniyerselle.
* yoiy. Ilistory. — Brucker. — ^liuttOA^ Mathematical Dictionarf . •
A L M A R U S. 25
bishop of Sherborne ih l)orsetshire, which bi^boprit wak
afterwards translated to Salisbury. Godwin mentions
bim as a bishop, but JEidds that he knows nothing of hiih
bat his name. Almarus was not inclined either to leave
his abbey, or to become a bishop; but was 'at last pre-
vailed on to take upon hiitt that dignity, which he dis-
charged with great confstafncy and vigour, iiritil he had thfe
misfortune to lose his sight. On this he resigned his bi-
shopric with more alacrity than he had accepted it, return-
ing back to his abbey, where he lived in a cell in the in-
firmary, in great innocence and devotion to his last hour.
When he was near his death, he directed that he shoi^d
be buried not as a bishop, but as a monk, which was com-
plied with. He was interred in the church of the monas-
tery, before the altar of St. John, and his memory held in
great veneration. The chronicles relate some sujserstitious
stories of him, to which little credit will now be given. *
ALMEIDA (Francis), count d'Abrantes, a Portu^
gueze, was the first governor of India, to which place he
was dispatched in 1505, by king Emanuel, with the high
character of viceroy. His fleet had a dangerous passagib
out, and alnjost continual storms off the Cape df Good
Hope, without being able to make it, but at last reache'd
Quiloar The king of that place having given some cause
to suspect his conduct, Ahneida resolved to besiege the
city, and after landing 500 men, the natives fled, &nd the
Portugueze entered and plundered it. The plunder wais
however deposited in one house, and shared among the
soldiers, Almeida" taking as his own share, only one ar-
row. He- then began to build a fort, and offered the peo<«
pie the protection of the Portugueze, which they accepted,
aiid received a king from them, who promised to be^ obe-
dient to king Emanuel;
From hence they sailed to Mombassa, and immediately
attacked that place. A shot from the Portugueze set fir^
to the powder magazine, which s6 terrified the inhabitants
that they abandoned thef fort. Having caUsed the port to
be sounded, and. finding water sufficient, he entered the
harbour, arid theit sent a ittessage to require the king to
submit himself to the king of Portugal ; but the messenger
was refused admittance. — ^ Ahneida then endeavoured* to
peize some of the natives, and took prisoner a domestic of
Sfi A L M £;! D A.
the kipg, from whom be had intelligence that thf( king had
received into bis pay 4000 anxilis^ries, afid expected .mpr^«
,On this intelligence he resolved to (^esieg^, the place ; and
set fire to a part of the ci^y.. The natives .attacked the
Portugueze^ although at th^ .same.tiipe emploj^ed in ex-
.tinguishing the flames; whic^ however prov^^d their best
.friends, and obliged the eni^my tq i^tire. Nextday, when
the flames abated, the Portu^ueze again entered the city, and
were much annoyed by the n^urro^vuess of the streets, and
the darts of the enemy flung from the houses. However^
Almeida having soon secured the palace^ the Portuguese
39iu,ed their strength, and obliged the natives to ^eek their
^{afety by flight, and betake themselves to, ^ Avood, to
which. the king had retreated. The city v^s plundered^
b^t most of the valuable efl*ects bad been carried away.
The Portugue^^ writers tell us, they killed in this action
1500, and took 2000 prisoners^ with, the loss only of five
men killed, and several wounded.
From hence he sailed with his fleet for Meli^d^, but by
tempestuous weather was driven three leagues beyond ;
from thence they proceeded to the islan4, oC Anchidive^
where he built a fortj and sent some of his ^ ships out to
jcruize^ Here he received deputies from tlie king of Onpr,
jto treat of peace^ and also the submission of a piratical
johietf of the name of Timoia; but a circ^nistance soon
happened to shew the former was not sincere, and the
▼icerpy sailed to.Onor, and burned some ships in the har*-
bour. A day or two after, he. sent his son to burn th^
.other ships, when a smart action ensued, and the Portu«
gueze were obliged to retreat. Aln^eida sailed next day to
Cananor, where he found it nece^^ary to build a strong
fort, to protect his countrymen figainst the Arabians, who,
jealous of the Portuguese, did them every injtiry i^i their
power. While Almeida remaii^ed here^ b^ had the hap-
piness to receive an embassy f^om the king of Nsgrsinga,
pffeiring friendship, and his daughter as a wifp for Jphn th^
son of Emanuel. He had also a visit from the king of
Cananor, from whom he obtaified libeity to build his fort;
jFrom this place he dispatched l^i^.sQn on an ^pedition to
Caulan.
On the arrival of Cugna witha reinfqrcement from Por^
tagaij and on receiving intelligence of several. Arabian
riiips richly laden being in the port of Panama (about 50
niles off) escorted by a fleet of ships o£ war of Calicut, be
ALMEIDA. 27
resolved, to attacl^ ^em in tba harbour. He sailed. for that
purpose with 12 ships of wan On his passage he was in*
formed that the ships were not yet afloat, but lay in tb^i
docks, under cover of a rampart, and a strong garrison o^
4000 men. Almeida had only 700, and with these he
resolved to attack the enemy. He attempted to land ancl
burn the ships; and after a violent conflict succeeded..
This was a strong proof of the superiority of tlie Portu-
gueze at this time in war, for the enemy fought with des-
perate courage, there being many among them who hadj^
taken an oath to conquer or die. These devotees had all
their heads shaven, and were destroyed to a man. AU-
meida, having made good his landing, advanced to the city^
and set it on fire, being fearful of the consequences of per-v
mitting his men to plunder it. The men murmured at
being deprived of such a rich booty, but this the vicerpy
disregarded ; and to keep them employed, dispatched hii^
son with a squadron to cruize against the Arabians, who i];i
an engagement with the enemy's fleet lost his life. Al-
meida, who had often shewn that he possessed great forti«
tude, now gave a striking proof of it; ^nd to those wha
lamented the death of young Almeida with too much sor«^
row, he said, " That he had never wished a long^ but i,
J glorious life for his son ; and for his part, he thanked tioc^
or honouring him with so glorious a death.^'
While he commanded in India, Albuquerque was mak*-
ing conquests for his country to the northward, but as he
did not act under Almeida's instructions, the latter was
offended, and even wrote to some of the. enemy's chiefsi;
that Albuquerque acted without his orders. Notwitbstand«;
ing tliis, the exploits of the latter drew Che attentiou of th«
court of Portugal, and he was appointed to supersede. AU
meida in his viceroyship. When the order for the viceJ
roy'sf return was brought, he was employed in fitting out ^^
fleet to revenge the death of his son. . This furnished him*
with an excuse for not delivering up his government ; and
be sailed on an expedition to Babul, landed there, de-f
feated the enemy, and made a most dreadful slaughter,^
not sparing even the infants. The next day the city was
given up to be plundered, and afterwards burned. Thi^
was the fate of many other places on these shores. Hq
then cruized along the coast until he fell in with the ene-,
my's fleet, and engaged and totally defeated it, killing
4000 men. Hie sultan had taken great pains in fitting out-
« A L M E r D'A.
this fleet, and it is supposed had engaged . Europeans of
several nations to act on board it, as books in the Italian,'
German, French, and Spanish languages were /ound on
board the captured ships. This victory procured a peace.
In the mean time a set of men, who had their own ad-
vantage in view, inflamed the animosity between Almeida,
and Albuq^uerque ; and the former not only still refused to,
deliver up hiii government, but ordered Albuquerque to be
<jonfined. Contigna, however, another commander, arriv-
fng from Portugal, reconciled them to each otherj and
Almeida to the surrender of his government. The viceroy
immediately embarked, artd soon after sailed for Portugal.
Unfbrtunately stopping at a place not far from the Cape of
Good Hope, a flight quarrel arose between the Portiigueze
and natives, and in an action with them, Almeida received
a wound in his throat with a javelin, March 1, 1509, and
died immediately. — Thus expirefd this brave, honest, and
renowned cominander by his own imprudence. Before he
went to India, he had distinguished himself greatly in the
wars of Grenada. In India his exploits haVe been spoken
6f. As soon as he fell, the rest of the Pbrtugueze fled.
Two ofiicers who saw him fall endeavoured to persuade
their countrymen to recover his body ; but finding entrea-
ties ineffectual, they rushed upon the enemy, were soon
overpowered by numbers, and fell. *
ALMElpA (Lawrence) was son of the former, and
had he enjoyed longer life, would probably have equal-
led him in fame. His first exploit was against Caulan,
in India, whithei* he was dispatched by his father to
destroy all the ships in that harbour ; he executed his or-
, ders with so much 'expedition, that he came in sight of the
fown before they were apprized of his arrival, and de-
stroyed 27 ships. Soon after he was sent on a cruize
dgainst (he Malldive islands, to intercept all Aribian ships.
The strfength of the currents in those seas, drove him as
far south as Cape Comorin, and the island of Ceylon, and
he put into ^ port in the latter. The king hearing of his
arrival, and having before heard of the fam^'of the Portu-
gtieze in those parts, treated him with great respect, and
entered into a treaty, by which he agreed to pay a yearly
iribute to the king of Portugal, on condition of receiving
prbtectioR and defence. The tribute was to be 250,0001b.
* Modem UniT. Hiftory.
A L JM £ I D A. M
weight of cinnamon ; and the first year's payment "was im->
mediately put on hoarii. On his return, he was ordered
to tlie Anchidiye islands ; when being informed of a large
fleet fitting out a,t Calicut, Lawrence immediately sailed
to that ^ap^, engaged it, and after a fierce confiict, gave
them a total defeat. He then returned to Cananor, whera
he was i*eceived by the king of that place, who was a
friend of the Portugueze, with great honour t he after*
wards continued with his father, i^ntil he sailed on the
fatal expedition in which he lost his life. He was dis-
patched with eight ships to annoy the Arabians, and at
first was successful. He put into the port of Chaul, n
large and opulent city, adjoining to the kingdom of Cam-
baya. Here he received advice that the sultan of Egypt
had fitted' out a considerable force, manned, with his brav-
est soldiers. It consisted of five large ships, and six gal«
leys, to which the king of Cambaya joined 30 sloops of
war. When they appeared off" Chaul, the Portugueze
concluded they were the ships of Albuquerque, and made
no preparation to engage; the Egyptian admiral entered
the river, but his allies remained out at sea.
The next day Lawrence Almeida weighed anchor and
attacked the admiral's ship, but in the action he was
wounded. His officers, finding they were becalmed, and
could not come to close quarters with the enemy, advised
him to return. This he declined^ and soon received ano-
ther desperate wound in the face with a dart The action
continued at a distance, Almeida not being able to get
near his enemy. Other captains were more fortunate, as
they boarded and took two ships. The next day, the fleet
from sea came in and joined the enemy. The Portugueze
held a council, and were almost unanimously of opinion,
that they ought to put to sea in the night, which they en-
deavoured to effect^ but the enemy pursued and came up
with the admiral's ship, in the rear, a,nd surrounded her.
An unfortunate shot rendering it impossible to steer her,
she ran agroiuid. The Portugueze captains had a strong
desire to assist their admiral, but the violence of the tide
prevented them. However,, they sent a boat to bring Al-
meida away ; but he refused to quit his fellow-soldiers in
this distress, hoping also that be should be able to defend
himself until tlje tide returned. The enemy did not dar^
to board his vessel, but continued a fierce cannonade at a*
distaucei which was returned with spirit. Almeida at last
^0 A L M1E I D A.
receired another wound^ in his diigh, which quite diis«»
abled him, and being placed in a chair which was lashed
to the mast, he continued to animate his men, until a shot
in the breast killed him. The Portugueze on board this
tinfdrtuhate ship were now reduced to 20, who still con-
tinued to defend themselves, but the enemy succeeded in
boarding her, and to their honour, treated the few brave
survivors with great humanity. *
ALMEIDA (Mangel or Emmanuel), a Portuguese his^
torian, v/as born at Vizeu in that kingdom, in 1580, and
after an education among the Jesuits, was sent to the In-
dies, where, having completed his studies, he became rec-
tor of the college of Bacaim. In 1622, Vitteleschi, gene-
ral of the Jesuits, sent him as ambassador to the king of
Abyssinia, who received him with much respect ; but his
successor having banished the Jesuits from his dominions^
Almeida returned to Goa in 1634, and became provincial
6f his order in India, and inquisitor. He died at Goa in
1 646. His works' are : 1 " A history of Upper Ethiopia,**
to which his brother Jesuit, Bathazar Tellez, added many
facts and documents, and published it at Coimbra, 1660,
fol. 2. " Historical letters/' written from Abyssinia to
the general of the Jesuits, and published at Rome, in
Italian, 1629, 8vo. He left also some manuscripts on the
errors of the Abyssinians, and the misrepresentations of
the dominican Urreta in his history of Ethiopia. *
ALMEIDA (Theodore), a Portugueze priest, who had
the courage in Portugal to study and teach philosophy,
tipon more rational and experimental principles than had
ever been known in that country, was born in 1722. His
itiost celebrated work, written in Portuguese, and entitled
^Recreaceo Filosofica," 5 vols. 8vo, 1751, occasioned a
revolution in the philosophical studies of the Portugueze*
And would probably have involved the author in much
danger, had not the Jesuits been soon after banished from
that kingdom. He was nevertheless a zealous advocate
for the pretensions of the court of Rome, at the time of
the famous rupture between Joseph II. and that court ; and
Ais rendered him so obnoxious to the marquis de Pombal,
that he was obliged to seek an asylum in France, during
the ministry of that nobleman. On his return to Portugal,
ihe royal acadenty of sciences of Lisbon was eager to ad-
' J. ■
'9 Modern Udjt. Histbrx* * Biof. VnirorseUe.*
A. L ME IDA. «I-
tait him a member ; but it was soon evident that Almei^la
had not kept pace with the progress which the nation had
made in twenty*ofive years^ and he was suffered to eclipse
himself, although without losing any of the respect due to
his former services in promoting liberal science. He pub-
lished, after his return to Lisbdn, a moral romance, call^
"The Happy Independant,*' which bad little success;
and it was said that a better tide would have been ^* The
Happy Impertinent.'' He died in 1805, leading behind
him several manuscripts, for the publication of which he
had obtained the pennission of the Censor. His works
altogether are said to amount to forty volumes, besidi^s
five of translations; but we have not been able to obtain a
list of their titles or subjects. At the time of his death he
was a member of the Royal Academy of Lisbon, and of
the Royal Society of London. *
ALMELOVEEN (Theodore Jansson Van), an emi-
nent Dutch physician, but more eminent as a general scho--
lar and editor, was born July 24, 1657, at Midrecht, or
Mydregt, near Utrecht, where his- father was a Protestant
clergyman. His grandfather was Cornelius Almelbveen^
a senator of Utrecht, who di^d in 16 58. His mother wa»
Mary Janson, daughter of the celebrated Amsterdam prin-
ter, so well known for his many fine editions, and for the
atlas which he published - in six folio volumes. As the
printer had no male is&ue, the nsmie of Janson was ^dded
to Almeloveen, probably by our autbor^s father. He
studied fii'st at Utrecht, and then at Goude or Tergou,
where James Totiius was at the head of the schools of that
place, and when Tollius removed to Noortwick, near Ley-
den, Almelbveeo followed him, and it appears by his
writings that he always acknowledged him as his master. In
1676, he rieturned to Utrecht, and studied the belles let-
tres in that city under the celebrated Orsevius, and as hiiL
lather intended him for the church, he also studied He*
bre# tlnd^ Leusden, and philosophy under De Uries ;
but, taking disgust at the violence and illiberality with,
which theological disputes were sometimes conducted, he
gave a preference to medicine, and attended the instruc-
tions of Vkllan'and Munniks, In 1680, he maintained a
thesis bti S'leep^ and the following year, one on the asthma,
and' was th^n admitted -to his doctor's degree in that fa^
1 Bk%, ywT€4ricU#.--<3erit4 Mag. 1^. LUV. p.€7t.
ALMELOVEEN*
€ulty> In'1687, he went to reside at Goude, wher6 he
mi»Ti/ed. In 1697, he was invited to Harderwic to be-^
come professor of Greek and history ; and in 1702, he was
appointed professor of medicine, and remained in both
offices until his death in 1712. He bequeathed to the
public library at Utrecht his curious collection of the edi-
tions of Quintilia^, which he had made at a great expence,
and of which there is a catalogue in Masson's critical his<*
tory of the Republic of Letters, vol. V* BibUography
was J:iis favourite study, in which he was My assisted by
bis grandfather Jansson ; and to this we probably owe the
number of editions, with commentaries, which he pub-
lished. Among these are: 1. '^ Hippocratis Aphorismi,
Gr. Lat." Amsterdam., 1685, 12mo. 2. " Aurelii Ceisi de
medicina,^' with his own additions and those of Constan-
tine and Casaubon, Amsterdam, 16S7, 12mo; 1713, 8vo;
Padua^ 1722, 8vo ; with " Serini Sammonici de medicina
preecepta saluberrima.'' 3. Apicii Caelii de obsoniis et
condimentis, sive de arte coquinaria libri X/' with the
notes of Martin Lister, Hamelbergii(s, Vander Linden, &c«
Amsterdam, 1709, Svo. 4. ^^ Aurelianus de Morbis acutis
et chronicis," Amsterdam, 1709, 4to. 5, " Bibliotbeca
promissa efc latens,^* or an account of books promised, and
never published, with the epistle^ of Velschius pn such
medical writings as have not been edited, Goude, 1688,
1698, Svo; 1692, 12mo; Nuremberg, 1699, Svo; with
the additions of Martin Melsuhrerus. 6. "The anatomy
qf the Muscle,'^ in Flemish, with observations anatomical^
medical, and chirurgical, Amst. 1684, Svo: 7. " Ono-
masticon rerum inventarum et Inventa nov-antiqua, id
est, brevis enarratio ortus et progressus artis medicse,'*
ibid. 1684, Svo; a history of the discoveries in medicine,
with a marked preference to the merit of the ancients.
8. "Opuscula sive antiquitatum e sacris profauarum spe-
cimen conjectans veterum poetarum fragmenta et plagia-*
rprum syllabus," ibid. 1686, Svo.. 9. A new edition of
pecker's work, " De scriptis adespotis, pseudepigraphis,
et supposititiis, conjectur^e," ibid. 1686, 12mo. 10. An
edition of " C. Rutilius Numantianus," ibid. 1687, i2mo«
11. ^^ Amoenitates theologico-pkilologicse," ibid. 1694, Svo..
Besides some critical pieces, this volume contains several
letters of Bochart, Erasmus, Baudius, Scriverius, and others^
and an attempt to prove that Erasmus v^s a native of
Goude, and not of Rotterdam ; because, acc9rding to t^
A L M E L O V E E N. SS
^ *
lawS) the place where children are born accidentally, is
not accounted their country. 12. " Dissertationes quatuor
de mensisy lecticis, et poculis veterum," Harwick, 170l,
4to. These are theses composed by Alstorf^ and maitl-
tained during the presidency of Almeloveen. 13. "Fasti
Consuiares/' Amst. 1705, Svp. 14. A beautiful, but not
very correct edition of " Strabo," ibid. 2 vols. fol. 15.
" De vitis Stephanorum,'* 16B2, 8vo. Besides sqme other
contributions of notes, &c. to editions of the classics, he
assisted Drakestein in the publication of the sixth volume
of the *' Horius Malabaticus.'* * .
ALMICI (Peter CamIlle), a priest of the oratory, was
born at Brescia, of a noble family, Nov. 2, 1714, and
studied theology, And the Greek and Hebrew languages^
in both which he became an excellent scholar. He ap-
plied himself chiefly to an iiivestigation of thie text of the
sacred scriptures, and read with great care the Greek and
Latin fathers. His studies were also diversified by an ac-
quaintance with chronology, history both sacred and pro-
fane, antiquities, criticism, and whatever belongs to the
character of a general scholar. In his own country, he
obtained such fame that his advice was thought to be ora-
cular. He died Dec. 30, 1779, in his sixty-fifth year. He
published " Critical Reflexions'* on Febronius*s Work, en-
titled ** De Statu Ecclesise, et legitime potestate Romani
Pontificis ;*' some dissertations and other works, particu*
larly one on the " manner of writing the lives of illustrious
characters,'* with an appendix oti that peculiar species of
biography, writing one's own life. He left also some un-
published works, ahd among them '^ a comparison between
the Italians and French," and " Thoughts on the life and
writings of father Paul Sarpi.'' *
ALMODOVAR (Duke d'), a diplomatic character, de-
serves some notice here, as a man of literature, although
we know but little of his personal history. After having
been ambassador from the court of Spain to the courts of
Petersburgh,. Lisbon, and St. James's, he filled an honour-
able station at Madrid, where he employed his leisure
hours in literary pursuits. In 1781, ht published a kind
of journal, entitled " Decada Epistolen," where he gave
periodical accounts of French works, &c. He then, un«
^ 1 Moreri.-*-Bidg.UBlTerselU^ The latter makes him nephew, iastead of gratis*
iCMi, to Jansson.
.*Biog. yiiiverselle.—MaadeUJ's Collection d' opuscles, vol. XXXV ill. art. S.
Vol. II. D
34 A L M 6 D O V A R.
der the name of M alode Luque, undertook a translation
of the abbe Rayna^s celeT)rated philosophical and political
history of the two Indies, a work proscribed in Spain, and
j[:onse,quenlly almost unknown, and he made such altera-
tions as satisfied the inquisition itself that it would not be a
dangerous publication. He died at Madrid in 1794. *
ALMON (John), a bookseller, author, and editor, was
born at Liverpool, about the year 1738, and was educated
at Warrington. About 1748 he was put apprentice to a
bookseller at Liverpool, hut in 1756 he went to sea, as a
common seaman. In 1758 or 1759, he returned to Eng-
land, and came to London^ where, it is said, he soon lie-
came known to several wits of the day, as Dr. Goldsmith,
'Churchill, Lloyd, apd Wilkes. His turn, however, was
foi: political writing; and in 1759 he published "The
conduct of a late noole commander (lord George Sackville)
examined." This was followed ^y a compilation, in six-
penny numbers, of " A Military Dictionary,'' or an ac-
count of the most remarkable battles and siegts from the
reign of Charlemagne to the year 1760. Soon after, hjB
wrote various political letters in the Gazetteer newspaper,
which he collected and published under the title of " A
collection of init resting letters from the public papers.'*
About the same time he published ** A Review of his Ma-
jesty (George iVs) reign ;" arid when Mr. Pitt resigned iii
1761, he wrote *^ A Review of his Administration." Hfs
ptlier publications were, ^^ A Letter to the right honl.
George Grenville ;" "An history of the Parliament of
Great Britain, from the death of queen Anne to the death
of George 11.;^' " An impartial history of the late War
from 1749 to 1763 ;" "A Review of lord Bute's adminis-
tration." When Wilkes's infamous essay on woman was
brought to light, Mr. Almon wrote an answer to Kidgell,^
Ihe informer's, narrative. In 1763, he commenced book-
seller in Piccadilly, and published "A Letter concerning
libels, warrants, and seizure of papers, &c. j" **. A history
of the Minority during the years 17i52 — 1765 j*' "The
Political Register,", a periodical work, and the general re-
ceptacle of all the scurrility of the writers in opposition to
government; " The New Foundling Hospital for Wit," a
collection of fugitive pieces, in prose and verse, mostly of
the party kind : <^ An Asylum," a publication of a «imiluc
A L M O N. 35
«ort ; " CoUection of all the Treaties of Peace, AUhiiicey
and Commerce, between Great Britain and otl^ier powers,
.from the revolution in 1688 to the present time ;" " The
Parliamentary Register/' an account of the delf^t^. in par-
liament; " The Hemembrancer,'' another mpntbly collec-
tion of papers in favour of the American cause ; "A col-
lection of the Protests of the House of Lords ;" " Letter to
tlie earl of Bjate," 1772.; ." Free ParUam/ents, or a vin-
dication of the p^rliamentar}' constitution of Englaqd, in
answer to certain visionary plans , of modern, reformers ;'*
'^ A parallel between the siege of Berwick and the siegtt
of Aquilea," in ridicule of Hqcne's tragedy, the Siege of
Aquilea ; ^' A Letter to the right hon. Charles Jenkinson,"
1732. These were mostly, if not all, anonymous, and
they ^re enumerated here for the information of ^bo^ who
form coUectipns of political pamphlets. . .
The works which be more, publicly avowed ^re^ "Ai>€C-
dotes of the Life pf the Earl of Cha,thafn/' 2 ^pU^fto, ^nd
3 V0I& 8vo ; ^^ Biographical, Literary, and Political Anec-
dotes of several of the most eniin^nt persons, of .^^.piT^ent
age, never before priuted,"' 3 vojis. 8vo, 1797. ^q^-pontain
many curious particulars of ti}e political char^Qt^^ s^i^d con*
teats of his day, picked, up from the varipus ipenfib^s pf par-
liament who frequented bis shop, aivd confided. ;4n him. His
last publication, ;vajs a cpllect^on of Mn \yi|k^!s>pan:^phlets
and tetters, with a. life, in w^hipb he praises tj^at.g^iUJemW
in the mp^t, extravagant manner, while h^ K;el,$rtef f^o%»
concerning his character ,that el^where might ^^y^ b§ea
accounted ^ef^matipn. In . al| biis polijtical ^are^r he was
attache4. ta ^he party which supported Wilkes, and opposed
the measures of government in the early part of tjie present
feign. At that time it. was not surprising th^t inai)y of bis
pamphlets were, popular, or that he should be ab]e to boa,st
pf an intiniacy with n^en of rank in the politipa} w;prld. lE]#
had the hardihood to publish writings which bopk^djerspf
established reputation would hiave rejected,, f^pd, he r^an
Ijittle risk, a^.the expence of pmiting was d^ffs^ed by hi9
^ployers,,|,firhile he had the profits of thesale, l^ven pf
^se which, upon his own a\ithprity, we h^ve giv^QifSiS bis
productions, it is highly probable be was rather this ^u^x
dan the aut^9rn In those wbi^h mprp rec^tly appeiired
under his name, there is very little of the ability, either
argumentative or narrative, which could give con$eau#nce
to a political effusion.
I» 2
^ A L M O N,
About the year 1782, he retired from brrsiness as a boot-
seller; but in a few years he married the wrdow of Mr,
Parkfer, printer of a newspaper called the General AJver*
tiser, of which he then was proprietor and editor : the spe-
culation however injured his fortune, and he became a pri-
soner in the king^s bench for a libel, and was afterwardg
an outlaw. Extricated at length from lus difficulties, he
retired stgain into Hertford»lnfe, where he died December
12, 1805, leaving hrs widow in great distress. *
ALPHERY (Mekepher, so pronounced, though pra-
perly spelt, Nikepwok, Nicephorus) was born in Russia, of
the imperial line. When thart: country was disturbed by
intestine quarrels, in the latter end of the 1 6th century,
and the royal house particularly was severely persecuted
-by impostors, this gentleman and his two brothers were
sent over to England, and recommended ta the care of
Mr. Joseph Bidell, a Russia merchant. Mr. Bidell, when
they were of age fit for the university, . sent them all three
to Oxford, where the small-pox unhappily prevailing, two
of them 'died of it. We know not whether this surviving
brother took any degree, but it is very probable he did,
siuce he entered into holy or<iers; and, in the year 1618,
bad the rectory of Wooley in Huntingdonshii'e, a living of
na very consideriEible value, being rated ait tinder 10/. irf
the king^s books^ Here he did his duty with great cheer-
fulness imd dlacrity ;. and notwithstanding fae« was twice
invited ba<;k to his native cJoiintry, by some who would
have ventured their utcnost to have set him on the throne
of his ancestors, he chose rather to remain with his flock,
and to serve God in the hun>ble station of a parish
priest. Yet in 1643 he underwent the severest trials from
the rage of 'the fanatic sojdiery, who, not satisfied witb
depriving hitn of hia living, insulted him in tlie most bar-
barous manner; for, having procured a file of nrasqueteers
to pull him ont of bis pulpit, as he was preaching on a
Sunday, they turned his wife and young children out inta
the street, into which also they threw his goods. The poor
inan in this distress raised a tent under some trees in
the church-yard, over against his house, where he and hisr
family lived for a week. One day having gotten a feur
eggs, be picked up some rotten wood and dry sticks, and
^ G«pt Mag. vol. LXXV.— Public Characters f0f 180S-4» where is »
iatiering life> cficdtotly CQntribiited by himstlf.
A L P H E R Y. 37
with these mack a fire in the church porch, iii order ta
boil them ; but some of his adversaries, to show how far
they could carry their rage against the church (for this
poor man was so harmless, they could have none against
him), came and kicked about his fire, threw down his
skillet, and broke his eggs. After this, having still a little
money, he made a small purchase in that ueiglibourhoody
built a house, and lived there some years. He was en-
couraged to this by a presbyterian minister who came in
bis room, and honeytly paid him a fifth part of the annual ,
income of the living, which was the allowance made by
parliament to ejected ministers, treated him with great
humanity, and did him all the services in his power. It is
a great misfortune that this gentleman^s name is not pre-
served, his conduct in this respect being the more laudable,
because it was not a little singular. Walker calls him Mr.,
B— , and the living is not mentioned by Calamy. . Afters-
wards, probably on the death or removal of this gentleman,,
Mr. Alphery left Huntingdonshire, and came and resided at
Hammersmith, till the Restoration put him in possession o^
his Kving again. He returned on this occasion to, Hun<*
tingdonshire, where he did not stay long ; for, being up-
wards of 80, and very infirm, he could not perform the
duties of his function. Having therefore settled a curate,,
he retired to his eldest son's house at Hammersmith, where
shortly after he died, full of years and of honour. It must
be owned that this article is very imperfect ; but the sin-
gularity of a Russian prince's being a country minister in.
England is a mattei' of too much curiosity to be wholly,
omitted.
Mrs. Alphery, the last descendant of the family, married
one Mr. Johnson a cutler at Huntingdon. She was Uving
in 1764, and had eight children. By her the facts con->
tained in the preceding article, first related by Walker, were
confirmed to lord Sandwich^ and were likewise known to
be true by old people in the neighbourhood. His lordship
informed Dr. Campbell, tliat such was the respect paid this
woman on account of her illustrious descent, that no per-
sons, of whatever station, chose to be seated in her pre-.
sence : on the contrary they rose, i^nd remained so till she
bad taken her chair. * .
» Biog. Brit.— Walkers Sufferings of tke Clrrgf,
38 ALPHONStJS.
ALPHOlSrSUS X. kiitg of Leon and Castile, who hni
been surnamed The Wise, on account of his attachment
to literature, is how more celebrated fot having b6en art
astronomer than a king. He was born in 1203, succ6efded
his father Ferdinand III. in 1252, and died in 1284, con-
sequently at the age of 81. The affairs of the reign of
Alphonsus were very extraordinary and unfortunate, but
we shall here only consider him in that part oif his
character, on account of which he has a place in this
i^orky namely, as an astronomer and a man of letters. He
acquired a profound knowledge of astronomy, philosophy,
and history, and composed books upon the motions of the
heavens, and on the history of Spain, which are highly
commended. ** What can be more surprising," says Ma-
riana, " than that a prince, educated in a camp, and
handling arms from his childhood, should have silch a
iuowledge of the stars, of philosophy, and the transafctiohjl
of the wbrld, aV men of leisure can scarcely acquire in
their retirements ? There are extant some books of Alphon-
fTus on the motions of the stars, and the histoty of Spain,
written with great skill and incredible care." In his astro-
nbmical pursuits be discovered that the tables of Ptoleiily
were full of errors, and was thfe first to undertake the task
of cdrrecting them. For this purpose, about the yeaf 1240,
afid during the life of his father, he assembled at Toledo
the most skilful astronomers of his time. Christians, Moors,
or Jews, v^hen a plan was formed for constructing hew
tables. This task was accomplished about 1252, the first
yciar of his reign ; the tables being drawn up chiefly by the
skill and pains of Rabbi Isaac Hazan, a learned Jew, and
' the Work fcalled the Alphonsine Tables^ in honour of the
prinee, who was at vast expences concerning them. He
fiied the epoch of the tables to the 30th of May 1252,
being the day of hi6 accessicDn to the throne. They were
printed for the first time irt 1483, at Venice, by Radtolt,
i^ho excelled in printing at th^t time ; an edition extremely
jrarer thei'e are others of 1492, 1521, 1545, &c.
We must not omit a memorable saying of Alphonsus,
which has been recorded for its boldness and impiety;
namely, ^* That if he had been of God's ptivy council when
he made the wbrld, he could have advised him better.**
His biographers have endeavoured to vindicate him in this
instance, by assuring us that he meant only to reflect on
ALPH<>NSUS. ^
the absurd pfailosopby by wbicb the hv^s of nature were
then ei^pUined. Perhaps their wUer course would have
beqn to consigq .^t to obUvioo, as there it no direct proo|^
of his not having used this irreverent language. ^
ALPHONSUS (Pj^ter), a Spanish Jew of the I2tb
century, was converted to the Christiaii religion in 1106^
in the 44th year of bis age. Being severely censured by.
bis coun.trymen, be published a -^^ Dialogue between a
Jew and a Christian," which seems to have been no coc^-»
temptible defence of Christianity against his countryonen.
He wrote also ^.On science and philosophy/' and was
eminent for sacred and profane literature. The time of
his death is not known. The first menti9ned work is i^
the "Bibl. Patruro."*
ALPHONSUS TOSTATUS. Sec TOSTATUS.
ALPINI (Prospeuo), a celebrated physician and bo^
tanist^ was born the 23d of November 1553, at Marostica,.
in tlie republic of Venice. In his early years he was in-*
ciined to the profession of arms, and accordingly served
in the Milanese; b^ut being at length persuaded by his
father, who was a physician, to apply himself to learning,
he went to Padua, where- in a little time he was chosen
deputy to the rector, and syndic to the students, which
offices lie discharged with great prudence and address.
This, however, did not hinder, him from pursuing his.stud^if
of physic, in which faculty he was created doctor in 1578.
Nor did he remain long without practice, being soon after
invited to Campo San Pietro, a little town in the territories
of Padua. But such a situation, was too confined for one of
bis extensive views ; he was desirous of gaining a know-^
ledge of exotic plants, and thought {be best way to succeed
in his inquiries, was, after Galen's example, to visit the
countries where ^they grow. He s.pon had an opportunity
of gratifying his curiosity, as George Emo, or Hemij being
appointed consul for the republic of Venice in Egypt,
chose him for his physician. They left Venice the 12th
of September 1580; and, after a tedious and dangerous
Toyage, arrived at Grand Cairo the beginning of July the
year following. Alpini continued three years in this coun »
try, where he omitted no ppportunity of impjcoving hi;^
' Univ. History.-^Moreri. — SiEixu Onomasticon.— Gen, Diet, in art. Castille.
• XJaTe vol. ll-^Fabricii Bibl. Lat. Med.— JDupin.
40 A L P I N I.
knowledge in botany, travelling along the banks of the
river Nile, and as far as Alexandria, and other parts of
Egypt Updfi his return to Venice, 'in 1584, Andrea
Doria, prince of Melfi, appointed him his physician ; and
he distinguished himself so much in this capacity, that he
was esteemed the first physician of his age. The republic
of Venice, displeased that a subjeet of theirs, of so much
merit as* Alpini^ should continue at Genoa, when he^ might
be of very gfeat service and honour to their state, recalled
him in 1593, to fill the professorship of botany at Padua,
where he had a salary of 200 florins, afterwards raised to
750. |le discharged this office with great reputation ; but
liis health became very precarious, having been much in^
jured by the voyages he bad madb. According to the
registers of the university of Padua, he died the 5th of
Feoruary 1617, in the 64th year of his age, and was buried
the day after, without any funeral pomp, in the church of
St. Anthpny>,
His works, some of which are still held in esteem, wercj^
1. ** De Medicina Egyptiorum, libri IV." Venice, 1591,
4to, Paris, 1645, and Leyden, 1735, 4to. 2. ^^DeBalsamq
dialogus," Venice, 1591, Padua, 1640, 4to. In this he
describes the plant in Asia Minor which produces the white
balsam. 3. ** De Plantis Egyptii liber," Venice, 1592,
Padua, 1640, 4to. 4. **De Plantis exoticis, libri II.'' Ve-
nice, 1627, 1656, 4to. 5. ** Historic naturalis Egypti, li-
Jbti IV." Leyden, 1735, 2 vols. 4to. 6. ^* De praesagienda
yita etmorte aegrotantium, libri VII.'' Padua, 4io, Leyden,
1710, edited by Boerhaave; the most oqnsiderable of aH
]^is works, of which there have been various editions, and
an English translation by Dr. James, 2 vols. 8vo. 1746. 7.
f^De Medicina methodica, libri XIII." Padua, foi. 1611,
Leyden, 1719, 4to, a work in which he evinces his pre-
dilection for the n^etbodists. 8. ^^ Dissertatio de Rbapon-
tico,'- Padua, 1612, 4to. AH these works have been firer
fluently repriiited. Towards the end of his life Alpini be-
came deaf, and in consequence turned his thoughts to-
wards the causes of that privation, and the possibility of
cure. The result of his researches he communicated in a
treatise on the subji^t, whicb, with some other works, still
remain in manuscript. He left four sons, one of whom
was a lawyer, and another^ phy^ici^u, and. the publisher
of his father's posthumous works. The Alpinia, s^ gejQu^
A L P I N I. 41
ef the monogynia order, of which there is but one species,
derives its name from him. *
ALREDUS, Alfredus, of Aluredus, an ancient Eng-*
lish historian, was born at Beverley in Yorkshire, and re-'
ceived his education at Cambridge. He returned after*
wards to the place of his nativity, where he became a secu«
lar priest, one of the canons, and treasurer to the church of
St. John, at Beverley. Tanner, in a note^ inf&rms us, that
he travelled for improvement through France and Italy,
and that at Rome he became domestic chaplain to cardinal
Othoboni. According to Bale and Pits, he flourished under,
king Stephen, and continued his annals to the year 113G.
Vossius is supposed to come nearer the truth, who tells us
that he flourished in the reign of Henry I. and died in 1 126^
in which same year ended his annals. His history, how*
ever, agrees with none of these authors, and it seems pro*
bable from thence that he died in 1123 or 1129. He in-
tended at first no more than an abridgment of the history
of the ancient Bfitons ; but a desire of pursuing the thread
of bis story led him to add the Saxon, and then the Nor*
man history, and at length he brought it down to his own
times. This epitome of our history from Brutus to Henry I.
is esteemed a valuable performance ; it is written in Latin,
in a concise and elegant style, with great perspicuity, and
a strict attention to dates and authorities : the author has
been not improperly styled our English Florus, his plan
and execution very much resembling that of the Roman
historian. It is somewhat surprising that Leland has not
given him a place amongst the British writers : the reason
seeips to have been that Leland, through a mistake, con^
siders him only as the author of an abridgment of Geoffrey
of Monmouth's history ; but most of the ancient writers
having placed Geoffrey's history later in point of time than
that of Alredus, we Iiave reason to conclude that Alredus
composed his compendium before he ever saw the history
of Geoffrey. We have also the authority of John With*
amsted, an ancient writer of the fifteenth century, who,
speaking of our author, says, that he wrote a chronicle of
what happened from the settlen^ent of Brutus to the time
of the Normans, in which be also treated of the cities an*
cieotly founded in this kingdom, and mentioned the names
» Gen. Diet— MorerL^Haller Bibh Med.— Manget. Bibl.— Freyeri Tkea?
^auL^^SaxU pnomast.
M A L R E D U S.
by. which LondoD, Canterbury, and York were called in. old
times, when the Britons inhabited them ; and this tes>,ti-
Qiony agrees with the book, as we now have iu Some other
pieces have been ascribed to Alredus; but this history,
and that of St. John of Beverley, seem to have been all that
be wrote. This last perforoiance was never printed, but it
is to be found in the Cotton library ; though not set down
in the catalogues, as being contseined in a volume of tracts :
it is entitled ^^ X/ibertates ecclesise S. Johannis de Bever-
lik, cum privilegiis apostolicis et episcopalibus, quas ma-
giater Alueredus sacrista ejusdem ecclesiap. de An^^lico in
Ls^inum transtulit : in hoc tractatulo dantur cartae Saxonicao
R, R. Adelstani, Eadwardi Confessoris, et Willelmi, quas
feceruQt eidem ecclesise, sed imperito exscriptore mendose
scriptse. The liberties of the church of St. John of Be-
Terley, with the privileges granted by the .apostolic see,
or by bishops, translated out of Saxon into Latin, by master
Alared, sacrist of the said church. In this treatise are
contained the Saxon charters of the kings Adelstan, Ed*
ward tKe Confessor, and William the Conqueror, granted
by them to this church ; but, through want of skill in the
transcriber, full of mistakes.'^ Mr. Hearne published an
edition of Alredusf s annals of the British History, at Ox-
ford, in 171$, with a preface of his own. This was taken
from a Boanqscript belonging to Thomas Rawtinson, esq.
which Hearne says is tlte only one he ever saw.^
ALSAH ARAVIUS. See ABULCASIS.
ALSOP (Anthony), a poetical and miscelUtneous Eng-
lish writer, was educated at Westminster school, and thence
elected to Christ-church, Oxford, where he took the degree
of M. A. March 23, 1696, and of B. D. Dec; 12, 1706. On
his coming to the university, he was very soon distinguished
by dean Aldricb, and published *^ Fabularum iEsopicarurn
delectus,'* Oxon, 1698, 8\t>, witli a poetical dedication to*
lord viscount Scudamore, and a preiiace in which he took
part against Dr. Bentley in the famous dispuce with Mr*
Boyle. This book. Dr. Warton observes, is not suffix
ciently known. It was better known at one time, how-
ever, if we may credit bishop Warburton, who, in one of
his letters to Dr. Hurd, says that ^^ ^ powerful cabal gave
it a surprising turn.** Alsop passed through the usu^l
offices in his college to that of censor, with considerable
^ Biog. Brit. 'from Bale, Pits, Tanner, &c. •
A L S O p.
.refutation ; and for ^ome years had the principal ndble*
men and gentlemen belonging to the society committed tof-
bis care. In this useful employment be continued till bia
merit recommended him to sir Jonathan Trelawny^ bishopi
of Winchester^ who appointed him his chaplain, and sooti
after gave him a prebend in his own cathedrali together
with the rectory of Brightwell, in the county of Besks^
which afTbrdod him ample provision fbr a learned retira^
ment, frOm which he coald not be drawn by the repeated
solicitations of those who thought him qualified for a more
public character and a higher station. In 17 i 7 an action
was brought against him by Mrs. Elizabeth Astrey of Ox-
ford, for a breach of a marriage contract ; and a verdict
obtained against him for 2,000/. which probably <^ccasioned
him to leave the kingdom for some time. How long this
exile lasted is unknown ; but his death happened, June 10,
1726, and was occasioned by his falling into a ditch that
led to his garden-door, the path being narrow, and part of
it giving way. A quarto volume of his was published in
1752, by the late^ sir Francis Bernard, under the title of
^^ Antonii ALsopi, sedis Christi olim ainmni, Odarum libri
duo.*' Four English poems of his are in Dodsley's collec-
tion, one in Pearch*s, several in the <?arly volumes of the
GeUtleman^s Magazine, and some in the ^* Student." He
seem§ to have been a pleasant and facetious companion^
not rigidly bound by the trammels of his profession, and
does not appear to have published any sermons. Mr. AU
sop is respectfully mentioned by the facetious Dr. King of
the Commons (vol. I. p. 236.) as having enrichied the com-
monwealth of learning, by *^ Translations of fables from^
Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic ;" and not less detractingly bjr
Dr. Bentley, under the name of " Tpny Alsop, a late edi-
tor of the ^sopean Fables.*' Sir Francis Bernard, bis
editor, says, that among the various branches of philological
learning for which he was eminent, bis singularly delicate
t^te for the classic poets was the chief. This induced him
to make use of the Sapphic numbers in his familiar corre-
spondence with his most intimate friends, in which be
shewed a facility so uncommon, and a style sk> natural and
easy, that he has been, not unjustly, esteemed not inferior
to his master Horace. ^
> Beroatd'fl Proporals for printing tbe Oief j issued July 27, 17^8. — ^Nidiela's
£Uf pS Bowy er, toI. 1 1, p. )»3.
44 A L S O P-
ALSOP (Vincent), an English nonconformist of con*
siderable note, was a native of Northamptonshire, and edu-
cated at St. John's college, Cambridge, where he took the
degree of master of arts. He afterwards received deacon's
orders from a bishop, and settled at Oakham in Rutland*
shire, as assistant to the master of the free school. Being
a man who possessed a lively pleasant wit, he fell into gay
company, but was reclaimed by the admonition of the rev.
^Mr. King, a Puritan minister at or near Oakham, whose-
daughter be afterwards married ; and becoming a convert
to his principles, he received ordination in the presbyterian
way, not being satisfied with tliat of the bishop, which ex-
tended only to deaeon^s orders, and he was no longer wiUing
to conform to the church by applying for those of a priest.,
He settled at Wilby, in the county of Northampton,
whence he was^ejecjted in 1662, for nonconformity. After
which he ventured to preach sometimes at Oakham and at
Wellingborough, Where he lived ; ^nd was once committed
to prison for six months, for praying with a sick person.
The hook he wrote against Dr. Sherlock, in a humorous
style, made him first known to the world, and induced Mr.
Cawton, an eminent nonconformist in Westniinster, to
recommend him to his congregation, as his successor. Oji
receiving this invitation, he quitted Northampton, and came
to London, where he preached cunstan):ly, and wrote seve-
ral pieces, which werp extremely well received by the pub-
lic. His living jn the neighbourhood of the court exposed
him to many incou>ift3ni^nces, but he had the good fortune,
to escape imprisonment 9,nd fines, by the ignorance of the
informers, wlijo did npt know his Christian name, which he
studiously concealed; and even Anthony Wood, who c^lls.
him Benjamin, did not know, it. His sufFerings, however,
ended with the reign of Charles H. at least in the beginning
of the next reign, when his son, engaging in treasonable,
practices, was frequently pardoned by king James. Afterthis,
Mr. Alsop went frequently to court, and is generally sup-
posed to have been the person who drew up the Presbyterians*
very fulsome address to that prince, for his general indul*
g^nce } a measure, however, which waj> condemned by the
majority of nonconformists. Affer the revolution, Mr.
Alsop gave very public testimonies of his affection fof the^
government, but on all occasions spoke in the highest terms
of i'espect and gratitude of kingJamc*, and retained a vfeiy
high sense of hi^ clemency, in sj^ajring his 6n}y son. ^The
A L S O p. 45
remainder of his life he spent in the exercise of the minis-
try, preaching once every Lord^s day ; besides which he
bad a Thursday lecture, and was one of the lecturers at
Pinner's hall. He lived to be a very old man, preserved
his spiritft to the last, and died May 8, 1 703. On grave
subjects be wrote with a becoming seriousness ; but where
wit might be shewn, he displayed it to considerable advan-
tage. His funeral sermon was preached by Mr. Slater, atid
his memory will always be remembered by his own learned
and elegant writings ; the most remarkable of which are :
1. " Antisozzo,*' in vindication of some great truths op-
posed by Dr. Sherlock, in whose treatise " Con<;erning
:the knowledge of Jesus Christ," he thought be discovered
a tendency towards Socinianism, and therefore entitled this
♦work, which was published in 1675, '* Antisozzo," from
the Italian name of Socinus. Sherlock and he had been
pupils under the same tutor in the university. Dr. South
allowed Alsop*s merit in this contest of wit, but Wood
undervalues his talent. 2. " Melius Inquirendum," in
answer to Djr. Goodman's Compassionate Inquiry, 1679,
«vo. 3. " The Mischief of Impositions ;" in answer to
Dr. Stillingfleet's Mischief of Separation, 1680. 4. ** Duty
and interest united in praise and prayer for Kings,'*
5. " Practical godliness the ornament of Religion," 1696 ;
and several sermons. '
ALSTEDIUS (John Henry), a German protestant di-
vine, and a voluminous writer, was some time professor of
philosophy and divinity at Herbom in the county of Nas-
sau ; afterwards professor at Alba Julia in Transylvania,
yrhere he continued till bis death, which happened in 1633,
in his 50tb yean Of bis public character, we only know
that be assisted at the synod of Dort. He applied himself
chiefly to reduce the several branches of arts and sciences
into systems. His " Encyclbpaedia" has been much es-
teemed even by Roman catholics : it was printed at Her-
born, 1610, 4to, ibid. 1630, 2 vols. foL and at Lyons, 1649,
and sold very well throughout all Frapc^e. Vossius men-
tions the Encyclopdedia in general, but speaks of his trea-
tise of Arithmetic more particalarly, and allows the author
to hs^ve been a man of great reading and universal learning.
Baillet has the following qiiotation from a German author :
¥AlstedittS'bas indeed many good things, but he is not suf^
46 ALSTEDIUS.
ficiently accurate ; yet his Encyclopcedia was received with
general applause, when it first appeared, and may be of
use to tliose who, being destitute of other helps, and not
having the original authors, are desirous of acquiring some
knowledge of the terms of ^ch profession ^nd science.
Nor can we praij^e too much his patience >and labour, his
judgment, and his choice of good airtfaors : and the abstracts
.he has4»iade are not mere scraps and unconnectiad rliapso-
dies, since he digests the principles of arts and sciences
into a regular a.nd uniform order. Some parts are indeed
better than others, some being insignificant and of little
tralue, as his history and chronology. Jc must be allowed
.too, that be is often confused by endeavoufing to be clear ;
>bat he is too full of divisions aod subdiymons ; and that .
he affects too constrained a method.'^ Lorenzo Brasso
says, ^^ that thotigh there is moreJlabour than .genius in AU
stedius's works, yet they are etileemed ; and his in^iustry
being admired, has gained him admittance into the temple
of feme.'* Als^edius, in bis ** Triumphax BibliocumiSa*
x:rovum, seu Encyclof)a5dia Bihlica," Francfort, 1620, 1625,
.1642, 12mo, endeavours to prove, that the materials .and
principles of all the arts and^ sciences niay be found in the
scriptures, an op^inion which has been since adopted by
others. Jolvn.Himmelius wrote a. piece against his "The-
ologia Polemica," which was one of the best performances
of Alstedius. He also published in 1627, a treatise entitled
'^ De Mille Annis,'^ whereip be asserts that the faithful
sliall reign with Jesus Christ upon earth a thousand yeairs^
alter which will be the general resurrection and the last
judgment. In this opinion, he would, not have been singular,
as it lias more or less, prevailed in all ages of the churchy
had he not ventured to predict. that it would take place in
the year 1694. Niceron has given a more copious list of
his works, which are now little known or consulted. *
ALSTON (Charles)^ an ingenious physician and: bo^
tanist, was the son q( Mr. Alston, of Eddlewood, >.a .gen-
jtleman of small estate in the west of Scotland, and allied
to the noble family of Hamilton, who, aftevJiaving studied
physic, and travelled with several gentlepien, declined
the practice of his profession^ and reared to his patri-
mony. His son CJiarles was bom in 1683, and at the
tixue uf his father^s death was studying at th$ oniveriity. o^
ALSTON. 41
Glasgow. On this event, the duchess of Hamilton took
him under her patronage; and recoimnended to him thfe
profession of the law, but' his inclination for botany and
the study of medicine siij^erseded aU other schemes; and
from the year 17J16, he ehtirely devoted himself to medi^-
cine. In that year he went over to Leyden^ and studied
wnder Boerhaave for three years ; and having here formed
nn acquaintance with tiie celebrated Dr. Alexander Monro,
the first of that name, on their return they projected the
revival of medical lectures and studies at Edinburgh. For
this purpose they associated themselves with Drs. RuthcJr- .
ford, Sinclair, and Plummer, and laid the foundation of
that high character, as a medical scrhool, which Edinburgh
has so long enjoj-ed. Dr. Alston's department was botany
and the miateria medica, which he continued to teach with
unwearied assiduity until his death, Nov. 22, 1760, in the
seventy-seventh year of his age.
In 1740, he published for the iise of his pupils : 1. ** In-
dex Plantarum pr&cipue officinali^m, quas in horto medico
Edinburgensi, studibsis detnonstrantu^,'* Svo. 2. ^ Index:
Medicamentbruoi simplicium triplex," 1752, 8vo. 3. "Ti-
rocinium Botanicum Edinburgense,'* 1753; his principal
work, containing a republication of his " Index'* with the
" Fundamenta Botanica** of Linnaeus ; in this, however,
he made an uftavailing attempt to overthrow Linnoeus^s
system ; doubtless from ii fond attachment to his early in-
structors, Tournefort, Ray, ^and Boerhaave. Be^ades
these, he published in the Edinburgh medical essay^^
three papers on Tin as* an anthelmintic, on Opium, and
on a case of extravasared blood in the pericardium ; and
separately in 1752, 1754, and 1757, a *• Dissertation on
Quick-lime and Lime-water.** His " Lectures on -the
Materia^ Medica'* were published after his death by Dr.
Hope, 2 vols. 4to, 1770, which did not contribute much
to his fame, being, as Dr.. Pukeney justly observes, rather ,
aii account of the state of the materia medica, as it was,
thana;$ it is, in the worlds of Lewis, Bergius, 'Murray, and
Cullen. '
ALSTROEMER (Jonas), the reviver of Industry and
commerce in Sweden, was born in 1685; in the small town
of Alingsa's in West Gothland,' of poor parents. After
struggling fpr a Ibng. time with the evils of want, he ean^e
..J.I " .''■'.''.. , '•,"'.
48 A L S T R O E M E R/
ta London^ where he paid particular attention ro conuner-
cial speculations ; and from his inquiries into thci pros*
perity of England^ be deduced the importance of manu*
&ctures and . commerce. His native country^ for several
centuries engaged in war, bad made little progress in the
arts of industry, but was now endeavouring to promote
them ; and Alstroemei^ having formed bis plan, returned
to Sweden to assist his fellow-citizens in this undertaking.
In 1723, he requested of the states a licence to establish
manufactures in the town in which he was born, and it
soon became the seat of activity and industry, which spread
over other parts of the kingdom. In the mean time he
travelled to acquire a knowledge of the inventions and the
methods practised in Germany, Holland, and Flanders,
collected able workmen, and the best models, and pub-
lished several instructive papers. At the same time he
cari'ied on trade, in partnership with Nicholas Sahlgren,
at Gottenburgh. Here- he established a sugar-house,
traded to the Indies and the Levant, and bestowed so much
attention on rural oeconomy, as to introduce some very-
essential improvements, cultivating plants proper for
dying, and extending the culture of potatoes, then a no-
.i?elty in Sweden. He also improved the wool- trade by
miporting tlie sheep of Spain and, England, and even the
Angora goat. The manufacture of cloth, and other ar-
ticles from wool, was now much encouraged, and gave
employment to a great number of hands, who manufac-
tured to the value of three millions of livr^s tournois per
annuviy and relieved the country from the necessity of
baying recourse to foreign markets ; but in other rnanu^
factures, as the siljj, they did not succeed so well. AI-
stroemer has been accused of not paying sufficient atten-
tion to local circumstances in some of his schemes, and of
having encouraged notions that were more showy than
solid ; but hisdesign was truly patriotic, and his country
readily acknowledged the benefit it has derived from his
labours. The king Frederic bestowed on him the title of
counsellor of commerce, and the order of the polar star;
Adolphus Frederic granted hin^ letters of nobility ; and the
academy of sciences chose him a member, while the States
decreed that his statue should be placed on the exchange
at Stockholm, with this inscription : ^^ Jonas Alstroemer,
artium fabrilium in patria instaurator.'* " J. A.-tbe reviveij
of manufactures." He died in 176 1> leaving a consider-
A L S T R O E M E R. *9
»
Cible fortune. His four sons, Claude, Patrick, John, and
Augustus, were distinguished for talents and patriotism,
and the first three were members of the apademy of Stpck«>
holm. *
ALSTROEMER (Clauj>e)| son of the preceding^ was
born in 1736, studied natural history, and was a pupil of
Linnaeus. He travelled over a considerable part of Eu-
rope, beginning with Spain, whence he sent some plants
to Linnaeus, who mentions him in his ^^ Species plantaruft^.'^
On landing at Cadiz, he saw in the house of the Swedish
consul the flowers of a plant, a native of PerUi Struck
with their beauty, he asked and obtained some seeds, which
he immediately dispatched to Linnaeus, with whom they
succeeded, and became generally cultivated under the
name of the lily of Alstroemer, or of the Incas. Linnaeus
perpetuated the name by calling the genus Alstroemeria«
Alstroemer communicated with several societies for agri*
culture and natural history^ but one paper only is men*,
tioned of his in the memoirs of the academy of Stockholm \
giving a description of the Simla Mammon, a species of
ape* He died in 1794**
ALT (Francis Joseph Nicholas Baron d'), the de-
scendant of an ancient patrician family of Fribourg in
Swisserlaod, was born there in 1689, and died Feb. 17,
1771. In 1718 he was a captain in the Austrian service,
but returned to hi$. country, over which he long presided
as avoyef, or magistrate, an appointnient conferred upon
him in 1737. He published e " Histoire de la Suisse'*
Fribourg, L750 to 1753, 10 vols. 8vo, of which baron
^urlauben, a competent and impartial judge, says, that
it would have deserved more praise, if besides the many
faults of the language (French), he had supported his
facts by proofs ; if he had omitted matters foreign to the
history of Swisserland, which occupy a great, deal of the
work ; if he had made his readers better acquainted with
the Swiss government; and had described some of the
cantons with more accuracy ; if he had passed over in si-
lence events not compatible with the plan of a general
history, and if he had not espoused with too much warmth
the cause of the catholic cantons^ ^
ALTER (Francis Charles), a German clii.s3ical scholar
and critic, was born at Englesberg, in Silesia, in 1749,
^ 1 Biog«t7niTenelt«» < IbkU » Ibid.
Vol. IL E
50 A L T E R.
and dijsd at Vienna M^rch 29, 1S04. He entered the so-
ciety of the JefeuitS", arid was Greek teacher in the school
of St. Anne, and the academy of Vienna, until his death.
He has published two hundred and fifty volumes and dis-
sertations, the' titles of which are given in J. G. Meusel's
\ Allemagrie Savante* One of his principal publications was
<< Novum 'Testamentum, ad codicem Vindobonensem'
^Grdece expressum : varietatem lectionis addidit Franc.
C. Alter." vol.1. 1786, vol. H. 1787, 8vo. The ground^
work of this edition is the codex Lambecii in the imperial
library at Vienna, with which the author has collated other
manuscripts in that library, and the Coptic, Sclavonic, and
Latin versions ; the latter froto the valuable fragments of
the Vulgate, anterior to that of Jerome. It is thought
that he would have succeeded better, if he had adopted
as a basis the text of Wetstein or Griesbiaich, and if he blad
been more fortunate in arranging his iriaterials. The
merits of this edition are examinefl, with his usual acute-'
iiess, by Dr. Herbert Marsh in his supplement to MichaeHs's
introduction to the New Testament. Of Alter's other
works, those in most esteem abroad are: 1. A German
translation of Harwood's View of the various editions of
the Glassies, with notes, Vienna, 1778, 8vo. 2. Various
readings from the manuscripts in the imperial library, which
be used in the editions printed at Vienna, of Lysias, 1785 ;
Ciceroni's Quaest. Acad.- Tusc 1780, 8vo ; Lucretius,
1787, 8vo; Homeri Ilias, 1789 — 1790, 2 vols. ;* also with
various readings from the Palatine library ; Homeri Odys-
sea and min. poem. 1794. 3. Some of Plato's Dialogues,
1784,, 8vo. 4. Thucydides, 178S, 8vo. 5. The Greek
Chronicle of George Phranza or Phranzes, not before
printed, Vienna, 1796, fol. 6. Notices on the Literary
history of Georgia, in German, 1798, 8vo. His nunyerous
essays and dissertations, which are upon curious and re-
condite subjects, illustrations of Oriental and Greek ma-
nuscripts, &c. have appeared in the German literary
journals at various periods, particularly in the Memora-
bilien of M. Paulus, and the AUg. Litt. Anzei^er d«
Leipzig. *
ALTHAMERUS (Andrew), a celebrated Lutheran mi-
Ulster at Nuremberg, published in the sixteenth century
•everal works in Divinity, as *^ Gonoilifitiones locontm
1 Biog. UnivcrMlltt.
ALTHAMERUS. $1
scriptarse,*' 1528, 8vo, Latin and Geirman; ^' Annota-
tiones in Jacobi Epistolam ;** ** De Peccato Originali ;'*.:
and '^ De Sacramento altaris." He likewise published
** Sylva Biblicorum nominum," Basil, 1535 ; and " Notes
upon Tacitus de situ, moribus, et populis Germaniae>^'
Nuremberg, 1529, 1536, and at Amberg, 1609, '8vo.
He was at the conferences at Berne in 1528, which paved
the way to the reformation of that canton. His principle
appear to have inclined to Antinomianism, and he attacked
the authority of the Epistle of St. J&mes with great inde-
cency : this afterwards was introduced in the dispute be*,
tween Grotius and Rivet, of which an account may be seen
in Bayle. Althaiuerus, who died about 1 540, was some-t
times called Andrew Brentius from the place of his na-
tivity, Brentz, near Gundeliingen, in Swabia ; and some?
times he assumed the fictitious name of Palaeo Sph}nra;
L Arnold Ballenstad published a life of him in 1740. *
ALTHUSEN, or ALTHUSIUS (John), a German Pro-
testant lawyer, was bom about the middle of the sixteenth
century, and became law-profess(Hr at Herborn, and
syndic at Bremen. He wrote some treatises in the way of
his profes;iiion, *^ De Jurisprudentia Romana," and *^ 1)%
civili conversatione ;" but what made him principally
known, was his ^^ Politica methodice digesta,*' 1603; ia
which he maintained the sovereignty of the people, and
their right to put kings to death, and those other doctrines,
the efiects of which were so extensively displayed in Eng-
land iii the seventeenth, and in France in the eighteenth
century. A recent French biographer, Michaud, observes
that ** these strange opinions produced by the revolu-
tionary spirit which prevailed in the sixteenth centuryj^
have been revived in ours by the demagogues, who fancy
that they are advancing something new*" Althusen died
in the early part of the seventeenth century. *
ALTICOZZI (Laurence), of an illustrious family at
Cortona, was born there, March 25, 1689. He entered
the society of the Jesuits in 1706, and died m 1777, ajt
Ron^, where he had lived many years. He was esteemed
a man of great learning, piety, and amiable manners. Hia
principal work is his ^^Sum of St. Augustine/' Rome^
1761, 6 vols. 4to, in which he gives* a history of Pelagi«
^ G«n. Diet— SockendorPs Hist, of LutheraDisni.— Sasii Onomattieoik
t O4M1. Diot.— Michaud, ia Bj^g, .Uoiverscile. .
B 2
bt A L T I C O Z Z 1
anism, drsLwn from the best authorities in the ancient
ecclesiastical writers. He wrote against Beausobre's his-
tory of Manicheism, and other works against the modern
philosophers and adherents of the doctrine of mate-
rialism. *
ALTILIO (Gabriel), one of the Latin poets who
flourished in Italy in the fifteenth century, was born at
l^silicata, in the kingdom of Naples, or as some think, at
Mantua. He studied, however, at Naples, whtch he made
his residence, and associated with Pontanus, Sannazarius,
and the other literati of that time and place, and acted as
preceptor to pjince Ferdinand, who came to the throne in
1495, by the resignation of his father Alphonsus II. Ac*
cording to UghelH in his " Italia sacra,'* Altilio was
appointed bishop of Policastro in 147 1, and died in 1484 ;
but according to Mazzuchelli, whose authority in this in-
stance appears preferable, he was not bishop until 1489^
and died about 1501. He has left but few specimens of^
his poetry, but they are of acknowledged merit. The
most celebrated is the epithalamium he wrote on the mar-
riage of Isabella of Arragon, daughter of Alphonsus IL
with John Galeas Sforca, duke pf Milan. This is published
'in the Carm. Illust. Poet. Ital. and with a few of his other
pieces, at the close of the works of Sanhazarius, byComimv
1731, 4to, where numerous testimonies are collected of
the merits of Altilio. Some of these pieces had, however,
been before printed with the works of Sannazarius, Daniel
Cereti, and the brothers of the Amalthei, illustrated by
the notes of Peter Vlamingii, Amst. 172^, 8vo, which may
be united with the variorum cliassics. Notwithstanding the
praises generally bestowed on Altilio, there are some
critics who have undervalued his talents. In particular,
Julius Scaligier think^ there is too great a profusion of
thought and expression in this performance : " Gabriel
Altilius,'^ says he, *^ composed an excellent epithalamium,
which* would have been still better, had he restrained his
genius ; but, by endeavouring to say every thing &pon the
subject, he disgusts the reader as much in some places, as
he gives him pleasure in others : he says too much, which
Li a fault peculiar to his nation, for in all that tract of Italy
Ihey have a continual desire of talking.*' It may appeac
iSingular that hi^ Latin poetry should have raised him t«r
*miof. Uahr6rt«llei
\
A L t I L I O. M
the dignity of a prelate ; yet it certainly did, in a great
measure, to the bishopric of Policastro. Some have also
reproached him for neglecting the muses after his prefer-
ment, though they had proved so serviceable to* him in
acquiring it : ** When he was made bishop," says Paulus
^ovius, *^ he soon and impudently left the muses, by whose
means he had been promoted : a chost heinous ingratitude,
unless we excuse him from the consideration of shis order,
which obliged him to apply to the study of the holy
scriptures." *
AL'FING (Henry), an eminent German divine, was
born at Embden, Feb. 17, 1583, of a family of considerable
Bote in Friesland. His father, Menso Alting, was one of
the first who preached the doctrines of the reiPormation in
the territory of Groningen, about the year 1566, and under
the tyrannical government of the duke of Alva. He faith-
fully served the church of Embden during the space of
thirty -eight years, and died Oct. 7th, 1612, His son was
from a child designed for the ministry, and sent very early
to school, and afterwards into Germany in 1602. At Her-^
born he made such uncommon progress under the cele-
brated Piscator, Matthias, Martinius, &c. that he was
allowed to teach philosophy and divinity. While prepar-*
ing for his travels into Switzerland and France, he was
chosen preceptor to three young counts, who studied at
Sedan with the electoral prince Palatine, and took posses-
sion of that employment about September 1605; but the
stornn which the duke of Bouillon was threatened with by
Henry IV. obliging the electoral prince to retire from Se-'
dan with the three young noblemen, Alting accompanied
them to Heidelberg. Here he continued to instruct his
noble pupils, and was admitted to read lectures in geogra*
phy and history to the electoral prihce till 1608, when he
was declared his preceptor. In this character he accompa-
nied him to Sedan, and was afterwards one of those who
were appointed to attend the young elector on his journey
into England in 1612, where he became acquainted with
Dr. Abbot, archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. King, bishop of
London, Dr* Hackwell, preceptor to the prince of Wales ;
and also had the honour of an audience of king James.
The marriage between the elector and the princess of Eng-
land being solemnized at London in Feb. 1613, Alting left
1 Biog. Cmverselle.^Roscoe's Life of Lea-^en. Diet.
54 A L T I N G.
England, and arrived at Heidelberg. In the ensuing
August he was Appointed professor of the common places
of divinity, and to qualify himself for presiding in theolo-
gical contests, he took the degree of D. D. In 1616 be
had a troublesome office conferred upon hini, that of direc*
tor ol the collegium sapienfia of Heidelberg. In 1618 h^
was offered the second professorship of divinity, vacant by
the death of Coppenius, which he refused, but procured . it
for Scultetus.
He distinguished himself by his learning, at the synod
of Dort, wliither he was sent with two other dej>uties^ of
the Palatinate, Scultetus and Tossanus. He appears to
have conceived great hopes soon after his return to Hei-»
del berg, the elector Palatine having gained a crown by the
troubles of Bohemia, but he met with a dreadful dlsap«
pointment. Count Tilli took Heidelberg by storm iti
Sept. 1622, and allowed his soldiers to commit every spe-*
cies of outrage and violence. Alting escaped almost by a
miracle, which is thus related : He was in his study, wheh
news was brought that the enemy was master of the towo^
and ready to plunder it. Upon bis bolting his door he bad
I recourse to prayer. One of his friends, accompanied by
two soldiers, advised him to retire by the back door into
the chancellor^^ house, which was protected by a strong
guard, biecause count Tilli designed the papers that were
lodged ther^ should cotne entire into his hands. The lieii«>
tenatit-colonel of the regiment of HohenzoUen ^as upon
tills guard) and addressing himself to Alting, said, ^^ With
this axe I have killed to- day ten men, and Dr. Altitig shaU
be the eleventh, if I can dricover where he has hid him*
Relf," and concluded this barbarous speech by asking Al*
ting, " who are you?" Alting, with great presence of
Inind, answered, ** I have been regent in the collie of
Sapience." This expression the savage miirderet did not
tmderrstand, and > permitted him to escape. On thi^ he
contrived to retire to his family, which be had; sent some
•time before to Heilbrun. He rejoined it at Schorfidori^
but was uot allowed to coiitintie there more thto a few
toonths, owing to the illiberal cqnduct of some Luthemb
ministers. In 1623 he retired with his fexnily tb £mbdeo^
aiid afterwards to the Hague, where the king of BcJoieiHia
'engaged him to instruct his eldest son, but permitted hjfli
at the same time to accept a professorship of divinity at
A L T I N G. Si
GroningeDy which he entered upon, June 16, 1627| and
kept to the day of his death.
The last years of his life were embittered by domestic
affli<;tions, and by bodily disease. The loss of an affection-
ate d^ug^ter, and ^fterward$ of his wife, preyed upon a
coQstitutiop that had been shaken by the ricissitudes of his
former life, and brought on a lethargic disorder, of which
he died) Aug. 25, 1644, leaving behind him the character
of a man of gneat piety and learning ; and it appears that
few men of his time were more highly honoured for their
personal worth. He went.yearly to wait upon the king of
Bohemia, and to insipect the studies of the royal family.
He contributed very lyiuch to the collfs^ctions that were
made throughout all the Protestant countries for the
churches of Germany. He was also employed in two other
important comqaissiQns : one was the revisal made at Leyden
of the pew Dutcb translation of the Bible.; ^nd the other the
visitation of the county of Steinfurt. In the first he had
^ome*coUe|igAie8» but in the second he was the only gene-
ral iofipector, the count of Bentheim haying sent him to
regulate t^e churches, and particularly to counteract the
progress, qf Spcinianiam, which had. crept in. Alting, by
his temperatj^ character and his abilities as a reasoner,
taking all his .a^rguments from scripture, appears to have
been well Ratified for these and other important trusts as-
signed to him. He married at Heidelberg in 1614, and
bad seven pbiildreh, of whom a daughter ^nd two sons sur-
vived hiiP' The eldest son was professor of civil law at
Djavf Qtef ; tbe.Qth^r is the subject of the next article.
H^LS works ai^} 1. ^^ Notae iii Decadem Problematum
Joai^ni^. BfdhJB de glorioso Dei et beatorum ccelo,'* Heidel-
b^fgt |618. 2. ^^ JLqci compiunes,'' Amst. 1646, 3 vols.
.3. <^ Exege^s Augustanse Confessionis,'' Amst. 1647.
4. ^^ Meth^d^s Theologise,'' Amst 1650, or 1654, 4to.
5* *^ ExpjAc^tip catacheseos PalatinsB,^' ibid. 1646, 4t0c
,ji. '^ Hisjtoria ecoles^astica Palatina,'' ibid. 1644, 4to.^
. ALTING (Jaj4^6), son of the above Henry, was bom
fit Ijieid^erg th^ 27th of September 1618| at which time
bis father \tras de^puty at the synod of Dort. He went
through hya ^t^4i®3 ^t Groningen wit;^ great success; aod
Jbieing cjesjki^PU^ to aqquir^ . knowledge, in the Oriental Ian-
\^uage^, j|'^uK>ved to ^mbden in 1633, to improve himself
1 O^n. Wei* itt wbidi Bayle has given an erroneous list of hh wOrks.<^Ma-
56 A L T I N G.
under the rabbi Gamprecht Ben Abraham. He came over
to England in 1640, where he became acquainted with
many persons of the greatejst note ; he preached here, and
was ordained a priest of the church of England by Dn
Prideauxi bisihop of Worcester. He liad once resolved to
Eass his life in England, but afterwards accepted the Heb-
rew prdfessorship at Grohingeh, offered him upoa the
death of Gomarus. He entered upon this office the I3th
of January 1643, the very day that Samuel des Marets was
installed in the professorship of divinity, which nad been
held by the si^me Gomarus. Alting was admitted doctor
of philosophy the 2 1st of October ^645, preacher to the
academy in 1647, and doctor and professor of divinity in
1667. He had visited Heidelberg in 1662, where he re-
ceived many marks of esteem from, the elector Palatine,
Charles Lewis, who often solicited him to accept of the^
professorship of divinity, but he declined this ofler. In a
little time a misunderstanding arose betwixt him and Sa-
muel des Marets, his colleague, owing to a difference in
theiir method of teaching, and in many points in their prin-
ciples. Alting kept to the scriptures, without meddling
with scholastic divinity: the first 'lectures which he read at
his house upon the catechism, drew such vast crowds of
hearers, that, for want of room in bis own chamber, be wasi
obliged to make use of the university hall. Hrs colleague
was accustomed to the method and logical distinctions of
the schoolmen, had been a long time in great fei^teem, had
published several books, and to a sprightly genius had added
a good stock of learning : the students* who were of that
country adhered to him, as the surest way to obtain church-
preferment, for the parishes were generally supplied with
•^iuch as had studied according to his method. This was
■ sufficietit to raise and keep up a misunderstatiding betwixt
the two professors. A Iting had great obstacles to surmount :
a majority of voices and the authority of age were on his
adversary's side. Des Marets gave out that Alting was ah
: innovator, and one who endeavoured to root up the boun-
daries which our wise forefathers had made between truth
and falsehood ; he accordingly became bis accuseF, and
chai'ged him with one-and^-tbirty erroneous propositions*
The curator^ of the university, without acquainting the
parties, sent the inlbrmatida aind the answers to the divineis
of Leyden, de^ring their opjnion. The judgment, they
gave is rei{iark^bl^ : Alting was ac(]uitte4 of all heresy, but-
A L T I N a 67
his itnprudence was blamed in broaching new hypotheses ;
on tne other hand, Des Marets was censured foi* acting
contrary to the laws of charity and moderation. The latter
woiiiQ not submit to this judgment, nor accept of the si*
lencf wuich was proposed. He insisted on the cause being
heard before the consistories, the classes, and the synods;
but the heads Wuiild not consent ^ to this, forbidding all
writings, either for or against the judgment of the divines
of Leyden ; and thus the work of Des Marets, entitled
** Audi et alteram partem," was suppressed. This contest
excited much attention, and might have been attended with
bad consequences, when Des Marets was called to Leyden,
but he died at Groningen before he could take possession oif
that enipioy ment. There was a kind of reconciliation effecteii
betvvixt him and Alting before his death : a clergyman of
<7roningen, seeing Des Marets past all hopes of recovery^
proposed it to him ; and having bis consent, made the same
proposal to Alting, who answered, that the silence lie had
observed, notwithstanding the clamours and writings of his
adversary, shewed his .peaceable disposition ; that he was
ready to come to an agreement upon reasonable terms, but
that he required sadsfection for the injurious reports disse*
roinated agaiqst his honour and reputation ;. and that be
could not conceive how any. one should desire hiS' friecid*
ship,, whilst be thought him such a man as he had repre*
sented him to be. The person, who acted as mediator,
some tifiie after returned, with another ^lersyman, to. Al-
ting, and obtiiined from him a formulary of the satisfaction
he desired* This formulary was. not liked by Des Marets,
who drew up another, but this did not please Alting :. at
last, however, after .some alterations, the; reconciliation was
effected ; the parties only retracted the personal /injuries^
and as to the accusations in point of doctrine, the accuser
left them to the judgment of the church^ Alting, however;
thought he had reason to complain, even after he :was de«
livered from so formidable an adversary. His complaint
was occasioned by the last' edition of Des.Marets's system^
in which he was very ill treated: he. said, bis adversary
should have left no mbnuments of tbe ^piarrel ; and that
his reconciliation had not been sincere,- since he had not-
suppressed such an injurious book. The clergy were .coa<i
tinually murmuring against what they called innovations ;
bi^t the secular power wisely calmed those storms, which
the convocations and synods would hift'e raised, threaten-
A L.T I N G.
ing to interdict those who should revive whait hsd obtained
the name of die Maresio^Altingian cooti'oversy. Alting
enjoyed but Iktle health the last thi^ee years of his life ;
and being at length seieed tvitb a violent fever, was carried
off in nine days^ at-Groningen, August 20, 1679. His
yvCHrks^ which consist of dissertations on variqus points of
Hebrew < and Oriental antiquities; commentaries on many
of • the books of the Bible; a Syro-Ghaldaic Grammar; a
treatise on Hebrew punctuation, &c. &c. were collected in
5 vols. foL and. published by Balthasau: Qoeker, Amst. 1687,
mth ^ life by the same editor. '
. ALTING (Menso), the father of Henry and grandfa-
ther of James Alting, was boraat Fleda in West-Friesland
in 1541, and died, first pastor and president of the consis-
tory at £mbden,.in 1617, The study of St. Paul's epistle
io the .Romans is said to have brought him from the opi<k
pions of Luther to those of Calvin^ in whose derfence he
wrote against Ligorius and Hunosus^ His life was written
by Ubbo Emmius. ^ . j ^ : .
ALTING (M'EHSO), probably of ^he same family^ was a
learned burgomaster of Groningen^ celebrated for his to-
pographical skill and writings* Heiwasborn in k^'6^f and
died in 1713.. His principal woricis are,i 1. .^^ Notiiia Ger**
maaiflB inferioris/' Amst. L697, foL 2. ^^ Descriptio Fri-
stflB inter Scaldis pcurtum velerem et Amiaiamj'' ibid. 1701,
ALTISSIMO, an Italian poet of the fifteenth century,
wiiose writings do not justify that honouirable name, was
accoirding to Crescimbini, a native of Florence,' his name
Christopher; but on account of his .merit, he received a
poetic crown, and the surname lofAltissimo. . LeQuadrio,
however, thinks that this wasi bis family. name, that his
Christian name was Angel, and that he was a priest, lie
was one iof the* inost admired improvimtbri of his time, and
his verses are ^aid to^have been often coUacted, and pub-
lished. ' He Jv^as. living in 1514.. Of his poems we have
pnlya tranriatioii of > the firat book of tiie famous romance^
V.i.Riali.di Frahnia," Venice, 153il, 4to, enough to prove
that he was a very indifferent poeti'^
iALTMANN :(Jaim Geobo^)^ a Swiss historian and dir
vive, was born in ld97^ and^ accordifig (to one anthority, at
'. I Gen. Diet, — Foppep Bibl. ^elg^rrMoreri. ' Biog. UniTcvselle.
A L T M A N N. ^»
Berne, where his father had been rector ; or. accoi^ditig to
another at Zofinguen, and died in 1758) curate of Inns, i^
village in the canton of Berne. In 1735 he was appointedT
moral and Greek professor at Berne, and afterwards piub^
lished some valuable works on the geography, history, an4
antiquities of Swisserland. In conjunction with Breitinger,
he compiled the collection entitled ** Tempe Helvetica,"
Zurich, 1735 — ^43, 6 vols. 8vo. His other works are,
2. <^ Metelemata philologico-critica, quibus difHcilioribu»
N. Test, locis ex antiquitate lux aflPunditur," Utreehti
1753, 3 vols. 4to. 3. «^ A Description of the Glaciersi" In
German, Zurich, 1751—53, 8vo. 4. **^ Principia Etbica,
ex monttis legis natursD et prseceptis religionis Christianoi
deducta,'* Zurich, second edition, 1753, 2 vols. 8va * ; j
ALTOMARI {DonatoAktonio ab),. an eminent Ne*
apolitan philosopher, physician, and professor of ^medicine
of the sixteenth century, was born at Naples^ was dme of
the most learned medical writers of liis tiAae, . and et^o^ed
very high reputation, it being only objected to him: that he
was too servile a copyist of Galen. We know little else ef
his history, unless that he had certain etiemies who obliged
him to take refuge in Rome, and that be did not venture /b«»
return to NapW until, be had obtained the protiection of
pope Paul IV^ to whom he had dedicated one of his woi*ksf
Most of them were published separately, as appears by. a
catalogue in Manget slnd Hailer; but the whole were col-
lected and published in folio at Lyons, 1565 at)d 1597; lA
Naples' in 1573 ; Venice, 1561, 1574^, and IJSOO. So ma»y
editions of so large 'a volume are no inconsiderable testi*
mony of the esteem in which this writbr was held. He is
said to havfe died in 1 5 56. ^
ALTORFER or Altdorfer (Albrecht or Ai^bbut), 4
very eminent artist, was born in 1488, at Altdorff in Bava*
ria, and rose to be a member of the senate of Ratisben, and
architect to the town, where he died in 1578. His merit as
a painter appears to have^een very considerable> but much
more as a designer and engraver. His works in wood and
metal are as numerous as, in general, remarkable for dimi*
native size, though neither his conceptions nor forms werl$
puny, The«cBts of *^ The Passion," " Jael and Sisemb,!*
" Pyi^attius and Thisbe," " Judah and Thamar,'* if we >a)U
low for the ignorance of costume in the three last, show a
> Biog. UniverseM^i — Diet. Hist.<^Saxii Onomastic«ii..
' Ibid.— Hailer Bibi. Med.— MaD^^t BibU
«0 A L T O R F E R.
sensibility of mind, and a boldness of design, which per*
haps none of his German contemporaries can boast. HoU
hein is said to have drawn great assistance from him,
evident traces of the style of Aitorfer appearing in the
prints of that inimitable artist, although certainly much
improved. *
ALUNNO (Francis), an Italian scholar and mathema*
tician, was a native of Ferrara, and lived in the fifteenth
century. The three vvorics on which his fame rests are,
1. " Observations on Petrarch," which are inserted in the
edition of that poet, Venice, 1339, Svo. 2. ** Le Richesse
della Lingua Volgare," Venice, 1545, fol. in which he has
collected, alphabetically, the most elegant words and
phrases used by Boccaccio. 3. ** Delia Fabbrica del
Mohdo," Venice, 1526, 1556, 1557, 1558, 1562, consist-
' ing of ten books, in which are enumerated all the words
used by the earliest Italian writers, but with no very happy^
arrangement. Alunno was likewise distinguished for a ta*
lent perhaps more curious than useful, tha( of being able
to write an exceeding small hand. We are told, that
when at Bologna he presented Charles V. with the belief
and the first chiapter of the gospel of St. John, in the size
of a denier, or farthing ; and Aretine adds, that the empe*
ror employed a whole day in decyphering this wonderful
manuscript. ^
ALVAREZ (Diego), a Spanish dominican, was born at
Rio Seco in Old Castille. He was professor of theology in
Spain and at Rome, and afterwards archbishop of Trani in
tne kingdom of Naples. In concert with Lemos, his bro-
ther in profession, he supported the cause of the Thomists
against the Molinists,' in the congregation De Auxiiiis,
held in 1596. He died in 1635, after publishing several
treatises on the doctrines which he defended ; among these
are, " De anxiliis divinae gratia^," - Lyons, 1611, folio;
^* Concordia liberi arbitrii cum predestinatione,'* Lyons^
1622, 8vo; ** A commentary on Isaiah," 1615, foK &c.^
ALVAREZ (Emanuel), a celebrated Portuguese gram-
marian, was bom in the island of Madeira on the 4th of
June 1 526. Having entered into the society of the Jesuits,
he distinguished himself by his probity and his prudence,
and became rector of the colleges of Coimbrai Evora, and
* Strutt and Pilkington's Dictionaries.— Bioj;. Universelle.
^ Bio^. UoiTcrselie., ^ lbi<).— Moreri.'--Dict Hist.
ALVAREZ. CI
Lisbon. He was well acquainted with polite literatare^
and for many years applied himself to the instruction of
youth in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. He died at the coU
lege of Evora on the 30th of December 1582. His Latin
grammar is much esteemed ; it is entitled, '^ De Institu-
tione Grammatici," and has had many editions; the first,
Lisbon, 1572, 4to. Kess, Kicardi, and Tursellinus have
published abridgments of it. His work ^^ Demensuris,
ponderibus et numeris," is in less esteem. *
ALVARES (Francis), a Portuguese priest, born at Co-
imbra, about the end of the fifteenth century, was chaplain
to Emanuel king of Portugal, and ambassador from that
prince to David king of i£thiopia or Abyssinia. David had
sent an ambassador to Emanuel, who in return thought
proper to send Alvares and Galvanus to David, but the lat«
ter died before he arrived in i£tbiopia. Alvares continued
six years i# this country; and, when be returned, brought
letters to king John, who succeeded Emanuel, and to popa
Clement VII. to whom he gave an account of his embassy
at Bologna in January 1533, in the presence of the empe*
ror Charles V. Alvares died in, 1540; and left behind
him, in Portuguese, an account of bis embassy, with a
description of the manners and customs of the i£thiopi->
ans. It was printed at Lisbon the same year in which
the author died, and was translated into French, and pub'*
lishc^ at Antwerp in 1558. The work was abridged by
Ramusius. Bodinus savs, that Alvares was the first who
gave a true and accurate account of ^Ethiopia, and that it
was appi-oved by the best writers, and read with the great*^
est satisfaction. ^
ALVARES DE ORIENTE (Ferdinand), one of the
most esteemed Portuguese poets, was born at Goa in the
Indies, in the fifteenth century, about the commencement
of the reign of king Sebastian. We have few particulars
of his life. It is said that he served in the royal navy, and
was captain of one of the vessels belonging to the squadron
which admiral Tellez commanded in India, during the
viceroyalty of Moniz-Barreto. His principal work, •* Lu-
titania Transformada,'' is on the plan of the Diana of
JVIontemajor. The language is pure and harmonious, and
tbe descriptions striking and naturaL It was printed, for
' BiQg. Uaivertelie.-^Moreri.— Diet. Hist, ojid GtD. Diet. > IbMt
ea^ . A L V A R E s.
the iirat timei at Lisbon, 1 607, 8vo. A few years after, a
more correct edition was published by father Foyos, of the
oratory. Our poet also wrote an elegy, which has been
highly praised, and the fifth Stnd sixth parts of the romance
of PaJmerin of England. *
ALVAROTTO (Jamks), a celebrated lawyer of Padua,
flourished in the fifteenth century. His family was origi-
pally of Hungary, and allied to the Speroni, both of which
have produced very eminent men. The subject of this
short article was very learned both in the civil and canon
law,, which he bad studied under Barthelemi Saliceti and
Francis Zabarella, who was afterwards cardinal. . He then
became professor at Padua, where he wrote several trea-
tises, and among them '^ Commentaria in Libros Feudo-
rum," a work long held in estimation, and frequently
Quoted by the Italian lawyers. He died June 27, 1452,
and was interred in the church of St. Anthony. ^
ALVENSLEBEN (Philip Charles Count d*) a Prus-
sian statesman, knight of the orders of the red and black
eagle, lord of Hundisburgh, &c. was born Dec. 12, 1745,
at Hanover, where his father was counsellor of war. Du-
ring the seven years war he was brqught up at Magdebourg
with the prince, afterwards Frederic- William II. He then
studied law at the university of Halle^ and was appointed
referendary in the court of accounts at Berlin, and in 1775,
was sent as envoy extraordinary to the elector of Saxony,
with the title of king's chamberlain. This proved the
commencement of a diplomatic career, for which he was
thought qualified by his extensive knowledge and accom-
plishments, and the address with which he retained the
good opinion of Frederic II. During the war for the suc-
cession of Bavaria, he acted as intermediate agent^between
the king of Prussia and the old electorate court, and be-«
tween the army of Frederic and that of Prince Henry.
After having been engaged in this office for twelve years,
be was sent as ambassador, in 1787, to the court of France.
In 1788 he was sent, in the same capacity, to Holland ; and
in 1789 to England. In 1790 he was recalled from the
latter, and appointed minister for foreign affairs, and his
zeai and activity rendered him highly acceptable in the
court of Berlin. During his administration he founded
. * ^ Biog. Universelle. \ Morari.— DicU Hiit.
A L V EN S L EB 1 IC. j6t
several benevolent establishments. He died at Berlin hit
1 802. As a writer he is known by a historical work en*-^
titled << Essai d^un tableau chronologiqae des evenements
de ia guerre, depuis la paiic de Mun'iter, jusqu^a celle de
Hubertsbourg," Berlin, 1792, 8 vo. *
ALXINGER (John Baptist d*) a modern German
poet, was born at Vienna, Jan. 24, 17S5; his father was al
civilian, and consistory counsellor to the bishop of Passau.
He studied the classics under the celebrated antiquary
Eckbel, keeper of the medals at Vienna, and while with
him, imbibed such a taste for reading the ancient poets^
that he knew most of their writings by heart, and was al*
ways so fond of this study, that he remembered with grati-*
tude, to the last hour of his life, the master who had ini->
tiated him in it, nor did he neglect his favourite authors,
even when obliged to attend the courts of law. When the
death of }fis parents had put him in possession of a consider-
able patrimony, he made no other use of his doctor's and ad-
vocate's titles, than in reconciling the differences of such
clients as addressed themselves to him for advice. His first
poetical attempts appeared in the Muses* Almanack, and
other periodical publicatious at Vienna, and o'f these he
published a collection at Leipsic in 1784, and at Klagen-
furth in 1788, vtdiich procured him the honour of being
ranked among the best poets of his country for elegance^
energy, and fertility of imagination. In the ^^ New Col-
lection of Poetry," printed at Vienna in 1794, he contri-
buted some pieces not so favourable to his character ; but
he completely re-established his fame by the publication
of ** Doolin of Mentz,'* and ** Bliomberis," two poems of
the romantic cast, in imitation of Wieland, to whom the
last was Cledicated. In 1791, he published a German trans*
lation of Florian's " Niima Pompilius," which some have
thought equal to the original, but in many parts it is defi-
cient in elegan'ce. It was, however, his last performance,
except the assistance he gave to some literary contempo-
raries in translating the foreign journals. During the three
last years of his life, he was secretary artd inspector of thd
court theatre, and died May 1, 1^797, of a nervous fever.
He was a man of warm affections and gaiety of temper, and
of his liberality he afforded a striking instance in the case
of Haschka the poet, whom he regarded as one of the prin-
f Biog. Uaiverielle.— Oeot. Mag.- toI. LXXtl.
ci{>al supporters of Germaii literature. He not only kc^
commodated him with apartments in his house, bu^ made
bim a pifesent of 10,000 florins. Of his faults, it is only
recorded that he was a little vain, and a little given to the
pleasures of the table. '
ALYPIUS, of Antiocb, of the fourth century, was an
architect in the service of Julian the apostate5 who com-
mitted to his care the rebuilding the temple of Jerusalem^
which he was forced to abandon, by fires which issueU from
under the earth, and rendered the place inaccessible^
Eight years after> he found himself involved in an accusa-
tion of magic, and with a great many^others condemned
without proof and banished, after his goods had been con-
fiscated. His son Hierocles^ *cond^mned to death on the
same accusation, made his escape when they were leadingf
bim to execution ; and the news of this happy circumstaiied
softened the affliction of Alypius in his banishment. He is
the reputed author of a geographical work published by
Godefroy, at Geneva, in Gr. and Lat. 1628^ 4to, but there
is no good authority for attributing it to him.*
ALYPIUS, a philosopher of Alexandria, flourished in
the fifth c^ ntury, and was contemporary with Jamblicus^
He was one of the most subtle dialecticians of his time,
was much followed, and drew away the hearers of Jagabli-^
cus. This occasioned some conferences between them^ bu^
no animosity, as Jamblicus wrote bis life, in which he
praised his virtue and steadiness of mind. Alypius died
very old, in the city of Alexandria* In stature he was so
remarkably diminutii^e as to be called a dwarf. *
ALYPIUS, bishop «f Tagasta, a city in Africa, of which
he was probably a native, was the friend of St. Augustine^
and baptized with him at Milan in 388.- He was promoted
to the bishopric of Tagasta in the year 394, and in the
year 403 was present at the council of Ciarthage, where it
Was endeavoured to bring the Donatists to \inity. In the
year 4 1 1 he was the only one of the seven Catholic pre-
lates who disputed with seven Catholic bishops, in the
famous conference held at the same place. In the yeaif
419 he was deputed by the African churches to Ho-
norius, and pope Boniface received him with great friend*
ship, and employed him in confuting the Pelagians, in which
he was not a little assisted by the secular arm. St. Augus-
* Biog. Uaiverseller » Gen, Diet.. • Ibid.
A L Y P I U S. €5
tine bestows very high praise on this bishop, ud seems to>
have intended to write his life. The tinfie of his death i$
generally fixed at 430. ^
AMAIA (Francis), a Spanish lawyer of great reputa-
tion in his country, was a native of Antequera, and after-
wards professor of law at Ossuna and Salamanca. He was
lastly a counsellor at Valladolid, where he died in 1640 or
1645. He wrote '^ Observationes juris/' Salamanca, 1626,
and '^ Commentaria in posteriores libros codicis Justini-
ani," Lyons, 1639, Geneva, 1655.*
AMALARIUS FORTUNATUS, from being a monk of
liladeloc, rose to be archbishop of Treves, in the year 810^
and the following year re-established the Christian religion
in that part of Saxony which is beyond the Ebro, conse-'
crated the first church in Hamburgh, and in the year 813'
went as ambassador to Constantinople to ratify the peace*
"l^hicii Charlemagne had concluded with Michael, the emi-
peror of the east. He died the year following in his dio-
cese. His only work is a '^ Treatise on Baptism,'* which
is )[>rinted among the works and under the name of Alcui'*
nus. It is the answer to a circular letter in which Charle-
magne had consulted the bishops of his empire respecting
that sacrament. From a similarity of names this writer has
sometimes, particularly by Trithemius, Possevin, and Bel-
larmine, been confounded with the subject of the next
article ^
AMALARIUS SYMPHOSIUS, was successively dea-
con and priest vof the church of Metz, director of the school
in the palace of Louis de Debonnaire, abbot of Hombac,
coadjutor -to the bishop of Lyons, and then to that of
Treves, and according to some was made bishop ; but this
seems doubtful. Some authors likewise attribute to him a
work which appeared in the year 847, in favour of the
opinions ci Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims, on predesti-
nation ; but it is probable that Amalarius was dead ten years
before that. He was, however, esteemed a man of great
learning in liturgical matters; and his acknowledged works
procured him much reputation in the Romiah church.
The first meutioned is a *^ Treatise on the Offices,*^ written
in the year. 920, but re*written with many improvements in
the year 827, in coni^quence of a visit to Rome for the
1 0«p. Diet * Moreri.— Antonio Bibl. Hisp.
9 IToreri.— ^CttV«f t«1. 1.— Saxii Onomasticoh.
Vol. II. F . .
es A M A L A HI US.
purpose oi^.hccpming better acquainted with the rites of-
t^t cbureb^ The most correct editioa of this work is in
the Bibl. Patrum of Lyons. His object is to give the ra-
tiiQ>9i9ie pf the pr«Lyers andcerenionies which compose the
s^ryice^ mixed, however, with what is less reconcileahle to
r^eason^.the mystie.al use of tbem, and some scruples about
tfifles wbif^b oow Afi^iU hardly bear repetition. 2. " The
qrder* of ^be> Antiphonal," in which he endeayooini> to re-
cx^npil^ j;l)^ irlti^S o^ ithe Roman wkh the Gallican church.
This is usually printed with the preceding. 3. " The Of*
ftce of theJVU^iV 4. " Letters," whidb are in the Spiei-
I^giciQi of d- Aicbery, and Msurtenne's Anecdotes. His
iiforks met with^cohsiderable opposition, and Agobdrd, arch-*
fai^hctp^Qf .L]^(m$i wrote against the ti^ first-mentioned
works^ Fkwrasi deacorn of Lyons, accused him of heresy
iN^fore tb^ council of Thionville, where he was acquitted,
aadtW /council at Quierci, where some expressions of his
resp^PUng' the a^ucrament were adjudged to be dangerous^
but his f^putatiou did not suffer much bythe decision. * *
AMAiiRIC AU'GtRIj a historian, or rather biogra-
pher, of .the. fourteenth ceoiary, wrote and dedicated to
pop^ UrbAU.V. a history of the popes, ending at pope John
XXI|. ivbi&h be entitled ^* Chronicum Pontificale," and
which, he says, he compiled from above two hundred
authors. ^ Crom the pre&ce he appears to havi^ been of
the order of St. Augiifetine, but his work has not beeft
pointed;* . ,
: AMALTHEI (Jerome, John Baptist, imd Cqhnelius)
%vere brotheiss.who flourished in the early part of the dx^
teentb ceti^ury, and distinguished themselves as men of iet-^
ters. The pteeof .their birthfwas Oderztr, a oity of the Ve-
n^etiah terriljoty. rHieronymns, the elder, united in his owrf
p^r^oii the <^hliracters of-a skilful physician aikl a pkasin^
poet. His Latii^ipoeiBs are ip general written in a style of sin-**
gujlar dj^^nce^aftd purity. The celebrated Frenoh critic and
©oEftm^ftta^Qr,. Marc-Antoine Muret, in his correspondence
with LtoJbin, .classes them, among the best prodtictidns of
the It^Uann^uin that species of compositi<m. In poems of
th^ light ^id epigrammatic kind, he particularly excelled.
This. Jes^rited mat! is also much conmiended for his ur]>ariity
^f nH^uners, and the suavity of his dispositioa^ He cultii
vated his talent for poetry at an advanced age with undi-
minished spirit, as appears in his vers^^ to* bis frieod
• Biog. Universelle.— Dupin. — CaTet«»Moreri.
t Moreri.-— Vogfiius d« liisU LaU
A M A L T H E t. i67
I
IMcUor, notmibstanding the complaint tbey .breathe of
decaying powers. He died at the place of his nativity, in
Id74> in his sixty-eighth year. His felloW-citizens are said
to hare inscribed an epitaph on his tomb, in iivhich they re-
present hioi as another Aptdio, equally skilled in poesy and
the belling art. His poem^, together with those of his
brothers, were first collected iand published entire by Hie-
ronymus Aleander, at Venice, in the year 1627, and after-
wards by Grsevius with those of Ssluiiazarius at Amster*
dam in i689; . .. <.
The poetical talent* of Joannes or Giotanni Battista,
the Second brothei', were flot inferior to those -of Hiero-
oymns. We remark in »hfis compO}^tions equal harmony,
combdtied with equal spirit; and critics have u,nited thenl
under the flattering title of " Musarum Delici^e." Be-
f»ide9 the poems writteii in Latin, others by Giovanni Bat-
tista. occur in his^ native kingnage, which rank him among
ike best Italian /p6ets. Some unfinished pieces of his. are
said to hiareb^en discovered at"Hdme, in the library of car-
dinal Ottoboni. Eminentty didtinguished for his accurate
knowledge of ikie Greek and Latin languages, he passed
the gresitefr part of his life at thel.courtbf Rome, and stood
kTghih the favoiit of three* statrcesrive pontiffe. He dis-
eharged the office of- sefcifetttry tkH the cardinals who were
deputed to <he cfifuntil bf Tient. We hate his own evi-
dence to prove that he.Waii thcrs^ff^bled to attain, if not to
the most spl^dtd .and'ittrposing affluence, at least to that
moderate degree of it, which,- Combined with temperance
and integrity, conduces most-to'real happiness.^ He died
at Bdme at? the -eaily age of forty-seven years.
CoRNMLius, the youngest of the Amalthei, has left a
few Latin poems, whiclv serve to manifest t:he conformity of
hi* taste aird talents wiAr those of hi^ karned brothers. He
probably dii^d in the pririfje'<)f lifey^atid some accounts fix
the debase of ja\\ thte tfetee brothers in the same year.,
Bfit thesc^^ according to the- editor of the General Diction-
ary, itiusft hotbe^coiifbdhded'whh'Araaltheus Attilius, arch-
Mshop of Atb^Tite, whb was born of a! family in Italy eminent
for producing men of the gfeate^ itie^it and learnhig. He
Hired ifi the sixteenth centary,- and made a considerabte
progress in the. study 6f the civil' and canon law, and iil
that of divinity. He W2^§ a man of a noble, generous, and
Asinterested spirit, was raised to the see of 'Athens by pope
Paul V. and sent to Cologne in the character of nuncio,
F 2
6& A M A L T H £ I.
which office he discharged with mu^ applause ; tod diid
about 1 600. * ,
AMAMA (SiXTiKUs)^ profesAor of the Hebrew tongue
in the university of Franeker, was born in Frieskud in the
end of the sixteenth century (according to Saxius in 1593)^
and studied under Drusius. The university of Leyden en«
deavoured, by offering him a larger salary, to draw him
from the university of Franeker, in ordefr to succeed £rpe«
nius : Amama, without absolutely refusing ibis ofier, yet
would not accept of it unless he obtained jpermission from
his superiors of Friesland, which they refused^ and perhaps
^ave him such additional encouragement^ that he had nd
reason to repent of not going lx> Leydi»n. The first book
he published was a specimen of a great design he intended^
viz. to censure the Vulgate translation) which the counoii
of Trent had declared authentic i but before he had fi-
nished this work, he publisheda criticisQ» upon the transA
lation of the Pentateuch, entitled <^ Censura Vulgates
XatinsB editiqnis Pentateuchi/* ^to, 1620» FraudKr, as «<
specimen of his more elaborate work. Whilst he was car«
tying on this, he was obliged to eng^;e in another work,
which was, to collate ^he Dutch translation of the 4icripture
with the originals and the exactest translations : this Dutch
translation had been taken firom Luther's versioRw He gave
the public an account of this labour, in a work which ap*
peared at Amsterdam, entided, *^ Bybekche eonlerencie>"
Amsterdam, 1623. I'his emplovment of collating so much,
engaged Amama, that he was hmdered for a considerable
time from applying to his intended general censure of the:
Vulgate. However, be resumed his undertaking upon:
hearing that father Mersennns had endeavoured to refute
his critical remarks on the first six chapters of Genesis;
and he gave himself up entirely to vindicate his criticisms
against that author. His answer is one of the pieces con-
tained, in the ^^ Anti-barbarus Biblicus," which be pub-
lished in 1628 ; the other pieces are, his Censure, of thet
Vulgate on the historical books of the Old Testament, on
Job, the Psalms, and the bopks of Solomon^ with some
particular dissertations, one-of which is on the famous pas«
sage in the Proverbs, <^ The Lord created me in the he^.
ginning of all his ways/* wherein he sbew&ikhat those who,
» 6re«8weU*s Memoirs «f Polttianui> l6C.«^Moren.-^Chaufrjiic.— Gen; D^cK
— -Kryttirsei P^acotheca.—- Saxii Onomastioaiu
A M A MA. <»
mceused Drusius of favouring Arianism irere notorious ca«
lumniators. The *' Anti-barbarus Biblicus'' was to have
consisted of two parts, each containing three books ; the
author, however, onlj published the first part. It was re*
pr'mted after his death in 1656, and a fourth book was
added, containing the criticism of the Vulgate upon Isaiah
and Jeremiah. It is ilnpossible to answer Ae reasons, bj
which he shews the necessity of consulting the originals.
Tbisbe recommended so earnestly, that some synods, being
influenced by his reasons, decreed that none should be n
admitted into the ministry, but such as had a competent
knowledge of the Hebrew atid Greek text of the scripture.
He published also another dissertation, entitled ^^ De No-
« mine Tetragrammiato,*^ Fisaneker, 1620, ^vo. When Sixti*
nas came to Fran^ker^ drunkenness and debauchery reigned
in that univertity to a very great degree ; he tells us, that
all the new stoaents were immediately enrolled in the s^r*
vice of Baocstius, and obliged to swear, with certain cere*
monies, ky a wpoden statue of St» Stephen^^ that the3r
would ^spend all their money : if any one had more regard
to the oath be had taken to the rector of the university
than to this bacchanalian oath, he was so persecuted by the
other studet\ts, that he was obliged either to leave tl)ie.
university, or comply with the rest. Sixtinus contributed
greatly to root out this vice, and he inveighed against it
with great energy in a public speech made in 1621. He
was so much beloved by the people of Friesland, that after
his deaths ihey shewed theo^selves very generous to his
children ; as Nicholas Amama, who was one of them, ac-
knowledges in the epistle dedicatory to his ^^ Dissertatio-^
num Marinarum decas,*' 1651. For one circumstance in
the life of Amama, we are indebted to Anthony Wood, who
informs us that about the year 1613, he came over to Eng-
land, and resided for some years at Oxford, in Exeter col-
lege, under the patronage of Dr. Prideaux, the rector of
that college, after warcis bishop of Worcester. Amama
died in 1629, in* the thirty-sixth year of his age^ if the date
of the birth above assigned, be correct. *
AM AND. SeeST. AMAND.
ASMARA- SING HA, a learned Hindoo, and counsellor to
the celebrated rajah Vikramaditeya^ lived in the first cen-
1 Gsd. Diet.— Moveri.— Foppen Bibl. B«lg. wfa«f« there it ft mcMTt eumjpleto
^Btalofue of lus work«.^Weod'« AUmmt* toU U' ^
TO,, A M A R A- S I N G H A.
tury B: C. He is the author of a Dictionary of the Saw-^
scrit, which is esteemed very correct and complete. It
i& called ^^ Amara-Kocha/' or the treasure of Amara, and
is not in the alphabetical order^ but divided iota sectiopfl^
as the names of the gods, the surs^ the element^, .&c. in
the manner of some vocabularies* It is written in a species
of verse, ai>d the ey plan^tions are given in . the different
Indian languages. Father Paulin, of St^ Bartholomiew^
published at Rome in 1798, the first part of this dictionary
under the title '^ Aniara-Singha, sectio prima, de cseloy ex,
tribus ineditis codicibus manuscriptis,'' 4to« There is a
manuscript of the whole in the imperial library of Paris. ^
AMASEO (HoMULUs), the son of Gregory Amaseo^ La-»
tin professor at Venice, was one of the most celebrated
Italian scholars of the sixteenth century. He was born at
Udina In 1489, and educated at first by bis father and
uncle, but finished bis studies at Padua, and in 1 50S had
begun to teach the belles iettres there, when the war, oc-
casioned by the league at Cambray, obliged himr to leave
the place. He then went to Bologna, continued to teachy
and married, and had children, and was^ so much respected
that the city admitted him as a citizen, an honour which
his ancestors had alsp enjoyed. In 1 530, he was appointed
first secretary to the senate, and was chosen by pope Cle«
ment VII. to pronounce before him and Charles V. a Latin
harangue on the subject of the peace concluded at Bo^
logna between the two sovereigns. This he accordingly
performed, with great applause, in the church ofStPe-
troua, before a numerous audience of the first rajik. He
continued to teach at Bologna, with increasing popularity,
until 1543, when he was invited to Rome by pope Paul IIL
and his nephew cardinal Alexander Farnese. The pope em-,
ployed him in many political missions to the court of the
emperor, those of the German princes, and that of the king(
of Poland ; and in 1550, after the death of bis wife, pope
Julius III. appointed him secretary of the briefs, a place
which he did not long enjoy, as he died in 1552. He wrote>
Latin translations of ^^Xenophon's Cyrus," Bologna, 1533>
fol. and of '< Fausanias,*' Rome, 1547, 4to ; and a volume
entitled *^ Orationes,'' consisting of eighteen Latin speeches
on various occasions, BoApn. 1590,. .4to. His contempo-.
raries bestow the highest praises on his learning and elo-
A M A S fi cy. 11
^nence* His soii Pompilio had' perhaps lebs reputations
but he too distioguished himself as 4Slre*ek professor at Bo-*
}ogiia, where he died in 1584. He'transkted two frag-
ments of Polybios, Bologna^ 164SV ^nd wrote a history of
his own time in Latin, which has' not bebn'pubiished.^
AMATUS (John BoDBRiao Amato)^ a Portuguese phy-
sician, and medical writer, of Jewish origin, was born in
1511 at Castel-lManco. He studied ifnedicine at Salamaiica,
and afterwards travelled through France, the Netherlands,
Germany, and Italy, and taught medicine with success in
Ferrara and Ancona. His attachment to the Jewish per-
suasion having I'endered him suspected by the catholics,, he
narrowly escaped the inquisition, by retiring to Pesaro in
1555, from which he removed to llagusa, and afterwards to ^
Thessalonica. From the year 1561 ^e hear no more of
him, nor has the time or place of his death been ascertained, ,
but it is said that when he went to Thessalonica, he avowed
Judaism openly. His works, although few, give proofs of
extensive learning in his profession. 1. " Exegemata in
priores duos Dioscoridis de materia medica libros," An-
twerp, 1536, 4to. The second edition greatly enlarged,
with learned notes by Constantin, was published under the
title ** Enfirrationes in Dioscopidem,'' Veriide, 1553, 8vo,
Strasburgh, 1554, and Lyons, 1557. There is tnuch in-
formation in this work respecting exotics used in'medicine,
and some plants described for the first time, but it is not
free from errors; and the author-having imprudently at-
tacked Mathiol^s, the latter retorted on him in his " Apo-
logia advevsus Amatum," Venice, 1557, fol. declaring hini
an apostate atid a Christian 'only in aj)pearance; but what
coniiexion this hud with the errors in his book, is not sd
easy to discover. Anvatus, ln>Wever, intended to have an-
swered him in the notes pi^pared for a cotnplete edition of
Dioscorides, which be did not live to publish. ' 2. " Cura-
tionnm mediekialium centuriee septem," published sepa-
rately^ and' f»ptifated,at*Florence,' Venice, Ancona, Rome,
Ragttsa, Thessalonica, &o. In this^ work, are many useful
facts and^obsfervAtibns, but not entirely' uninixed with cases
whieb ^t>& •thought'' to hav^ been' fictitious. Few books,
howev»r^*weref atonetime more popular, ' for besides the
separate eiiliioni^ of the CetHuries; tliey were collected and
published at Lyons, 1580, 12p[io, Paris, 1613, 1620, 4to,
» t
I Jilorerl."—Blog» UniyerseHe*— Oeii< Diet.— Saxii Onomasticoii*
la A IVf A T U S.
-J
and Francfort, 1646, foL Amatus had also made some
progress in a commentafy oii-Avicenna, but lost his manu«»
soripts in the hurry of his escape from Ancona, where pope
Paul IV. had ordered him to be apprehended. Antonio in
his BibL Hisp. attributes to him a Spanish translation of
f^utropiusy but it does not appear to bare been ever pub-*
lished. *
AMAURI, or more commonly AMALRIC or ALMERIC
(!>£ Chaetres), professor of logic and theology at Paris,
in the thirteenth century, was a native of Bene in the dio-^
cese of Chartres, and rendered himself famous for the sin^
fularity of his opiQiona, and the multitudes who became
is followers^ and suffered for their adherence. Adopting
the metaphysics of Aristotle, he formed to himself a new
system of religion, which has been thus explained. Aris*
totle supposes ' that all beings are composed of matter,
which has in itself neither form nor idiape : this he calls the
first matter^ This, Amauri called God, because it is a ne--
cessary and infinite being. He acknowledged in God,
three persons. Father, 8on, and Holy Ghost, to whom be
attributed the empire of the world, and whom be regarded
as the object of religious worship. But as this matter was
endowed with a property of continual motion, it necessarily
followed that this world must some time have an end, and
that all the beings therein must return to that first matter,
which was the supreme of all beinga^ — th^ first existing,
and the only one eternal. Religion, according to Amauri^s
opinion, had three epochas, which bore a laimilitude to the
reign of the three persons in the Trinity, ^be reign of
God had existed as long as the law of MosesJ^ The reign
of the Son would not always last ; the ceremonies and sa*
crifi.ces, which according, to Amauri constituted the essence
of it, would not be eternal. . A time would ccJme when the
sacraments should cease, and then |be religion of the Holy
Ghost would begin, in which men would have no need of
sacraments, and would render a spiritual worship to i^ie
Supreme Beingi This epocha was the reigia of the Holy
Ghost, which according to Anmuri was foretold by the scrips
ture, ar)d which would succeed to the Christian religion, as
the Christian religion had succeeded to that ^MtHiea^ Tb^
Christian religion therefore was the reign o£ Jesus Christ
1 Biof . UniTerselle.— Astriio oo tb« Venereal disea8e.-<p>Maiiset. ^ibt^— Ha^
ier Bibl. Med.<— Moireri.
A M A 0 R I. T9
io the world, and every man under that hiw ought to look
on himself as one of the members of Jesus Christ. Amauci
had many proselytes, but his opinions were condemned by
pope Innocent III. His disciples added that the sacra*
ments were useless^ and that no action dictated by charity
couid be bad. They were condemned by the council of
Paris in* 1209^ and many of them burned. Amauri ap-
pealed to the pope, who also condemned his doctrines ; but;
for fear of a* rigorous punishment he retracted his opinions^
retired to St. Martin des Champs, and died there of chagria
and disappointment. His bones were afterwards dug up
* and burnt by order of the council of Par^. As there is
much confusion in the accounts given of Amauri*s system,
it may be necessary to add, that Spanheim, Fleurv, and
others, are of opinion that most of the heresies iinputed to
him,, are without'foundation, and represent him aa having
only taught that every Christian ought to believe himsteif m
member of Jesus Christ, otherwise tbey cannot be saved,
and that Binatit and bis other disciples fell into those er«
rors which he was accused of having taught. It seems not
improbable that his inveighing against the worship of saints
and images would in that age form the principal article
against him; and it is certain that many of his disciples^wera'
m&n of distinguished piety, remarkable for the gravity and
austerity of their lives, and for suffering death, in all its
dreadful forms, with the utmost resolution. '
AMBERGER (Christopher), a painter of Nuremberg,
of the sixteenth century, was the disciple of the younger
Holbein, and a successful imitator of his manner. His de*
signs were correct, the disposition of the figures admirable^
itnd the perspective excellent, nor was he deficient in co*
louring. His chief reputation rests on. a composition of the
history of Joseph, whidi he described in twelve picture.
He also painted ji portrait of the empefor Charles V. which
that monarch, according to the testimony of Sandrart, ac-
counted equal to any of the portraits of him painted by
Titian ; and to eicpress his hi^ approbation of that per-
formance, be not only paid the artist three times as much
as he expected, with a liberality truly royal^ but he bo-
soured hua also W9th a rich diain of gold and a medal.
There ar« several of his pictures in the royal gallery of
Munich. The abbe MaroUes, ai»d, after him, rlorent le
^ Moshtim't Eeel. m^twTg^^finuu
74 A M B E R G E R.
Coitite mentioii; Amberger,. as an cngfai'cr, without spe-
cifying his works ; but Basan tells us, t^t be engraved in
wood several prints^ from his own compositions* He died,
ia 1550/ : ^
AMBOISE (Feancis i>') lived ia the latter «id of th«5
sixteeutb, and begiutiing of the seventeenth centuries, and
acquired in his, own time considerable fame, upon account
^f his leariiicig, and some portion of the spirit of literary
research. He was the sou of a surgeon, bifb became a
great favourite in the courts of Charles IX. of France, and
his brother Henry III., and was gradually advanced to of*
fices of high trust in the state. From bis childhood, he *
said,. he had been always fond of looking into old libraries^
end turning over dusty manuscripts. lu some of these te«-
iiearches he laid his hands on the letters of Abeiard and
Heloise, which he read with much pleasure, and was in<«
duced to pursue his inquiries. He found other works of
the same author ; but they were ill-written, and not to be
unravelled without great labour, yet nothing can withstand
the indefatigable toil of a true antiquaay. Amboise pro^
cured other- manuscripts ; collated them together, and
finally produced one fair copy, which m»de ample com-
pensation, he sayis, for all the labour he had endured*
Even posterity, he thinks, will be grateful tx> him^ and
know how to value tlie pleasure and the profit, tliey will
derive from his researches. Not satisfied, however, with
the copy he possessed, he still wished to enlarge it. He
a|>plied to differeost monasteries, and he again searched the
libraries- in Paris, and not without success* His friends
applauded hm zeal, and gave him their assistance^ His
manuscripts swelled to a large bulk, and he ready arranged^
and selected what pleased him best. The risibg sun, he
says, often found, him .at. his task. So far fbrtune bad
smiled upon his Ikbours, but soosewhat was iwantdng to give
them the last finish^ He went over to the Pairaclet, where the
abbess, Madam« de Rochefoucsuuld, received • bi|n with the
greatest politeness. ' He deolaxed the motive of his journey*;
Retook him by the hand, > and r led him to the tomb of
Abeiard and ^i^oise.^ Together they examinedthe library
of the abbey, and) she- shevued . hsm. many^ hymns, and
pitayers, and homfilies^.wEittini by Iheif fotinden^wdiich were
still used in their, ^urch*' A^^^^^^^-^I^^^^ *®^^^^d ^ Pavis^
A M B O I S E, W
.and prepared bis work for the press.' As the repiitalaon of
his author, he knew, had been muph aspersed by isdmo
contemporary writers, he wished to remove the undeserved
stigma, and to present him as immaculate as might be, be^
fore the eyes of a more discerning age. Witli this view
he wrote a long *^ Apologetic preface," which he meant
should be prefixed to the work. In this preface, an indew
gant and affected composition, be labours much to shew
iJiat Abelara was the greatest and best man, and Heloise
the greatest and best woman, whom the annals of humaa
kind had recorded. He first, very fairly, brings the testi-
mony of those, who had spoken evil of them, whom he en->
deavours to combat and refute. To these succeeds a list
of their admirers. He dwells on. their every word, and
gives more weight to their expressions, and the result is
what we might expect from the pen of Ainboise. The com-*
pilation, however, although unsuccessful in its main de-
sign, contains some curious matter, and may be read with
pleasure. But he did not live to see it published, for it was
not printed till the year 1616. He died before this, but
the> exact time is not known. The editor of the Diction-
naire Historique places his death in 1620, which must be a
mistake. His works are^ 1. ^^ Notable Discours, en forme
de dialogue, touchant la vraie et pariaicte amitie," tran-
slated from the Italian of Piccolomini, Lyons, 1577, 16mo.
2. ^^ Dialogue et Devis des Damoiselles, pour les rendre
vertueuses.et bienheureuses en la vraye et parfaicte amitie,^*
Paris, 15a 1 and 15SS, 16mo. 3. ^^ Regrets facetieux et
plaisantes^ Harangues funebres sur la mort de divers ani-
maulx,'' from the Italian of Ortensio Lando,. Paris, 1576,
1583. These three works were published under the name
of Tbierrj de Thymophile, a gentleman of Picardy, which
has procured him a place in Baillet^s catalogue of disguised
authors. 4. ^^ Les Neapolitaines,*' a French comedy,
Parj^, 15$4, 1.6mQ.. 5. An edition of the works of Abe-
lard. 6» ^' Desesporades, ou Eglogues ainoarouses," Paw
ris,. 1573, 8vo. His younger brother Adrians, who was
boraat Pairis 1551, and died bishop of Treguier, July28,
1616^ wvote in hi» youth, a speqies of sacred drl^ma, en-
titled ^Mlolophernes," printed at Paris, 15B0, 8vo.*
AMBQISE (QfiOEOfi d') a French card&naL and 8fta|:es^
mau of the illustrious house of Amboise iiv France,, so caiied
I Gen. I>icitv--PrefacietoB«rnii|;t0n'8aitUofAbeliurdr--Bio|r.^Univer9^1)ct .
7t A M 1^ 0 I s il:
from tbeir possessing the seignory of that name, was bom'
in 1460. Being destined at a very early age for the
churchy be was elected bishop of Montauban when only'
fourteen. He was afterwards made one of the almoners to
Lewi^ XI. to whom he behaved with great prudence. After
the death of this prince in 1480^ he entered into some of
the intrigues of the court with a design to favour the duke
of Orleansi with whom he was closely connected ; but
those intrigues being discovered, d'Atnboise and his pro-
tector were both imprisoned. The duke of Orleans was?
at last restored to his liberty ; and this prince having ne^
gotiated the marriage of the king with the princess Anne
of Britanny, acquired great reputation and credit at court.
Of this his favourite d* Amboise felt the happy effect as,
toon after, the archbishopric of Narbonne was bestowed on
bim ; but being at too great a distance from the court, he
changed it for that of Rouen, to which the chapter elected
bim in 1493. As soon as he had taken possession of 'his
new see, the duke of Orleans, who was governor of Nor-
mandy, made him lieutenant-general, with the same power
as if he had been governor in chief. This province was
at^that time in great disorder : the noblessie oppressed the
people, the judges were all corrupted or intimidated ; the
soldiers, who had been licentious since the late wars, in-
fested the high-way8, plundering and assassinating all
travellers they met ; but in less^than a year, d' Amboise by
his care and prudence established public tranquillity. The
king dying in 1498, the duke of Orleans ascended the
throne, by the name of Lewis XII. and d* Amboise became
his prime minister. By his first operation in that ofEce, he
conciliated the affection of the whole nation. It bad been
a custota when a new monarch ascended the throne, to lay
an extraordinary tax on the people, to defray the ex-r
pences of the coronation, but by the counsel of d'Amboise
this tax was not levied, and the imposts were soon reduced
one tenth. His virtues coinciding with his knowledge, he
made the French nation happy, and endeavoured to pre-
serve the glory they had acquired. By his advice Lewis
XIL undertook the conquest of the Milanese in 1499»
Lewis the Moor, uncle and vassal of Maximilian, was then
in possession of that province. It revolted soon after the
conquest, but d* Amboise brought it back to its duty. Some
time after he was received at Paris with great magni^
ficence^ iQ qualitj^ of legate from Che pope. During hi^
A 1^ B G I 3 R tt
legation, he kboured to reform many ol the religious 4r«
den> lis the jacobins^ the cordeliers, and thoteof St, Ger»
main des Pres. His disinterestedness was equal to his zeaL
He never possessed more than one benefice, two thirds of
which he employed for the relief of the poor and the sup^
port of the (iburches. Contenting himself with his arch*
bishopric of Rouen and his cardinal's, hat, he was not,
like his contemporaries, desirous to add abbeys to it. A
gentleman of Normandy having offered to sell him an estate
«t a very low price, in order to portion his daughter, be
made him , a present of a sum sufficient for that purpose,
and left him the estate. He obtained the purple after the
dissolution of the marriage between Lewis XII. and Joan
of France, to which he greatly contributed : and, on having
procured for Caesar Borgia, son of pope Alexander VL
the duchy of Valentinois, with a considerable pension, his
ambition was to be pope, with a view to the reform of
abuses, and the correction of manners. After the death of
Pius III. he might have succeeded in his wishes, and
took measures to procure the tiara, but cardinal Julian de
Rovera (afterwards Julius II.) found means to circumvent
him ; and the Venetians having contributed to his exclu*
sion, he took the first opportunity to excite Lewis XII. to
make war on them, a circumstance which seems not a little
to detract from his character. This celebrated cardinal
died in 1510, in the convent of the Celestines at Lyons,,
of the gout in his stomach, aged 50 years. It is reported
that he often repeated to the friar who attended him in his
illness, '< Brother John, why have I not during my whole
life been brother John ?'' This minister has been gristly
praised for having laboured for the happiness of France ;
but he has been equally censured for having advised his
master to sign the treaty of Blois in 1 504, by which France
ran the risk of being disnaembered. He governed both
the, king and the state ; laborious, kii^d, honest, he pbs-'
sessed good sense, firmness, and experience, but he wa^
not a ereat genius, nor were his views extensive. The
desbe ne had to ease^ the people in their taxes, procured
him during his life, but much more after his death, the
title of father of the people. He merited this title stttt
more, by the care he took to reform the administration oi
justice. Most of the judges were venal, and the poor,
and those who had no support, could never obtain justice^
when their opposers were either powerful or rich. Another
»f A W B O 1 S t.
net \tt^ endrmous troubled th^ kingdom; kW^^suiii'
were spun out to such a length, were so eicpensit^c,' Wfd
ac4:oaipanied by so much trick and chicanery, that most
people rather chose to abandon tlieir rights than engage ih
the recovery of them by suits wjiich had no prospect of
eomifig to an end. D'Amboise resolved to remedy thi^
abuse. He called to his assistance many lawyers and ci-
vilian^, the most learned and of the greatest integrity;
and charged them to form a plan, by which justice might
be administered without partiality, the duration of law*
suits abridged and retidered less ruinous, and the corrupt
tion of the judges prevented. When these commissionerar
had made their report, d^Amboise undertook the laboriouis
task of examimng into the changes tfa^y had proposed in
the old laws, and tjie new regulations they desigtied to
establish ; and after having made some changes, these view
iregttlations w^re published throughout the kingdom. As- -
he was governor of Normandy, he made a progress through
that province for the express purpose of seeing his nev#
code properly established. *
AMBOISE' (James d*), a brother of the preceding
Francis and Adrian, followed his father's profession, that
of medicine, and obtained a doctor's degree in 1594. Aftef
Benry IV. had reduced Paris to its loyalty and submission,
Ambeise became rector of the university, which Cr^vi^i*
says he found in great decay and disorder, add which hef
left in a renovated and flourishing state: He began by
making the members of the university take an oath of al^
}egiance to Henry IV. He afterwarrds supportefd the uni-
versity in the law-suit with the Jesuits, which was giverf
against the latter, and they were e^gpelled ; Jie even ac-*
eused them of being enemies to the Saliqtie law, and tor
the royal family. He died of the plague in 1606. Hisr
only works are, ,** Orationes duje," against the Jesuits,
Paris, 1595, 8vo, and " Questionesr Medicales,'* mentioned
in CjH^rere's *' Bibliotheque de la Medicine." Haller at-
tributes other medical treatises to one of the same name,
but does not notice the " Questiones." '
AMBOISE (Michael d'), a miscellaneous French writer,
who, in his works, assumed the title of signior de Che-
idlion, was the natural, son of Chaumont d'Amboide, aid--
1 Oen. Dictv— Moreri.— Life, by the Abbe l^ Oendre, 1791, 4lo,«Dd1l voli«r
|8ino. His Letters to Lewis XIL were printed at Brnssels, 171^ 4 roU, Ij^ipOa^
^- ae«« Bict-^Bioip. UaiTeneUe^-^Maoget Bibl.-^H&lJer Bibl. Med. ^^
A M B- O I "S E. ' f«
miralof Fhuiee> and Uentenafit^geiidral in Lombardy. He
was born at Naples in the beginning of the sixteenth cen^
tary, and was- educated witsh the legitimate son of hii
father, but the latter died suddenly, in 1511, before he
had mode any promion for MichaeL He then went to
Paris, and was intended for the profession of the law, but
was so attached to poetry, although his lirst performances
were unsuccessful, that heponld not beprerailed onto
study law, 'and his friends abandoned him, *He married
also imprudently, and his accumalated disappointments
and distresses are suppOMd tohave shoiftened^his life. Hd
4ied in 1547. Niceron has giten a large catalogue of hia
works, all nottrinally poetical, tbut withckit any character^*
istios of the art^. and which- probably procured him somts
small degree of r^p«iatidn, chiefly from the rapidity wiA
which he wroto and 'published. ^ '
AMBROGI (AOTorwE Marie), an eminent Italianf scho^
lar, was born at Florenco^June 13, 1713; and died at'Rbm6
in 1788, where he had- beett professor of eloquence for
tiiirty years with great reputation. Most of the present
Italialn. literati are indebted to him for their taste for study
and the happy manner in which he taught them to employ
theic talents. He pidriished a ^^ Translation of Virgil into
blank verse,'^ of which thf^ edition printed at Rome, 8 vols*
fel. 176S, a most swperb book, fes very scajrce : he trans-
lated likewise some qf the tragedies of Voltaire, Florencei
1752^ and a selection o^ Cicero^s epistles; he published
a Latin 'oratioH on the election of Joseph II. to be king of
the Boixtans ; but be is pfrincipally known for the ** Mu*
seum Kicheranum," in iJ^ yols. folio, 1765. The care of
this valuable museum: Wa^ )6ng confided to him, and h^
prevailed Uport the learned cardinal De Zelada to enrich it
by his coileettons. He feft in manuscript, a Latin poem
pn the cultivation of the Idmon-tree. One other publica-
tion ^remains, to b^ noticed^ his traneJation of the Jesuit
Noq8ti*8'iwo poems oil the Ir»is and the Aurora Bore^lis^
which were printed in the, same magnificfent manner wiA.
bis Virgil. * ' •
AMBROGIOy or AMBR9SIUS (THESEtrs), a learned
kalianorieiiialist^ v^as-bbrn in 1469,'a descendant of the
noble family of the counts of Albanese. At fifteen mOfithj^
be is said to have ^pokeq. his native language with facility.
4 «.•«.,••
I Miog; Vuivertelltf.— Gen, Diet. • Bio(; Uniyerselle.— Diet. Historiqus.
«9 AMBROGIO.
and ftt fifteen ^ars^, to have spoken and written Ghreek and
Latin with a {»ron]()titude equal to the best schohirs of bis
time. He entered young into the order of regular canons
of St. John of Lateran^ but did not come to Rome until
1512, at tiie opening of the fifdi session of the Lateran
council. The great number of ecclesiastics from Syria,
£thiopia» and o^er parts of. the East, who attended that
iBOunciiy afforded him an opportunity of prosecuting his
studies with advantage : and at the r<9{uest of the cardinal
Santa Croce^ he was employed as the person best qualified
to translate from the Chaldean into Latin the liturgy of
jtlie eastern clerg^^, previously to the use of it being ex-
pressly sanctioned l^ the pope. After having been em^
ployed by Leo X* for two years in giving instxuctions in
JLatin to the subdeacon Elias, a legate from Syria to the
council^ whom the pope wished to retain in his court, and
from whom Ambrogio received in return instructions in the
Syrian tongue, he was appointed by the pontiff to a pro*
fessor's chair in the university of Bologna, where he de-
livered instructions in the Syriac and Chaldaic languages
fqr the first time that they had been publicly taught in Italy.
He is said to have understood no less than eighteen lan-
guages, many of which he spoke with the ease and fluency
of a native ; but from the letter quoted by Mazauchelli, it
appears more probable that he was master of at lea$$t ten
languages, and understood many others partially. In the
commotions which devastated luity after the death of Leo X^
Ixe was despoiled in 1527 of the numerous and valuable
eastern manu^pipts, Chaldean, Hebrew, and Greek, which
he had collected by the industry of many years, and of the
lypes and apparatus which he had prepared for an edition
of the Psalter in the Chaldean, accompanied with a disser-
tation on that language. He afterwards, however, came
to Venice, in the prosecution of this object; and, in 1539^
published at Pavia, his *' Introduction to the Chaldean,
Syrian, Armenian^ and ten other tongues, with the alpha-
Jbetical characters of about forty different languages,'*' 4t09
which is considered by the Italians themselves as the
Earliest attempt made in Italy towards a systematic ac-
quaintance with the literature of the East, H^ died the
year following. *
A M fi R O S S. hi
■
AMBROSE (Sr.) one of the most eminent fathers of
the church, was by descent a citizen of Rome, but bora
at Aries, in France, then the metropolis of Gallia Nar«
bonensis, in the year 333, according to Cave, or ac-
cording to Du Pin, in the year 340. His father was the
emperor's lieutenant in that district ; one of the highest
places of trust and honour in the Roman empire. Am-
brose was the youngest of three children, Marcellina and
Satyrus being born before him. After his father's death,
his mother, with thelfamily, returned to Rome, where he
made himself master of all the learning that Greece and
Rom^ could afford ; and at the same time profited in re-
ligion by the pious instructions of his sister Marcellina,
who had devoted herself to a state of virginity. Wh6n
grownup, he pleaded causes with so much ability, as to
acquire the good opinion of Anicius Probus, pretorian
prefect, or emperor's lieutenant in Italy, who made choice
of him to be of his council ; and having authority to ap-
point governors to several provinces, he gave Ambrose
one of these commissious, saying : ^^ Go, and govern more
like a bishop than a judge.'' In this office, Ambrose re-
aided at Milan for five years, and was applauded for his
» prudence and justice; but his pursuit of this profession
was interrupted by a singular event, which threw him
into a course of life for which he had made no preparation,
and bad probably never thought of, and for which he was
no otherwise qualified than by a character irreproachable
in civil life, and improved by the pious instructions of hia
youth.
In the year 374, Auxentius, bishop of Milan, died, and
immediately the bishops of the province met together to
elect a successor. The emperor, Valentinian, sent for
them, and told them, that they, as men acquainted with th^
scriptures, ought to understand better than himself the
qualifications necessary for so important a station ; that
they should chuse a man fit to instruct by life as well a$
4k>ctrine, in which casoj he (the emperor) would readily
submit his sceptre to his counsel and directions; and,
conscious that he was liable to human frailty, would re-
ceive his reproofs and admonitions as wholesome physic.
The bishops, however, requested his majesty to nominate
the person, but Valentinian persisted in leaving the de-
cision W their choice. This was at a time when factions
werf sttbng, acid wlien- the Ariaa party were very desirous
Vol. IL >G
S9 AMBROSE.
o£ Meeting one of \heir number. The city, accordingly,
was divided, and a tumult seemed approaching, when An»«
brose, as a magistrate, hastened to the church of Milan^
and exhorted the people to peace and submission to the
laws. On concluding his speech, an infant's voice in the
crowd was heard to say : " Ambrose is bishop ;" and im-
mediately the whole assembly exclaimed : ^' Let Ambrose
be bishop," a decision in which the contending factions
agreed unanimQusly.
Ambrose, in the greatest astonishment, endeavoured^ to
refuse the offer, and afterwards took some measures of ah
Extraordinary, and certainly unjustifiable nature, to evade
the office. By exercising unnecessary severity on some
hialefactprs, he endeavoured to give the people a notion
of his savage and unchristian temper ; and by encouraging
strumpets to come to his house, he thought to obtain the
character of a man pf loose life. This singular species of
bypocrisy, however, was easily detected. He had then
no other means left to prove his repugnance to the pro-
fered office of bishop, than by retiring from Milan ; but,
mistaking his way, he was apprehended by the. guardjt,
and confined until the emperor's pleasure should be known,
without which no subject could leave his office. Valen-
tinian immediately consented ; but Ambrose again made
his escape, and did not return until it was declared cri*
minal to conceal him. He then, with great reluctance,
entered upon his new office, in the thirty -fourth year of
his age.
The first step he took, which probably confirmed the
good opinion to which he owed his election, was to give
to the church and to the poor all his personal property,
aud his lands in reversion, after the deatli of his sister
Marcellina. ' His family he committed to the care of liis
brother Satyrus. He now applied himself to the study, of
theology, under Simptician, a presbyter of Rome, a maoi
of great learning and piety, whom he invited to Milan^
and who was afterwards his successor in that see. His
studies he pursued with ardour and perseverance ; but it
has been uniformly regretted that he made the workS of the
fanciful Origen so much the object of his study, for to this
all the extravagant opinions in his writings may be referred^
He soon, however, commenced preacher, and officiated every
Sunday, and as head of the church of Milan,' he Iflpboured
Unremittingly in discouraging the Arian heresy in Italy, in
A M B RO S E. :$i
which, it will soon appear, he would have made little-
progress, had he not been endowed with an uncommon
share of heroic firmness.
In his general conduct he was distinguished for his sin-^
cerity, charity, and piety, but he could not withstand all
the superstitious practices of his time. His encomium^ on
virginity were certainly extravagant and pernicious. Thii
has been attributed to the little acquaintance he had with
the scriptures before his ordination, and to the influence
of his sister Marcellina, a zealous devotee, to whom he
was aflectioiiately attached, and who had received the veil
from the hands of pope Liberius. He wrote several trea-
tises on tbi^ subject, and attempted to reduce the rules of
it to a kind of system, and probably induced many young
women, who might otherwise have been ornaments of sp-
tiety, to become the victims of solitary restraint, and
fanciful continence. In other respects he inculcated the
essentials of Christianity with fervour and success, and
uniformly practised its virtues. When the ravages of the
Goths afforded him aii opportunity to exercise his libe-
rality, he scrupled not to apply the vessels of the church
-to redeem captives, and vindicated himself against those
who censured bis conduct. In the instruction of catechu*
mens, he was remarkably indefatigable, and his character
rose to such estimation, that his person was supposed to
be sacredly guarded. Some stories to this effect are re-
lated in his life by Paulinus, which perhaps may not now
obtain credit. On one occasion, when a woman in-
sulted him, he told her that '^ she ought to fear the judg-
ment of God," and she died next day* On another
occasion, when two Arians, of the court of Gratian^ in-
tended to pass a ridicule upon him^ they were both thrown
from their hor^s, and died before they could accpmplish
their purpose. These stories, questionable or not> at least
show the veneration paid to his character, while a modern
reader is left to draw what other inference he pleases*
His steady adherence to the Catholic doctrine of the
Trinity, in opposition particularly to the Arians, induced
him to take very active measures, and involved him in
much trouble. About the year 'SSI, he condemned, in a
council held at Aquileia, Palladius and Secundianus, two
Arian bishop's, and the chief supporters of that heresy in
the west, and they were formally deposed. Justina, the
empress^ waii a decided patroness of Arianism^ and after
<5 2
S4 AMBROSE.
the death of her husband, she endeavoured to instil those
principles into her son Valentinian, and to induce him to
threaten Ambrose, who exhorted him to support the docr
trine received from the Apostle's. In a rage the young
emperor ordered his guards to surround the church, and
commanded Ambrose to come out of it ; but when the
latter told him, that although his life was in his hands, he
could not obey such an order, Valentinian desisted, and
Justina was obliged to have recourse to more secret hos-
tilities, dreading, probably, the people, who were gene-
rally inclined to support their bishop.
About this time Ambrose had to contend with an attempt
of another kind. The Pagans, taking advantage of the
minority of Valentinian, and the confusions of the empire^
endeavoured to recover their ancient establishment. The
senate of Rome contained still a considerable proportion
of Gentiles, and many of the great families piqued them-
selves on their constancy, and contempt for the innovations
of Christianity. Symmachus, one of their number, a man
of great learning and powers of eloquence, applied to the
emperor for permission to restore the altar of victory to the
senate-hou^e. Ambrose immediately discerned that this was
a request for something more than toleration. ^^ If,'' said he,
in his letter to Valentinian, *' he is a Pagan who offers )'ou
this advice, let him give the same liberty which he takes him-
self. You compel no man to worship what he does not ap-
prove. Here the whole senate, as far as it is Christian, is
endangered. Every senator takes his oath at the altar; and
every person who is obliged to appear before the senate
upon oath, takes his Oath in the same manner. The di-
vinity of the false gods is evidently allowed by the practice,
and Christians are by these means obliged to endure a
persecution." The address of Symmachus, with Am-
brose's reply, are still extant ; but Ambrose was success-
ful, and lived to defeat Symmachus when he made a
second attempt, in the reign of Theodosius.
Still, however, Justina, the empress, continued his
enemy, although he had, by his talents in negociation,
averted for a time the invasion of Italy from the court of
Milan. In the year 386, she procured a law to enable the
Arian congregations to assemble without interruption ;
and Auxentius, a Scythian, of the same name with the
Arian predecessor of Ambrose, was now introduced, under
the protection of the empress^ into Milan. He challenged
AMBROSE. 85
Ambrose to hold a disputation with him in the emperor^s
court, but the latter denied that it was any part of the
emperor's business to decide on points of doctrine ; add-
ii)g, '^ Let him come to church, and upon hearing, let
the people judge for themselves ; and if they like Auxen-
tius better, let them take him ; but they have already de-
clared their sentiments." Auxentius then demanded that
a party of soldiers might be sent to secure for himself the
possession of the church called Basilica ; and it was re-
presented as a very unreasonable thing, that the emperor
should not be allowed one place of worship agreeable to
his conscience. This, however, was not the fair question,
for the emperor, if he chose to exert his authority, might
have commanded any, or all the churches* The fact
was, that Ambrose was now requested to do what be could
not do conscientiously; namely, by his own deed to resign a
church into the hands of the Arians, and thereby, indi-
rectly at least, acknowledge their creed. He therefore
refused, telling the officers that if the emperor had de-
manded his house or land, money or goods, he would
have freely resigned them, but that he could not deliver
up that which was committed to his care. And although
another attempt was made to obtain forcible possession 6(
one or two churches, and violent commotions were about
to ensue, Ambrose persisted in his principles of duty, and
his resistance was effectual.
Notwithstanding this weight of personal character, which
crushed every attempt of his enemies, we find some ac«
counts of superstitious practices upon record, which it is
difficult to reconcile to his general conduct. Being called
upon by the people to consecrate a new church, he an-
swered that he would comply, if he could find any relics
of martyrs there, and we are told that it was reve^aled to
him in a vision at night, in what place he might find the
reliqs ; but this last circumstance is not to be found in the
epistle which he writes on the subject. He describes,
however, the finding the bodies of two martyrs, Protasius,
and Gervasius ; the supposed miracles wrought on the oc-
casion ; the dedication of the church ; the triumph of the
orthodox'; and the confusion of Arianism. If these mi-
racles were not real, we know not how to exculpate Am-
brose from at least conniving at the imposture, or being
deluded himselfi neither of whicb are very consistent with
S6 AM BR O 8 E.
the strength of understanding and independence of mtud
which he displayed on other occasions.
The hews of Mas^imus^s intention to invade Italy ar-
riving at this time (387), Justina condescended to employ
Ambrose again on an embassy to the usurper, which he
cheerfully undertook, and executed with great fortitude,
but it was not in his power to stop the progress of the
enemy. Theodosius, who reigned in the east, coming at
length to the assistance of Valentinian, put an end to the
usurpation, and the life of Maximus, and by his means
the young emperor was induced to forsake his mother's
principles, and to embrace those of Ambrose. After his
death, in the year 392, Ambrose composed a funeral ora-
tion to his praise, in which he seems to believe the real
conversion of his royal pupil. The oration is not worthy
of Ambrose, and perhaps the best excuse that can be
made for him, is that he praised-one when dead, whom he
never flattered when living.
A more unpardonable instance of his weakness occurred
at the beginning of the reign . of Theodosius. This em-
peror, from a sense of justice, ordered some Christians to
rebuild, at their own expence, a Jewish synagogue, which
they had tumultuously pulled down* But Ambrose pre-
vailed on him to set aside this sentence, from a mistaken
notion, that Christianity should not be obliged to contri-
bute to the erection of a Jewish synagogue. His eloquence
on this occasion was, as usual, vigorous, but must surely
have been used in support of arguments that could be lis-
tened to only in an age of remarkable superstition. Am-
brose appears, however, to more advantage in another
transaction with the emperor Theodosius, of a very ex-
traordinary kind. At Thessalonica a tumult happened
among the populace, and one of the emperor's officers
was murdered. Theodosius, who was of a passionate
temper, ordered the sword to be employed. Ambrose in-
terceded, and the emperor promised forgiveness ; but the
great officem of his court persuaded him to sign a warrant
for military execution, and seven thousand persons were
massacred in three hours, without trial or distinction.
Ambrose immediately wrote a letter to Theodosius, in which,
be stated his own duty, and the emperor's crime, and refused
to admit him into the church at Milan. The emperor
jlloading the qa^ of |)avid, Apibrose desired bin) to i.mif
AMBROSE;. 19
t^e David in his nepentance as wdl as in hu tin, and k^
acccnrdingly submitted, and kept from 'the churofa eight
inontbs, nor was he at last admitted without signs of peni«^
tence, and the performance of public penance. One coiji*
dition which Ambrose imposed cannot be mentioned witlit
out approbation ; it was, that the emperor should suspend
the execution of capital warrants, for thirty days, in order
that the mischiefs of intemperate anger might be pre*
vented. Although in these public penances we see more
of superstition than real compunction, and perhaps what,
might now be reckoned an immoderate exercise of epis*
copal power, yet it is probable in the then state of society,
l^heodosius lost nothing by submission in the case of so
flagrant a crime, nor Ambrose by performing what not
only he conceived, but was then acknowledged, to be his
duty*
8uch are the outlines of the life of this eminent father,*
which might have perhaps been filled up with many col-
lateral events in which he was partially concerned; but
for these our readers may be referred to Cave,, in his lives
of the fathers,, and other ecclesiastical historians. Some of
these, indeed, seem inclined to depreciate his character
by a common error, of estimating the characters of distant
and dark ages by the opinions which now prevail, and in
this they have been followed by all who are, hostile to. ec-'
clesiastical establishments.
It remains that we conclude this, article with a short,
notice of his death* In the' year 392, Valentinian the
emperor being assassinated by the contrivance of Argo-
bastus, and Eugenius Msitrping the empire^ Ambrose was
obliged to leave Milan, but returned the year following,
when Eugenius was defeated. He died at Milan the 4th
of April, 397 ; and was buried in the great church at Mi^
Ian. He wrote several works, the most considerable of
which is that ** De officiis," a<liscourse, divided intotfafae
books, upon the duties of the clergy. It appears to have
been written several years after he had been bishop, send
very probably about the year 390 or 391, when peace was
restored to the church, after the death of the tyrant
Maximus. He has imitated in these three books the design
and disposition of Cicero's piece De ofEciis. He confirms,
says Mr. Du Pin, the good maxims which that orator has
advanced, he corrects tbos^ which are imperfect, he. re-s
91 A M B R O a ]&
{oitdft those which are fstbe, and ^ds a gi^edt many
ftth^is which are more excellent, pure, an4 elevated.
He is concise and seateniious in his manner of wilting^
and full of turns of wit ; his terms are well chosen, and
his expressions noble, and he diversifies his subjects by
in admirable copiousness of thought and language. He is
Tery ingenious in giving an easy and natural turn to every
thing he treats, . and is frequently iK)t without strength and
pathos; This is part of the character which Du Pin gives
him as a writer ; but Erasmus tells us that he has many
quaint and affected sentences^ and is frequently very obh*
scure ; and it is certain that his writings are intermixed
with many strange and peculiar opinions ; derived, as we
have already remarked, from his early attachment to the
manner of Origen. He maintained, thai; all men indif*
ferently are to pass through a fiery trial at the last day ;
that even the just are to suffer it, and t(y be purged from
their sins, but the unjust are to continue i<> for ever ; that
the faithfiil will be raised gradually at the last day, ac-
Gcnrdiug to the degree of their particular merit ; that the
bow which God promised Noah to place iti the firmament
after the deluge, as a sign that he never intended to drown
the world again, was not to be understocki of the rainbow,
which can nev<er appear in the night, but some visible
token of the Almighty » He: carries the esteem of virginity
and celibacy so far, that he seems^ to regard matrimony as
an indecent thing. But it inust be observed with regard
to all those selections of opinions, that great injustice baa
been done to his memory by friuds and interpolations, anj
•ntire works have been attn^tited t6 blm, which he never,
wrote. His wprks^ indeed, are divided into, 1. Those
diat are genuine. 2. Those that are doubtfhl: 3. Those
that are fictitious: and 4.* Those that are not extant.
PauUnus', viik> was his amanuensis, wrote his life, and
dedicated it to St. Augustin ; it is prdixed to St. Ambrose^S
works } the best edition of which is reckoned to be that
piiblished by the benedictine monks, in two volumes itt
folio, at Paris^ in 1686, and 1690. His life was also pub-
lished in 167a, by Godfrey Herment. *
AMBROSE, deacon of Alexandria, the intimate friend
md admirer of Origen, was a .man of great learning and
1 Cavf's Uy«t of the Fi^tiicrs^— Milpec!ft <%urok ^ji^. vol. II. p. ji73«*«9dflu
iffoshelm.— Ge^» Diet.'— Saxil Obomasticoii.
AM B ft O S 2^. §i
^ «
jpietyv and . worthy- of being recorded, although his his-
loiy has not in all particulars been exactly ascertainecf.
Eusebius says that he followed the Valentinian heresy^,
but was brought ov«r to orthodoxy by the preaching^ of
Origen. St. Jerome says that he was at first a Marcionite^
but being convinced of his error by Origen, he became i
deacon of the church, and had the honour of suffering for
Christ, as a confessor. To him, he adds,, and to Protoc^
tetus, Origen inscribed his book on Martyrdom, and de-
dicated to him many other volumes which were published
at his desire and expence. Ambrose was a man of a good
femily, and of considerable wit, as his letters to Origen
show.. He died before Origen, and is blamed by many,
because,, though he was rich, he did not at his death re-
member his friend, who was not only poor, but in hi*
old age.
Of these two accounts of Ambrose*s first opinions, Di*,
Lardner prefers that of Eusebius, and thinks that Ambrose*!^
conversion from the heresy of Valentin us, tookjilace
about the year 212. Eusebius says nothing of his being a
deacon of the church of Alexandria, which we have named
him, and Dr. Lardner is inclined to think he held tha:t
office in the church of Caesarea. Origen, in a letter of
which a fragment only remains, calls him '^ a man indeed
devoted to God,'^ and speaks of his earnest desire to un-
derstaivd the- scriptures, and of his great application to
them. He had a wife, named Marcella, by whom he had
several children ; she is commended by Origen as a true
Christian, and. faithful wife. Eusebius also informs us,
that Ambrose was the person who excited Origen to write
commentaries upon the scriptures, and that not only h^
words and entreaties, but by supplies of all things neces*
tary, furnishing him with amanuenses, whom he paid li-
berally. With respect to his bequQatbing nothing to
Origen^ Tillemont thinks that Ambrose knew his friend'a
mind, and that Origen chose to be poor, and to live in a
dep^idence on providence. St. Jerome speaks of Am-
brose's *' Epistles ;'' but there are none of them extant.
It appears by the best conjectures, that he lived nearly to
the yoar 250. ^
AMBROSE, a monk, and general of the monks of Ca-.
malduli, was born in 1378, at Portico in the Romagnai.
■» Oen. Pict^^Lardner's.WorkSj vol. III. p. 1S>1.— Moreru
fp AMBROSE.
Eugene IV. sent him to the couocil of Basil, where he
much distinguished himself, as well as at those of Ferrara
and Florence. He acquired a high degree of reputation
by his profound knowledge of the Greek language, by
his uncommon acquaintance with Grecian literature, b^
the zeal and industry he discovered in the attempts be
made to effectuate a reconciliation between the Greek and
Latin churches. He was no less admired for his candid and
liberal spirit, . and placid and serene temper. Having
failed in an attempt to reconcile those literary rivals Pog-
gius and Valla, he told them that men who m^atde use of
abusive language could not be supposed to possc^ss either
the charity of Christians, nor the politeness of men of
letters., His talents would have recommended him to the
purple, which the pope intended, but this was prevented
by his death, Oct 23, 1439. He was employed, by order
of pope Eugenius IV. to reform several convents of both
sexes, which had become irregular; and he has described
the result of his labours in this difficult work in his ^^ Ho«
da^poricon,'' which contains particulars of the behaviour
of the inhabitants of those convents, which he found it ne-
cessary to express in Greek. This was printed at Florence,
14:$ 1 and 1432, 4to, both scarce editions, and 1678, Svo.
The other works of this learned monk were Latin transla-
tions from the fathers. Martenne, in his ^' Collectio am*
plissima,*^ has published twenty hpoks of his letters, which,
contain many curious particulars of the history of his time.
He also translated Diogenes Laertiusinto Latin, which was
printed at Venice, 1475, and is a book of great price, as
being prior in date by nearly sixty years to any edition of
that author. '
AMBROSE DE LoMB^z (Pere), a pious and learned
capuchin, whose family name was la Peirie, was born at
Lombez in 1708^ and died the 25th of October 1778, at
St. Saviour, near Bareges, at the age of 70. His order
was sensible to his merit, and he was successively pro-
fessor of theology, guardian, and deiinitor. His tract on
^* Inward Peace,'* and his " Lettres Spirituelles,'- each
in one vol^ 12mo, are said by persons of his communion,
to be full of light and unction, and breathe that gende
piety that characterised their author. We are told by pere
Mayeul, that he had great talents as a spiritual director,
^ Bios. UQiverselk,*-Dict. Hist.*-Gen. Diet in Camaldoli-i— Moceru
A M B R O S E. fl
%Tid was an instrument in the hand of God for converting
sinners, and consoling the just. Pere Ambrose had hj
nature a self«love by tar too sensible^ with an exuberance
of delicacy, and an ardent desire of public esteem : but an
adherence to the precepts of the gospel effectually cured
him of all these defects. To his native pride he opposed
humility and self-contempt. ** It is self-love/* said he,
^^ that corrupts our virtues, and spoils our happiness. Of
a hundred things that offend us in society, ninety*nine
were never meant to offend. But pride takes all things in
their strictest rigour." " Let it take things," added he,
^ as it will ; I will suffer all. If they should spit in my
iace, have I not a handkerchief to wipe it off?"^
AMBROSE (Isaac), a noted presbyterian teacher in the
times of the usurpation, was son of a clergyman, and de-*
scended from the Ambroses of Ambrose-hall, in Lancashire*
In the beginning of the year 1621 he was admitted of Bra*'
zen-nose college in Oxford, where he took the degree of
bachelor of arts. Afterwards he went into holy orders, and
officiated in some little cure in his own county. Being in
very low circumstances, he was often obliged to the bounty
of William earl of Bedford for the relief of himself and ia«
mily. Mr. Wood thinks that lord procured him to be
inserted in the list of his majesty's preachers, appointed
for the county of Lancaster. Afterwards, when the times
changed, in 1641, he left the church of England, and went
over to the presbyterian party, took the covenant^, and
became a preacher at Preston, and^afterwards at Garstang,
in his own county. He was very zealous and very active
against the clergy of the estabUshed church, especially
after he was appointed assistant to the commissioners for
ejecting such whom they called scandalous and ignorant
ministers and school- masters. In 1662 he was ejected for
nonconformity. It was usual with him to retire every year
for a month, into a little hut in a wood, when he shunned
all society, and devoted himself to religious contemplation.
He had, according to Calamy, a very strong impulse on
bis mind of the approach of death : and took a formal leave
of bis friends at their own houses, a little before his de^*
parture> and the last night of his life, he sent his ** Dis«<
course concerning Angels,^' to the press. Next day be,
-Aut himself up in his parlour, where, to the surprise and
I Qict, Hist,— Bios. UijmMUe,
kt AMBROSE.
•
fegrct of bis friebds^ he wis found expiring. The time of
liis death is sta4:ed to have been in 166S-4, in the seventy-
second year of his age, but at the bottom of the portrait
prefixed to bis works, is the inscription " aetat. 59. 1663.**
This cdntradictioD has not been reconciled by Granger.
His works were printed in a large folio volume, in 1674^
16S2, and )6S9, and often since. They consist of pious
tracts on various subjects, and have ever been popular* *
AMBROSINI (Bartholomew), was a physician of con-
ftderable eminence and professor of botany at Bologna,
where he died in 1657. He was also director of the bo-
tanic garden, and was appointed by the senate sUperin-
tendant of the museum of natural history belonging to the
fepublic. His principal botanical work was entitled " De
Capsicorum varietate cum suis iconibus: accessit panacea
ex herbis quae a Sanctis denominantur,** Bologna, 1650,
12H10. He was also distinguished as a successful medical
practitioner; and during the plague in 1630, his extensive
experience furnished the materials of a work on that sub-
ject, **'Mod(i, e facile preser>'a, e cura di peste a beneficio
de popolo di Bologna," 1651, 4to. He published after-
wards, " Theorica medicina in tabulas digesta," 1632, 4to,
ibid. **De Pulsibus," 1645, 4to; ** De externis malis
opusculum,'^ 1656; " De'Urinis," &c. He likewise dis-
csovered great ability as an editor, in the publication of
the 9th, 10th, nth, and 12th vdumes of the works of Al-
iircHrandus. *
AMBROSINI (Hyacinth), brother to the preceding,
pnd his successor in the direction of the botanic garden at
Bologna, in 1657 published the catalogue ** Hortus Bo-
poniae studiosorum consitus," ibid. 1654, 1657, 4to; and a
little before his death, ** Phy tologia, hoc est, de plantis.
partis primse tomus primus, &c.*' ibid. fol. 1666. This
.contains the names, synonyms, and etymologies of the
plants, with a botanical lexicon, and index in three Ian-
fuages. It has been often consulted for the synonyms,
at the etymologies are thought to be sometimes fanciful.
The second volume, which was to include trees, never
Appeared. The Ambrosini were skilful botanists, but living
before the science was so well understood as it has been
lince the time of Linnaeus, their works are deficient in
* Biog. Brit— Calamy.— Ath.. Ox.— Granger.
s Biog. Universelle.-^Maiige^ BibL-^Oiet; Histortqite^
A M B R O S I N I. 99
«rder and precision. Bassi dedicated a genus of plants to
tbeir memory, under the name of Ambrosinia, a g^nus of
the polyandria order, of which there is but one species^ «
native of Turkey. '
AMELINE (Claude), a French ecclesiastic, born at
Paris about 1629, for a few years practised at the bar, but
from some disgust with the world, entered the congrega*
tion of the oratory in April 1660, and having repaired t^
the university of Saumur to study divinity, became thero
intimately acquainted with father Malebranche. He waft
ordained a priest in 1663, and about the same time was
appointed grand chantor of the church of Paris ; but this
situation affording no scope for his zeal, he exchanged it
for that of grand archdeacon, an office which placed under
his inspection the greater part of the curates of the diocese.
He published^ 1. <' Traite de la volenti," Paris, 1684»
12mo, the fruit of his intimacy with Malebranche, but
whicb^ Bayle has erroneously attributed to IVJ. Nicole, 2.
** Traite de Tamour de souverain bien, &c." Paris, 1699,
12mo^ against the Quietists. Some also think he wiote
^' Uai-t de vivre heureux^'^ Paris, 1690, which others give
to Louis Pascal.*
AMELIUS GENTILIANUS, an eclectic philosopher
of the third ' century, was a native of Tuscany, and th«
contemporary of Porphyry, and studied the principles of
the Stoic philosophy under Lysimachus. He became after«>
wards acquainted with the writings of Numenius, and from
him learned and adopted the dogmas of Plato, but at last,
about the year 246, became the disciple of Plotinus. For
twenty-four years he associated with this master, and pro-
bably never would have quitted him, if Plotinus, on ac-*
count of his health, had not been obliged to go to Cam**'
pania. Amelius then settled .at Apamea in Syria, and it
was no doubt his long residence here which led Suidas intQ
the mistake that he was a native of the place. The word
Amelius in Creek signifies negligent, but no epithet could
ever be worse applied than to bim^ Porphyry therefore
tells us tliat he preferred being called Amenusj and he is
accordingly recorded under this name by Eunapius in his
lives of the Greek sophists. His disciples also, bestowed
on him the title of noble. He wrote nearly an hundred
> Biog, UniVersellc. — Manget. Bibl. — Diet. Historique.
3 MorerL— -Bayle Rep^blique ^i Isttres, Jan. 1685.
irl^ AM ELI US,
treatisesi none of which have descended to our times, dt^
of them was a discussion on the difference between the
doctrines of Numenius and Plotinus. Eusebius^ Theodoret,
and St. Cyril, quote a passage from Amelius in which h&
brings the beginning of the Gospel of St. John in confir-
mation of the doctrine of Plato on the divine nature. He
bad an adopted son, Justin Hesycbius, to whom he left his
writings. The time of bis death is not known. *
AMELOT DE LA HOUSSAYE (Nicholas), called
by some Abraham Nicholas, but, according to Niceron,
Nicholas only appears in his baptismal register, was bom
February 1634, at Orleans. He wa^ much esteemed at
the court of France, and appointed secretary of an em-
bassy which that court sent to the commonwealth of Venice,
as appears by the title of bis translation of father PauPs
history of the council of Trent ; but he afterwards published
writings which gave such offence, that he was imprisoned
in the Bastile, The first works he printed were the " His-
tory of the Government of Venice, and that of the Uscocks',
8 people of Croatia:'' in 1683, he published also transla-
tions into French of Macbiavel's Prince, and father Paul's
history of the council of Trent, and political discourses of
his own upon Tacitus. These performances were well re-
ceived by the public, but he did not prefix his own name
to the two last mentioned works, but concealed himself
under that of La Mothe Josseval. His translation of father
Paul was attacked by the partisans of the pope's unbounded
power and authority. In France, however, it met with
great success ; all the advocates for the liberty of the Gal-
ilean church promoting the success of it to the utmost of
their power ; though at the same time there were three
memorials presented to have it suppressed. When th&
second edition of this translation was published, it w^s
violently attacked by the abbe St. Real, in a letter he wrote
to Mr. Bayle, dated October 17, 1685, and Amelot de^
fended himself, in a letter to that author. In 1684, he
printed, at Paris, a French translation of Baltasar Gracian'»
Oraculo manual, with the title of ^^I'Homme de Cour;^*-
In his preface he defends Gracian against father Bot^houi^
critique, and gives bis reasons why he ascribes this book,
to Baltasar and not to Laurence Gracian. He also meii-
lions that be had altered the title, because it appeared to(^
^ Blog. UaiverseUe.— Morcri.— Geo. Dictj.— Brooker.
A M E L O T. 9S
«6tentatiou» and hyperbolical ; that of <* 1' Homme de Cour;*^
the Courtier, being more-proper to erpress the subject of
the book, \ffaich contains a collection of the finest maxims
for regulating a court-life. In 1686, be printed ^^ La Mo-
rale, de Tacite;^' in which he collected several particular
tacts and maxims, that represent in a strong light the ar*
tifices ofcourt-^flatteries, and the mischievous effect of their
conversations. In 1690, he published at Paris a Frenoh
trauslatien of the first six books of Tacitus's annals, widi
his historical and political remarks, some of which, ae*
cording to Mr. Gordon, are pertinent and useful, but many
of tbem insipid and trifling. Ametot having employed his
pen for several years on historical and political subjects^
began now to try his genius on religious matters ; and in
16dl printed at Paris a translation of <^ Palafox's theolo-
gical and moral Homilies upon the passion of our Lord.**-^
Frederic Leonard, a bookseller at Paris, having proposed,
in the year 16i^2, to print a collection of all the treaties of
peace between the kings of France and all the other princes
of Europe, since the reign of Charles VII. to the year 1690,
Amelot published a small volume in duodecimo, containing
a preliminary discourse upon these treaties ; wherein he
endeavours to show the insincerity of courts in matters of
aegociation. He published also an edition of cardinal
d^Os8at*s letters in 1697, with several observations of his
own ; which, as he tells us in his advertisement, may sen- e
as a supplement to the history of the reigns of Henry III.
and Henry IV. of France. Amelot died at Paris, Dec« 8,
1706, being then alfi)ost 73 years of age, and left several
other works enumerated by Niceron, who objects to his
style, but praises his fidelity. The freedom with which
he wrote on political subjects appears to have procured for
him a temporary fame, unaccompanied with any other ad«
vantages. Altl^ough be was admired for his learning and
political knowledge, he was frequently in most indigent
circumstances, and indebted to the bounty of bis friends. ^
AMELOTTE (Denis), a celebrated French writer, was
born at Saintonge in 1606, He maintained a close corre-
•pondenoe with the Fathers of the Oratory, a x^ongregation
of priests founded by Philip of Neri. He wrote the " Life
of Charles de Gondren," second superior of this congre-f
. gation, and published it at Paris in 1643. In this pieced
■ ' • .. ».
.,\ Gen. . Diet.— phaufepie.—M'iren.—SaxiiC^D9maiticon.
m. AM EL G T T K
ifitrodooed .ft passage respecting the fiftinous M}6 de Slt^
Cyran, which greatly displeased the gentlemen of Port
Boyal ; who» out of reveage, published a pamphlet
against him, entitled *^ ld6e generate de Pesprit et du livre
de pere Amelot,^' and h^ was so much provoked by this sa^*
tire, that he did all in his power to injure them^ They had
fipished a translation of the New Testament, known by the
name of the Mons New Testament, and were desirous t<x
have it published, for which purpose they endeavoured to
procure an approbation from the doctors of the Sorbonne,
and a privilege from the king. They had some friends iu
tiie Sorbonue, but at the same time very powerful enemies^
and as to the privilege, it was impossible to prevail with
the chancellor Seguier to grant them one, as he hated them $
so that father Amelotte, whose advice the chancellor gene-^
rally followed in matters of religion^ easily thwarted ali
their measures, iK)t only out of zeal for what he thought tho
true doctrine, or out of aversion to the Port Royalists, but
also from a view to bis own interest ; for he was about to
publish a translation of hia own of the New Testaflaenl;;^
which, accordingly, with annotations, in four volumes 8vo^.
was printed in the years 1666, 1667, and 1668, but^ accord-
ing to F. Simon, it contains some very gross bluoderSi lu
was dedicated to M« de Perefixe, archbishop of Paris, wbomr
he addresses in these words : '^ You will be confirmed in
that zeal which obliged you to take up the holy arms to
defend the true grace of God, and the decrees of the boly^
see, against the new heresy : you will daily strengthen
yourself against these blind rebels, whose fury, impo8«
tures, and calumnies, add new splendour to your glory,
which they endeavour to blemish. They place you in thd
same rank with the Athanasiuses and Hilaries, when- they'
abuse you in the same manner as the Arians did those
great and holy bishops.'' In this translation he endea«
vQured to find expressions more, proper and elegant thaa
those of the former versions ; for which reason he com-
mitted bis work into Mr. Courart's hands, to polish and Cor-
rect whatever he should judge inelegant or impropi^r:
Amelotte wrote also an ^^ Abridgment of Divinity,^^ »
^^ Catechism for the Jubilee,'' and a kind of ^* Cbrhtian
Manual for every day, (Journee Chretienne.)'* Though ho
had always been a very zealous Anti-Port- Royalist, y«t ho
was but poorly rewarded for all his labour and trouble,*
since towards d£e end of his life he sued fot -a v^ry small
A M E L 0 T T E. ST
bishoprip, th^t of Sarlat, and met witb a. rd£iisal» though
•«»e bad all the qualities requisite to a bishop. He could
not forbear complaining of this usage to his friends;^ telling
them that those^ whom he had often served effectually, had
been very cold to him on this occasion. He entered into
die congregation of the Oratory in 1650, and continued
amongst them till his death, which happened at Paris^
Oct 7, 1678. His dedication .to M. Perefiace was sup*-
pressed after his death and the death of Perefixe, and one of
a diflferent cast substituted by M« de Hariay, in the edition
of 16^8, 2 vols. 4to, and the work lias been often reprinted
with and without notes. The chief objection made: ^ him,
on the score of veracity, is that he boasted of having con-
sulted all the manuscripts of Europe^ which he afterwards
confessed he had not seen ; but it is answered, that although
he had not seen these manuscripts, he took great pains in
procuring transcripts of their various readings. ^
AMENTA (Nicholas), an Italian lawyer a^d miscella*
neous writer, was born at Naples in 1659, , and for the first
Fourteen, years of his life, was obliged to be confined in a
dark room, owing to a complaint in his eyes. On his re*
covery, h& made very capid progr^^ss in general science,
went through a qqurse of law, and had very considerable
practice at Naples. His leisure hpurs \ke dedicated to'po*
iite literature, and particularly cultivafted the Tuspan lan-
guage, which he wrote with the greatfsst purity,, and used
in all his works. He died at Naples, July 2 i , 1 7- 1 9. His
principal writings are, li Seven prose comedies, La Cos-
tanza, il Forca, la Fante, &c. whicl^ are> Baretti says^ per*
haps the wittiest we have io It^ian ; but the author makes
some of his actors appear masked and speak, the different
dialects of Italy^- especially the Neapolitan, 2* " Rapporti
di Parnas80,V part I. the oi^ly one ever published, Naples,
1710, 4tol The^e.are somewhat in the manoer of Bocca-*
lini's advertiseoieiits, b^t u^Ufe them in, their subjects,
which ar^ matters of litert^ture and literaxyljiistory. ,3. "II
Torto e it Dbritto del non sd puo, &c, es?|mihato da Ferrante
Longobardi,'^ i» e. father jDjaniel Bartoli, whose work is
here reprln^d with Amenta's Observation^ Naples, 1717,
8vo, 1728,.,8vo; the latter eaitionhas tjie rewavksof th^
abbeCit6.J^4.>*" t)ella lingulaj NiV^l^ d^Italia,. 4^." aoo-
ther work on language divided into parts, Naples, 1723,
» Oen. but— Mor^--Bk».«ft»f»!M'liril«.«-Ut Uh BiW-Sior.
Vot.II. H
»ft AMENTA.
4to. 5. The lives of Scipio Pasquali, and Lionardo^ a
Neapolitan poet 6. Twenty-four " Capitoli/' or satirical
kneces, in tke style of the capitoli of Bemi^ and other bur'-
fesque poets, Naples, 1721, 12nio. 7. *<Rime/' or poetical
pieces, published in various collections. ^
AMERBACH (John), a learned printer of the fifteenth
century, was bom at Rutlingen, in Suabia^ and settled at
Basil. He was the first who made use of the round type,
instead of the Italic and Gothic. In 1506, He published
the first edition of the works of St. Augustine, corrected by
himself, with a type known long by the name of the St.
Augustine t3rpe. He began also the works of St. Jerome ;
but his death, which took place in 151S, prevented his
finiisihing them, and he left them to the care of his sons, by
whom they were published. All his editions are valued
for their accuracy. Boni&ce, his eldest son, who died in
1562, was for thirty years law professor at Basil, five times
rectcNT of the university, and went through the difierent
offices of magistracy with the reputation of a man of great
integrity. In 1659, was printed at Basils 4to, the ^^ Biblio*
theca Amerbachiana,** a scarce work, which throws consi<>
derable light on the history of printing, and mentions many
early editions omitted in our largest catalogues. ' Krasmu^
and Boniface Amerbach contributed to this Bibliotheca.
Boniface had a son Basil, al^ a mati of learning, syndic of
the city, and rector of the university. He contributed much
to the cabinet of pictures, and medals, and to the library
whitAi his father had founded. He founded likeyise sofne
charitable establishments, jsind a new pro(fessor$fai]i) in the
university, called the Amerbachian.* * *
AMERBACH (Vitus) was born at W^dingiien in Ba-
varia, and studied law, philosophy, and diviiiity, atWit-
temberg, where he professed to be a foHbwerof Ijuther i
but on returning to his own country, he became a Hotidah
catholic, and professor of phildsojfliy at Ingoldstadt, where
be died in 1 557, at the age of TO. He translated into La-
tin the orations of Isocrates and Demostheties ;. the ty^atisfe
of St. Chrysostom on Providence, and that of Kpipharihii
on the catholic faith. He published also comthentarieS on
Cicero's Offices, on the poems of Pythagorttiland PhoCyU
tides, oil the Tristia of Ovid, and Bforace **.i)e arte bbeti-
»
1 Biog. UniveiteUe.— Kftym Bibl. Ita].-4Sai«tti't Italian Libraiy.
A M £ R B A C a $9
ca.^' To much learning he added a considerable talent for
poetry^ in which \ie left various small pieces, epigrajns, epi*
taphs. His philosophical works ^* De Anima, de pbilo<>
Sophia naturflui, &c.'' are less known ; buA a list of them
may be seen in Teissier's Essays, vol. I.^
AMERICUS. See VESPUTIUS.
AMES (Jossph), the celebrated typographical histo-*
nan, was descended from an ancient family in Norfolk,
where they are to be traced back as far as the middle pf
the sixteenth century. He was born at Yarmouth, Jaq. 23,
1688-9, and removed by bis father, who spears to have
been the master of a merchant ship trading from Yarmouth
to London, and placed at a little grammar*scbool at Wap-»
ping. At the age of fifteen, it is said, he vcas put appien-
tice to a plane*maker in King or Queen-street near GhiH^*
hall, LondcMi; audit is added that after serving out liis time
with reputation, be took up his freedom, and became a
liveryman of the Joiners' Company, but on inquiry both at
Joiners' hall and at the Chamberlain's office, it does ndt
appear that he ever took up his freedom : be aettled, how*
ever, near the Hermitage, in Wapping, in the business of
a ship-chandler, or ironmonger, and continued there till
his death.
Mr. Ames very early dbcovered a taste for English his«
tory and antiquities, in which h& was encouraged by his
two friends Mr. Russel, . preacher at St. John's Wapping,
alid Mr. John Lewis, minister of Margate, an eminent di-
vine and antiquary. Some time before 1720, in attend-*
ing Dr. Desaguliers' lectures, he formed an i^cquaintance
with Mr. Peter Thompson, an eminent Hamburgh meN
ehant, and member for St. Alban's, a gentleman of great
humanity, and strong natural parts, who supplied the want
of a liberal education by a conversation with men and .
books. He was also a lover of our national antiquities, and
many years fellow of the royal and antiquary societies.
This frieodshijp coptinued uninterrupted till the death of
Mr. Ames. Some time before 1730, Mr. Lewis, whohad
himself collected materials for such a^ subject, suggested to
Mr. Ames the idea of writing the history of printipg in Eng-
land. Mr. Ames declined it at first, because Mr. Ps^lmer,
a printer, was engaged in a similar work, and because he
thought himself by no means equal to an undertaking of
> lAorerL— >Bio|p. UniTeraelle.-«»Saxii OnaiDut.
H 2
lOQ AMES.
so much extent But when Mr. Palmei'^s book came ont^
it was far from answering the expectations of Mr. Lewis^ or
Mr. Ames, or those of the public in general. Mr. Ames,
therefore, at length consented to apply himself to the task,
and after twenty-five years spent in collecting and arrang-^
ing his materials, in which he was largely assisted by Mr.
Lewis and other learned friends, and by the libraries of
' lord Oxford, sir Hans Sloane, Mr. Anstis, and many«otheirSy
published, in one vol. 4to, 1749, " Typographical Antiqui-
ties, being an historical account of Printing in England^
with some memoirs of our ancient Printers, and a register
of the books printed by them, from the year 1471 to 1600;
with an appendix concerning printing in Scotland and Ire-
land to the same time.'* In his preface he speaks with'
great humility of his work, and of its imperfections ; but it
certainly has no faults but what may well be excused in the
first attempt to accomplish an undertaking of such vast ex-
tent. He inscribed this work to Philip lord Hardwicke,
lord high chancellor of Great Britain. Mr. Ames was at
this time fellow of the royal and antiquary societies, and
secretajry to the latter of these learned bodies. He was.
elected F. A. S. March 3, 1736, and on the resignation of
Alexander Gordon, previous to his going to settle in Caro-
lina, 1741, was appointed secretary. In 1754, the rev*
W. Norris was associated with him, and on his decease
became sole secretary till 1784. This office gave Mr.
Ames further opportunities of gratifying bis native curio-
sity, by the communications as well as the conversation q{
the literati ; and these opportunities were further enlarged
by his election into tiie royal society, and the particular
friendship shewn to him by sir Hans Sloane, then presi-
dent, who nominated him one of the trustees of his will.
Besides his great work, Mr. Ames printed a ^< Catalogue
of English Printers, from 1471 to 1700^* 4to, intended to
accompany the proposals for the former ; '^ An Index to
lord Pembroke's Coins ;^' <^ A Catalogue of English heads^
or an account of about 2000 prints, describing what is pe-^
culiar on each, as the name, title, or office of the person,
the habit, posture, age, or time when done, the name of
the painter, graver, scraper, &c. and some remarkable par**
ticuUirs relating to their lives,'* 1748, 8vo. This was a kind
of index to the ten volumes of English portraits, which had
been collected by Mr. John Nickolls, F. R. and A. SS. of
Ware in Hertfordshire, in four volumes folio, and six in
A M E & lOl
4to ; and which after bis death in i 745, were purchased,
for 80 guineas, by the late Dr. Fothergill. The last of
Mr. Ames's literary labours was the drawing up the '^ Pa-
rentalia, of Memoira of the family of Wren," 1750, in one
volume folio, from the papers of Mr. Wren. At his ex-
pence two plates were engraved, one of a Greek inscrip<^
tion |u honour of Crato, the musician of Pergamos; the.
other an ancient marble pillar, in his possession, with ther
Cufic inscription.
Mr. Ames died suddenly of a fit of coughing, Oct. 7,
1759, and on the 14th was interred in the church*yard of
St. George in the East, in a stone coffin, on the lid of which
is an inscription in Latin by* the rev. Dr. Flexman; and
over the grave was placed a ledger-stone with two inscrip*
tions, one in English, the other in Latin. His collection
of coins, natural curiosities, inscriptions, and antiquities,
were sold by Mr. Langford, Feb.. 20 and 21, 1760: his
library of books, manuscripts and prints, on May 5 — 12,
1 7 60. Many of the books had notes by him, and Mr. Gough
has enumerated many valuable articles among his collec-
tion, with the buyers' names.
Mr. Ames married April 12, 1714, Mary, daughter of
Mr. Wrayford, merchant of London, who died August 12^
1734, and by lyhom he had six children, one only of whom,
a daughter, survived him, and was married to Edward Dam-
pi^r, esq. lately deputy surveyor of shipping to the East
India Company, and descended from, or related to the
voyager of that name.
Of Mr. Ames's character, the opinion seems to be tini-»
form, that he possessed an amiable simplicity of manners,
and exemplary integrity and benevolence in social life.
Mr. Cole, who bears him no good will, because, as he as-
serts, he was an Anabaptist, sdlows that he ^' was a little,
friendly, good-tempered man, a pe|:son of vast application,
and industry in collecting old printed books, prints, and
other curiosities, both natural and artificial.^' It is con-
fessed, on the other hand, that he had not much of what is
, called literature, and knew nothing of composition. His
prefac(e to the ^'Typographical Antiquities^^ commences
in the form of a preamble to an act of parliament, " Where-
as it appears from reason and ancient history,'* &c. His
style, indeed, very much resembles that of his brother an-
tiquary and equally laborious collector, Strype. With all
this, be appears to have been a man entitled to high re-
102 AMES.
spectjor his acquisitions ; they yrere entirely his own, and
instigated by a laudable desire to be useful. The dates in
the preceding account of his life will be sufficient to prove
the absurdity of Horace Walpole^s flippant notice of hiniy
in which he says, that Mr. Ames took to the study of anti* .
nquities ** late in life," and that he was " originally*' a
ship-chandler. The truth is, and it is to the honour of his
industry, that he w^ always an antiquary, and always a
$hip-chandler, but principally in articles of ironmongery.
It is necessary to add that an enlarged edition of the
'^ Typographical Antiquities" was published by the late
learned and industrious, Mr. William Herbert, of whom
0ome account will be given in its proper place. This was
exiipnded to three volumes quarto, the first of which ap-
peared in 1785, the second in 1786, and the third in 1790^
a work of inestimable value to the antiquary, the historian,
and the general scholar. To the first volume, Mr. Gough
prefixed ^^ Memoirs of Mr. Joseph Ames," from which all
that is valuable in the present article has been taken; and
the same has been retained, with many additional particu-
larsy in the new and very splendid edition of Ames and Her-
bert, by the rev. Thomas Frognall Dibdin, F. S. A. of
which one volume was published in IS 10 and a second
in 1812, which promise ample gratificatioh to the lovers of
typographical antiquities.^
AMES (William), a divine in the reigns of king James
and Charles I. and famous for his casuistical and contro-
versial writings, hut much more so abroad than in his own
ebuntrys was descended from an ancient family, which is
said to remain in Norfolk and Somersetshire, and was born
in 1576. He was educated at Christ-church college, in
Cambridge, under the celebrated champion of Calvinism^
fAr, William Perkins, and this gave a rigid strictness to
his opinions, which was not agreeable to some of his asso-*
ciates in the university. One instance of this is given by
Fuller, which we shall transcribe as recording a feature in
the manners of the times. He says, that ^' about the year
1610-11, this Mr. Ames, preaching at St. Mary's, took
occasion to inveigh against the liberty taken at that time ;
tespecially in those colleges which had Jords of misrule, a
Pagan relique ^ which, he said, as Polydore Vergil haa
' Ames and Herbert's Edition.— Dibdin's.-pCole's MSS. in Brit. Mus.— W^U
'|>ole't Catalogue of Engraven.
AMES. lot
observed^ remains only in England. Hence he proceeded
to condemn dl pla3dng at cards and dice ; affirming that
the latter, in all ages, .was accounted the derice of the
devil ; and that as God invented the one-and-twenty letters
whereof he made the bible, the devil, saith an authoi^
found out the one-and-twenty spots on the die ; diat canon
law forbad the use, of the same ; spying Inventio DiaMi
mdla ctmsuetudine potest vaUdari. His sermon,^* continues
our author, <* gave ilauch offence to many of his auditors ;
the rather because in him there was a concunrence of much
nonconformity; insomuch that, to prevent an expulsion
from Dr. Yal. Gary, the master, he fairly forsook the col
lege, v^ich proved unto him neither loss nor disgrace ;
being, not long after, by the States of Friesland, chosen
Professor of their university.*' There seems^ however,
some mistake in this, and Dr. Maclaine has increased it by
asserting in his notes on Mosheim's Ecclesiastical history,
that Ames fled to Franeker to avoid the persecution of
archbishop Bancroft. This prelate certainly pressed con-
formity on the Puritans as much as he codd, but a
man who only preached against cards aqd dice could
have nothing to fear from him. The fact was, that
the archbishop died some months before this sermon at
St. Mary^s.
It might not, however, be long after, that he went to
Holland, the common refuge of many of the divines of
this period who were strong opponents to church dis*
cipline, for in 1613, his dispute with Grevinchovius, mi-
nister at Rotterdam, appeared in print. From thence, we
are told, he was invited by the stages of Friesland, to the
divinity chair in the university of Franeker, which he filled
with universal reputation for many years. He was at the
synod of Dort, in 1618, and informed king James's am*
bassador, from ttee to time, of the debates of that assembly.
After be had been at least twelve years in the doctor's
chair at Franeker, he resigned his professorship, and ac«
cepted of an invitation to the English congregation at Rot«
terdam, the air of Franeker being too sharp for him, who
wi« troubled with such a difficulty of breathing, that he
concluded every winter would be his last Besides, he
was desirous of preaching «o his own countrymen, which
he bad disused for many years. He held many public
discourses, published many learned books, and acquired'a
great degree of popularity among all classes. Upon his
10% A M £ S.
removal to RotterdsAn, he ^wrote Iris ** Fresh suit dgainst
Ceremonies," but did not Ihre to publish it himself, for
his constitution was so shattered, that the air of Holland
was of no service, upon which, he determined to remove
to New England ; but his asthma returning at the begins-
xiing of winter, put an end to his life at Rotterdam, where
he was buried, Nov. 14, (N. S.) 1633, aged fifty-seven. In
the spring following, his wife and children embarked for
New England, and carried with them his valuable library
of books, which was a rich treasure to that country at that
time. Of his private character we know little, but it is
generally agreed that he was a man of very great learning,
a strict Calvinist in doctrine, and of the persuasion of the
Independents, with regard to the subordination and power
of classes and synods. As a teacher he was so much ap-*
proved, that students came to him from many parts of Eu-
rope, particularly Hungary, Poland, Prussia, and Flanders.
Mosheim, who, upon what authority we know not, calls
him a Scotch divine, says, that he was one of the first;
among the reformed who attempted to treat morality as a
separate science, to consider it abstractedly from its con-
nection with any particular system of doctrine, and to in-
troduce new light and a new degree of accuracy and
precision into this master-science of life and manners.
The attempt, he adds, was laudable, had it been well
executed ; but the system of this learned writer was dry,
theoretical, and subtle, and was thus much mor« adapted
to the instruction of the studious, than to the practical di-
rection of the Christian.
His works are: 1. <^ Sermons, preached at St. Mary's
Cambridge,'* but whether printed is uncertain. 2. " Pu*?
ritanismus Anglicanus,'' 8vo, 1610; and in English, Lon*
don, 4to, 1641, containing the chief doctrines of the Pu*
ritans. 3. *^ Disceptatio scholastica inter Nic. Grevin-
chovium and GuL Amesium,'' 8vo, Amst. 1613^ concerning
Arminnis's opinions on election, &c: 4. ^^ Disputatio
inter Amesium et Grevinchovium,'* Rt>tter. 8vo, 1615 ;
Lugd. Bat. 1617, J 63 3, on reconciliation by the death of
Christ. 5. *^ Coronis ad collationem Hs^ensem,'* ISmo^
Lugd. Bat. 1618, 1628, 1630, confuting the answers given
by the Arminians to the Dutch pastors. 6. ^^ Medulla
Theolog^ca,^' Frank. 1623, reprinted four times at Am-
sterdam, and translated into English. 7. ^' Explicatio
utriusque EpistolsB S. Petri/' 12mo^ Amst 1625| 1635,
ft
AM E S« lOS
and also translated into English, Lond. 1461, 4to. S. << De
■Incaraatione Verbi,** Franek. 162 6, 8vo, against tke Soci^
nians. 9. " Beilarminns enervatus," 8vo, often reprinted
at Amstei'dam, Oxford, and London. 10* '* De Consci-
entia^'* thrice printed at Amsterdam, and in English with
this title, *^ A treatise on Con^eience, with the power and
cases thereof/* Lond. 4to^ 1643 ; this book is still much
read. 11. ^^ Antisynodalia/' Franek. 1629, 12mo, against
the Remonstrants. 12; ** Demonstratio logicae versB,
]2mo, Lug; Bat. 1632. 13« *^ Disputatio Theologica,
ibid, against metaphysics. 14. '^ Technometria,*' Amst.
1632, 8vo, on the purpose and bounds of arts. 15. •* A
reply to Bishop Mofrton/' on his lordship^s defence of the
surplice, the cross in baptism, and kneeling at the
sacrament, 4to, 1622, which he followed up, by 16. ** A
fresh Suit against Roman ceremonies/^ 1633, 4to. 17. <' A
First and Second Manuduction." 18. Rescriptio ad re-
sponsum Grevinchovii de Redemptione generali,** Lugd,
Bat. 1634, 8ro. 19. '^ Christianas Catechesis Scio*
graphia," Franek. 1635, Svo. 20. ^^ Lectiones in omnes
Psalmos Davidis/' Amst. 1635, 8vo; Lond. 1647. These
last five were posthumous publications. Besides these, he
wrote some prefaces, &c. to the works of others. IJis
Latin works were reprinted at Amsterdam in 1658, 5 Tob»
8vo, by Matthias Nethenus. '
AMHERST (Jeffery, Lord Amherst), was the second
son of JefFery Amherst, of Riyerhe.ad, in Kent, esq. and
of Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Kerrill, of Hadlow, ia
Kent, esq. and was born Jan. 29, 1717. He devoted him*
self yery eariy to the profession of arms, having received
an ensign^s commission, in the guards, in 1731, when be
was only fourteen^ years of age ; but about ten years after*
wards he was aide-^de^cafnp to general, afterwards lord
Ligonier, and in that capacity vras present with the general
at the battles of Roucox, Dettingen, and Fontenoy. He was
afterwards admitted on the staff of the duke of Cumberland^
with whom he was present at the engagements of LafFeld and
Hastenbeck. In 1756, he was appointed to the command
of the fifteenth regiment of foot, and in two years more
obtained the rank of major-general in the army.
When the war broke out between France and England,
} Biog. Brit.-*»Cole'8 MS^ Athene Cantab, in Brit. Mu9.— Mosheim's £ccL
History.
IOC A M H E R S T.
of which North America was the principal theatre, ger
neral Amherst was appointed to serve in that country^
where he soon had opportunities of displaying his talents*
The courage and mihtaiy skill which entitled him to the
iru0t thus reposed in him, were not long unattested by the
featrs of his enemies, and tl^e £clamations of his country.
In the summer of 1758, he undertook the expedition
against Louisbourg, which, together with die island of
Ciq>e Breton, on which it is situated, in the gulph of St.
Lawrence, surrendered, with all its dependencies, to his
victorious arals, July 26 of that yean Thi^ conquest not
only deprived the enemy of an important place of ^strength,
on which the prosperity of their most valuable possessions
in America depended, as it was the guardian and protector
of their trade in that part of the world, but it also put
Great Britain in possession of the navigation of the river
St. Lawrence, cut off France from the advantages of her
fishery, and by that means considerably distressed her
West India islands, and finally opened . the road for the
reduction of Canada. The same campaign was distib«<
guished. by another very important atcbievement ; for in
the month of November following, a plan being laid by
general Amherst for ^e capture of Fort du Quesne, one
of the keys of Canada, situated on the lakes, and the
execution being intrusted to brigadier- general Forbes, the
assault proved successful, and the fortress was accordingly
taken ; measures being adopted at the same time with so
much spirit and wisdom, that the liidians were so far de«>
tached from the alliance of the^enemy, as to give no ob*
slaructioii to the expedition. In the ensuing campaign
another strong station was reduced, under the prudent
auspices of general Amherst. Sir WilUadn Johnson, to
M^om the command of the expedition against Niagara
devolved, in consequence of the accidental death of bri*
gadier Prideanx, on the 24th July, 1759, having defeated
and taken M. D^ Aubrey near that place^ 4he fort surreii<*
dered the next day. This important victory threw the
whole of the Indian fur trade into the hands of the Englicdii ;
and also secui-ed the Briti^ dominioua in that quarter from
all hostile annoyance.
Some timie before this, general Abercrombiii had made
an unsuccessful attempt on Ticonderoga, in which, toge-
ther with a considerable number of men, the Sritish army
had been deprived of those gallant young oflicers, lord^
AMHERST, lOT
Hovtfei aod cd. Roger Townsend. On the 26th July 1759^
bowcTer, the day after the reduction of Niagara, Ticon->>
d^roga surrenderedy and this payed the way for the sub*
jectioD of Canada ; accordingly, we find that on the i 4th
of the following month, the long and obstinately dbputed
post of Crown Point surrendl^ed to the Britbh forces ; the
18th of the ensuing September, beheld the chief settlement
of the enemy in this part of the globe, the ever-to-^be-re-'
membered Quebec, surrendered upon capitulation to our
commandei»; and in the month of August, 1760, the
French army evacuating Isle an Noix, abandoning the Isle
Gallot, and Picquet's island,' at the approach of generals
Ajodherst, Isle Royale being taken by him, and Montreal,
the last remaining port of the foe, surrendering oo the 8 th
September following, the whole provitkce became subject
to the British government. In the mean time, the island
of Newfoundland . having been reduced by the French,
general Amherst projected an expedition for its recovery*
The command of this was intrusted to the late major-ge-
neral William Amherst (then lieutenant colonel), who,
giving effect and action to his. brother's plan, happily re-
stored the island to its British owners, and captured the
various garrisons which had been stationed by the enemy
in the respective posts.
General Amherst now seeing that the whole . continent
of North Ameirica was reduced in subjection to Great
Britain, returned to New York, the capital of the Britbh
empire^ aad was received with all , the respect due to his
public services. The thanks of the House of Cominons
had already been transmitted to him ; and, among other
honourable testimonies of approbation, in 1761, he was
created a knight of the Bath. He had also some time be-
fore been appointed commander in chief of all the forces
in Ajaerica, and governor-general of the British provinces
there. But shortly after the peace was ^concluded, he
resigned his command, and returned to England, arriving
in London December 1763. His Majesty received him
with most gracious respect and approbation, and the go-*
vernment of the province of Virginia was conferred upon
him, as the first mark of royal favour. In 1768, there
appears to have been a temporary misunderstanding be-
t^ireen him and his royal master, which, however, soon
terminated, as in the end of that year he was appointed
cpbnel of the third regiment of foot, with permission to
\
108 A M H E R S' *r.
t
iTontinue his command of the sixtieth; xyr royal Ameriican
leghnent^ of four battalions ;* and in Oct. 1770,' h^ Wa^
appointed governor of the island of Guernsey, and'tk^
castle of Cornet, with all its dependencies. - To these
promotions was added the office of lieutenant^^general of
the ordnance, in Oct. 1772, at which time he wassw<irti
of the privy council. From' this period, also, ^to the be-*
ginning of 1782, he officiated as commander in ehcef of
the English forces, though he was not promoted > to < the
rank of general in the army till March 1778, from whiob*
period to the time of his resignation, in Murdi 1782^ be
acted as eldest general on the staff of England. Un(il hw
sailitary promotion in 1778, he had no higher appointment
in the army than that of eldest lieutenant-general: on the
English staff. In 1780, he resigned the command of die
third regiment of foot, and was promoted to the second
troop of horse grenadiers. Besides thesemilitary honours,
be received the dignity of the British peerage on the '20th
May, 1776, by the title of baron An^erst, of Holmesdale,
in the county of Kent. His last public services were the
means he adopted in quelling the dreadful riots in London
in the month of June, 1780. The regulations and instrtic*
tions of his lordship on this occasion were not less distin-^*
guished by wisdom and promptitude than by humanity.
Itt 1782, on the change of the administration usually called
that of lord North, the command of the aro^y, and the
lieutenant-generalship of ordnance, were put into other
hands. In 1787, he received another patent oi peeri^ey
as baron Amherst, of Montreal, with remainder to his
nephew, William Pitt Amherst On the staff being re-
established, he was, Jan. 22, 1793, 'again appoint^ to
the conimand of the army in Great Britain, although at
that time, general Conway, the duke of Gloucester, sir
George Howard, the duke of Argyle, the hon« John«Fitz--
william, and sir Charles Montagu, were his seniors. On
the 10th of February 1795, the command of the army
being given to the duke of York, an offer of earldom, and
the rank of field marshal, were made to lord Amherst, who
then declined accepting them, but on the 30th July 1196^
Accepted the rank of field-marshal. His increasing age
and infirmities, bad, however, rendered him unfit for
public business nearly two years before this period, and
he now retired to his seat at Montreal in Kent, where he
died August 3, 1797, in the eighty-first year of his age^
«
A M H E R S r. 109
nd was interred in the family vault in Seven Oaka cfaitrcii,
on the 10th. . Lord Amherst had been twice married; firsty
to Jane, only daughter of Thomas Dfllison, of Mantem,
in Lincolnshire^ esq. who died Jan. 7, 1765 ; and second! j^
to Elizabeth, eid^ daughter of general .George Cary,
brother to viscount Falkland, who survived him ; but by
neither had he any issue. . His two brothers had dUdn**
guished themsdves in the service of their country ; John,
9UI admiral of the blue, died Feb. 12, 1778 ; aiid William,
already mentioned, a lieutenantrgeneral in the army, died
May 13, 1781* His son inherits lord Amherst*s title and
estate. ...
The character of lord Amherst' may be collected froai
the particulars of his life. His personal merits, howjdvec^
havie been universally acknowledged. He was a firm diB--
ciplinarian^ but. ever the.soldier^s friend;' a inaai.of strict
oeconomy, and of a collected and temperate mind, .wu|^
ready at all times to hear, and redress the. complaints, of the
army in general. No ostentation of her^ip mai^^ed any
of his action^ ; but the whole of : his conduct . eviaoed the
firm simplicity of a brave mimd, animatjRci«by the Qonsciraa-
aess of what was.due .to himself and. to his /country, la
private life, .Jus charactel: lias been jretur^entied ai truly
amiable..^
.u
AMHUBST (MiCHOliAS), an English i political and m»-
cellan^ous. writer, was «b^n..at Marden.inijiCenti but ia
what year is uncertain, altbough.by a^pv^sage in his Terjca^
Filtusy it *woald appear to . be about 1706. Under the
tuition of his: graii(d£atber, .a clergyman, b^ >repeived /b«s
ipmmatical education- at Mercha'ut-Taylor^s s4ihaol in
Eondon ; and thence was removed tp ^t. John's college^
Oxford, whence he. was expelled on a charge of UberMnism,
irr^ularity, and his insulting behaviour towards the pre<-
sident of the college. Fromthis o^fn account of, the matter,
in the .dedication of his poems to Dr. Pelaune, president
of St John's, and in his ^' Terrsa Filius," we may'^oUect
that he wished to have it understood, that he was solely
perse'cnted.for the. liberality of his sentiments, and his at-
tachment to the cause of the Revolution and of the Hauo*-
v^rsuQoessiofi. Whatever were the <pisf s| of his eKpulsion,
his j^sentment, ,on the account of it, although violent, vi{%5
> Gent Hagi 1797.--^molIett'fi CQQitmuatioQ.<>---A»nu{illleg:isterj and coil*
temporary p«riodical pttblicatiotts.' }* ' ' ■
no AM HUB ST.
r impotent. He made it his busaaess to tatftize the leanung
and discipline of the unirersity of Oxford, and tm libel
. the characters of lis principal members. Th^s he did in a
. poem published in 172^4, called '^ Oculus Britamiis^'* and
in his " Tarrae Filius/* a work in which is displayed a con-
siderable portion of wit, intermixed witib intemperate sa»
tire. The foU title of the work is, ^^ TerrsB Filim ; or the
r secret history of the university of Oxford ; in several es*
^says. To which are added, Remarks upon a late book,
entitled, University Education, by R. Newton, D. D. pdai-
oipal of Hart Hall,'' 2 vols. 12mo, printed for R, Eraiick«
lin, r726. Amidst all the malignity and exaggeraticm witb
wjuch the Terr» Fiiius abound, it contains some euiious
-aneedotes relative to the principles, maniieys^ and conduct
of several membess of the unFrersity, for a few years after the
accession of king George I. ; but they are to be read with
i^caution. It had been an ancient custom in the univennty of
Oxford, at public acts, for B&me person, who was called
Terrie Ifilius, to mount the rostrum, and diveit a large
crowd of spectators, who flodked 4to hear him frcmi all parts,
-mkh a merry oration in th# fescennine manner, inter^
'«persed with secret histoiy, raillery, and sarcasm, as iim
Qcoasions of the times supplied him with matter. Wood,
in his Athene, mentions several instances of this oustbm ;
4iiid hence Mr. Amhurst took the title of his work. It was
4iriginally written in 1721, in a pmodical paper, which
cuue out twice « week, and x^onsitts of fifty numbers. •
Soon after Mt Amhurst quitted Oxford, he seems to
have settled in London^ as a writer by profession. He
ipuUished a volume of ^ Miscellanies,** (principally writtgii
<Qt ihe university),' on a variety of subjects ^ partly ori^-
'iials, and partly paraphrases, imitations, and translations ;
-and consisting of tales, epigrams, epistles, love*verses,
-elegies, and satires. They begin wi^ a beautiful para-
phrase on the Mosaic atconnt of the creation, and>end
with a very humorous tale upon the discovery of that
useftil instrument a^ bottle«^crew. ' Mr. Amhurst was the
author, likewise, of an *^ Epistle to sir John Blount," bart.
-one of the direfetors of the South-Sea Company in 1720;
«f the ^^ BritishrO^ileral,** a poem sacred to the memory
of bis grace John -duke of Marlborough; and -of *' Stre-
phon's revenge,*' a satire on the Oxford toasts. Our poet,
'who had a great enmity to the clergy, and who bad early,
at Oxford, displayed his zeal against what he called
▲ M H U R S T. lu
piieitlj powtflTy discovered this purticularly in a pdem en^
titled the ^ Convocatbn/* in five cantos ; ar kind of satire
gainst all the writers who had oppo^pd bishop Hoadly, in
the fiuftOtts Baiigorian controversy* He translated also,
Mr. Addison^s Resurrection, ' and some other of his l^atin
poems* But the principal literary undertaking of Mr. Am-
hurst vnkj his conducting <* The Craftsman/' which was
carried on for a numb^ of years with great spirit and
success ; and was more r^ad atid attended to than an v pro^
duction of the kind which had hidierto been published in
England. Ten or twelve thousand were sold in a day; and
the- effect wbich it had in raising the indignation of the
people, and in controlling the power of the Walpoie ad-
ministration, wa^ very considerable. Thi$ effect was not,
however, entirely, or diiefly, owing to the abilities of Mr.
Affihurst. He was assisted by lord Bolingbroke and Mr.
Pulteney, and by -odier leaders of the opposition, whole
fame and writings were ^h'e grand support of the *' Crafts-
)SiaA.*' Nevertheless,' Mr. An^urst^s own papers are al-
lowed t6 tkave been composed with aUlity and spirit, and
he conducted the '* Craftiman** in the very zenith of its
^ prosperity, with no small reputation to himself. July 2,^
1737, there appeared in that publication an ironical letter,
in the name of Colley Cibber, the design of which was to
ridicule the act that had just passed for licensing plays*
In this letter, the laureat proposes himself to the lord
chamberlain to be made ^uperintendant of the old plays, as
standing equally in need of correction with the new ones ;
and produces several passages from Shsikspesre, and othef
poets, in relation to kings, ^eensy princes, and ministers
* of state, wiiich, he iays, are not now fit to be brought
on the stage. The print-er, &c. having %een laid hold of
by order of government, Mr. Amhurst hearing that a war-
rant fr6m the duke of N^^castle was issued against him,
surrendered himself to a messenger, and was carried be-
fore bis grac^ to be examined. The' crinae imputed to
him v^SLSy that *^ he was suspected to - be ' tiie author of a
paper suspeeted to be a libel." , As no proofs were alleged
against him, nor witnesses j^toduced, an e:ra!mi nation of
thi^ kind could not Ust iong. ' As«sebfi as it was over, he
was told tfasit the crime f>^ing baLilable, he should foe bailed
upon 'findin^g sufficient secu^ies to answer lor his^appeay-i
ance and trial ; but these terms being imposed upon hin^
he absbldtejiy 4 re£ased« Upoo tUs reft»ai, he Ivasret*
•^
>14 AMHUR:ST.
manded back into custody, and the next ddf • l^rougfat his
habeas corpus, and was then set at liberty ,. by coDsent^
till the twelve Judops should determine the ^question,
*^ Whether he was obliged to give bail for his good be->
baviour, as well as his appearance, before he .wa^; entitled
to his liberty .'' This determipation • was in^patiently ex<-
pect^d by the .public, and several days wexe. fixed for
hearing counsel qp boUi sidesi, but no proceedings pf : that
kind took place, and the questiMi remained undetermined
iintil the days of Wilkep.
, Notwithstanding this show of firmness^ and his otlier ser-
vices, Mr. Amhurst was totally neglected by his <;oadjutors in
the Craftsipan, when they made their terms with the crown ;
and he died soon after, of a fever, at Twickepb^m. His death
happened April 27, 1742 ; and his disorder was probably oc-
casioned, in a great measure, by the ill usage he had receiv-
e^T^Mv. Ralph, in his ^^Case of AuthprB,^'sp^ak^\yith much
indignation irpon the subject. ** Poor Amhty?^t, ^fter bav*
ing been the dri^dg^ of his party, for the best .par;!; pf tw^ty
years together, was as piuch forgptten in the fa^ipps; cpm*
Eromise of 1742, as if he had pfver lueen bpijn.!, ^4 when
s died of what is called a broken I^eatt, whiph Ji^ppened
a. few months raftenyards, became indebted to the ch?grify
of a bookseller for ^ grave ; not' to' be traced^ uow, b^ause
then no otherwise .to be distinguished, than by the fresh*
i^ess of the tprf, borrowed fron^ the next common t;p cover
it.'' Mr. T. .Payi^s the bookseller, . in hi^ characvter of
Mr. Pulteney^ qxpi^esses himself concerning the tireatment
of Mr. Amhurst in the following terms : '' But if the earl
of Bath had his list of pensioners, how comes it that Am-
hurst was forgottep ? The fate of this poor man is singular :•
He was the able assoqiate of Bolmgbroke aiid Pulteney,
in writing the celebrated weekly paper called ^ The
Craftsman.' , His abilities were unquestionable : be had
almost as much wit, learning, and various knowledge, as
his two partners : and when those great mas t|&r$; chose not
to appear in public themselves, he s^upplied < their places
so ^ell, that his essays were often ascribed to them, .Am-,
hurst survived the downfall of .Walpole's power^.^and had
reason to expect a reward for his labouri^, ; If we excuse
Bolingbrpke, ^who had only saved th^ shipwr^k of his
fortunes, we shall be at a loss to justify Pult^gey^ :wha
could, with ease have given thi&man aconsideri^b^e income.
The utmost of bis generosity to Amhurst, t^sx I je]^ pr Ipi^ar^
AM H U R 6 T. llj
]af,,w&s SLtbogphead of claret ! He died, it is supposed, of a
i>roken heart, and was buried at the charge of his honest
printer^ Richard FranckUn.". Mr. Amhurst was, however,
one bf those imprudent and. extravagant men, whose irre-
f^ularities, in spite of their talents, bring thetn at length
into general disesteem and neglect ; although this does
not excuse ;the conduct of his employers. His want of
purity in morals was no objection to their connection with
him, when he could serve their purpose. And they might
ha^^ easily provided for him, and placed bim above
necessity during the remainder of his' days.. The ingrati-
tude of statesmen to the persons whom they jnake us^ of
as the instruments of theiir ambition, should furnish an in-
struction to men of abilities in future times ; and engage
them to build their happiness on the foundation of their
own personal integrity, discretion, and virtue. ^
AMICO (Antonine d'), of Messina, canon of the ca*
thedral of Palermo, and historiographer to Philip IV. king
of Spain, acquired much reputation for his knowledge in
the history and antiquities of Sicily. Of bis numerous
works on this subject, some have been printed, and the
manuscripts of the rest were after his death deposited in
the libraries of the duke of Madonia and of Palafox, arch«
bishop of Palermo. Those published are, 1. " Trium
orientalium Latinorum ordinum, post captam a duce
Gotbofredo Hierusalem^ &c. notitiae et tabularia,** Pa*
lermo, 1636, fol. 2. ^^ Dissertatio historica et chronologica
de antiquo urbis Syracusarum archiepiscopatu," Naples,
1640, 4to. This relates to the serious disputes between
the, three churches of Syracuse, Palermo, and Messina,
jpespecting the metropolitan title* and rights, and was in«
«erted, with the answers, in the 7 th vol. of the *' Thesaurus
antiquitatum SiciUae," Leyden, 1723. 3. " Series amr
miratorum insulse Siciliae, ab ann. 842 ad 1640," Paler-
mo, .1640, 4to. 4. ^^ De Messanensis prioratus sacrse
hospilttatis domus militum sancti Joan. Hierosolymitani
origine,'* Palermo, 1640, 4to. 5. " Chronologia de los
Virreyes, &c. de Sicilia," Palermo, 1640,. 4to. Amico
died Oct 22 in the year following the publication of th«
four la8t«>mentioned works. '
1 Biog.Brit— I^rd Chesterfield't Characters revicwcidr.
• "* Moferu--*Bioe. UaiTer^ell*.
Yot.U. I
»
lu A M I e a.
AMieO (Bartboudmbw), a Iwmtd JtsQit^ hmn «l
Anro in Lucaoia in 1362, vpu piofes6€»r of pbilMopliy
and theology in the college at Naples, and its preiidentt
for some years. He died in 1649. His fiune^ as fiur aa
he can now be allowed a share, rests principally on a tOf
luminous work on the writings of Aristotla, entitled ^.ta
universam Aristotelis philosopbiam notss et dispotationei^
quibus illustrium scholarum, Averroi% D. ThomsB, Sooti,
el/KoQiinalium yententiae espendantui^ eanunque titan*
darnm probabiles modi afFeruntur,'' 7 voUvfoi l^iS-*-1^4a.
He wrote other works, of which a catalogue is J^ymi by
Alegambe, Blbl. Script. Soo. Jesu. ^
AMICO (JBEaKAHDiNB), an artist aad an author, was %
Franciscan of Gallipoli, in the kingdom of Naples, and
prior of his order at Jerusalem. During a residmice of fi«#
year^ there, he made drawings and wrote descriptions of
that city and neighbourhood ; and on bis return to Itaiy,
published a magnificent volume, entitled << Trattato deUe
Piante e immagini de' sacri edifisi di Terra Santa,'*
Rome, 1620. The plates were engraved by the odehrated
Callot.^
AMICO (Vito-Maria), a nobleman of Catania in
Bicily, born in 1693, was for many years professor of phi-
losophy and theology, and was not less distinguished for
genersd learning, than for his acquaintance with the an«
tiquities of Sicily. He was chosen prior of his order in 1 14&^
His publications are : 1 . ^^ Sicilia sacra, disquisitionibus et
notitiis illustrata,'* Venice, (although in the title Palecmo^
1738, 2 vols. fol. Of this, however, he only wrote the
second part, and being dissatisfied with this edition, hm
reprinted that part, under the title of ^^ Sicilis sacrae ^hii
IV. integra pars secunda,'' 1733, fol. 2. <* Catana illui*
trata,'' Catania, 4 vols. fol. 1741—1746. The tin|e of
his death is not specified* *
AMICONI (GiACOMO), a painter well known in Eiig»
land, was a native of Venice, and cams to fii^^and ia
1729, when he was about forty years of age. He had
studied under Bellucci in the Palatine court, and had beea
some years in the elector of Bavaria's service* Hiaaianner
was a still fainter imitation of that nerveless master 8e»
bastian Ricci, an4 as void of the glow of life as the Nea«
politan Solimeni. His women are mere chalk ; nqt ^fts
A M I 0 O N I. 115
^iiis his worst defect : his figures are so entirely without
expression^ that his historical compositions seem to repre*
sent a set of actors in a tragedy, ranged in attitudes againsl
the curtain draws up. His Marc Antonys are as free, from
passipu as his Scipios. He painted some staircases o(
noblemea's bouses, and afterwards practised portrait-paint-
ing with rather more success. In 1736 he made a journey
to Paris with the celebrated singer Farinellii and returned
with him in October following. His por.trait of Farioelli
was ^agraved. He then engaged with Wagner, an en*
?uyer, in a scheme of prints from Canaletti's views of
enice, and after mfirrying an Italian singer, returned to
his own <;ountry ^n 1739, having acquired h^re about
^OOOL At last he settled in Spain, was appointed paiutet
to the^king, and died in the 63d year of his age, at Madrid^
l^eptemher 1752. His daughters, the signora Belluomini
^n4 the signora Castellini, the latter a paintress in crayons^
were living at Madrid in 1772, as Mc Twi^s informs us io
his Travels, p. 167, 1775, 4ta
Such is lord Orford^s account of this painter. Mr. PiU
kington^s character is rather mpre favourable, although
perhaps modern coniioi^s^urs will place less dependance on
it Amiconi possessed, says this writer, a very fertile in<^
▼entiou ; his taste of design was considerably elegant ; and
the air and turq of some g^ his figures, in his best compo-*
^tioofi^ were allowed t2> have somewhat engaging, natural^
IDd even graceful. He confesiedly had many of the ac-
^inplishments of a good painter ; but, although his merit
must in many respects be allowed, and his drawing, in
particular, is generally correct^ yet his colouring is ahun«?
HJLantly too cold, too pale, and (as it is termed by the artists)
too mealy. *
AMIOT (FATHia), one of the most learned French
missrionaqes in China, and a Chinese historian, was born
at Tqulqp in 1.7 1 8 . The last thirty years of the last century
have be^n those ia which we have ao(}uired most knowledge
Qf Chilli* The French missionaries during that time have
tf^en every pains to he able to answer the multitude of
inquiries sent to them from Europe, and among them
fi^ister Amiot mu^t be coi^sidered as the fli^t in point of
^uracy, and extensive knowledge of the antiquities,
|M^cy> languages, and arts of China. Thb learn<^Q Jesuit
1 9rf«ra*i Wwka, toI. IU<--.pilkiiigto«»
I 2
U« A M I O T. -
I
arrived'at Macao in 1750; and at Pekin, to which be wa#
invited by order of the emperor, in August 1751, and re-
maiined in that capital for the long space of forty-three
years. In addition to the zeal which prompted him to be-
come a missionary, he was indefatigable in his- researches,
and learned in those sciences which rendered them useful.
He understood natural history, mathematics; had some
taste for music, an ardent spirit of inquiry, anda retentive
memory; and by continual application soon became fa-
miliar with the Chinese and Tartar languages, which en-
abled him to consult the best authorities in both, respecting
history, sciences, aind literature. The result of these la-
bours he dispatched to, France from time to time, either in
Volumes, or memoirs. His principal communications in
both forms, were : 1. ** A Chinese poem in praise of the
city of Moukden," by the emperor Kien Long, translated
into Ffencb, with historical and geographical notes and*
plates, Paris, 1770, 8vo. 2, ^* The Chinese Military-
Art,*' ibid. 1772, 4t05 reprinted in vol. VII. of " Memoires
sur les Chinois ;'* and in vol. VIII. is a supplement sent
afterwards by the author. The Chinese reckon six clas-
sical works on the military art, and every soldier who
aspires to rank, mu^st undergo an examination on them alL
Aniiot translated the first three, and some parts of the
fourth, because these alone contain the whole of the Chi-
nese principles of the art of war. 3. " Letters on the-
Clrintese characters," addressed to the Royal Society of
Ldidon, and inserted in vol. I. of the ^^ Memoires sur left
Chijiois," and occasioned by the following circumstance :
in 176'!, the ingenious Mr. Turberville Needham pub»
lished some coBJectures relative to a supposed connectiorr
between the hieroglyphical writing of the ancient Egyp*
tians, and the characteristic writing now in use among the
Chinese ; founded ppon certahi symbols or characters in-
ftcfibed- dn the celebrated bust of Isis, at Turin, wbich
appeared to hrm to resemble several Chinese characters^
Frotti this he conjectured ; firsts that the Chinese charac*
terl are the same, in many respects, as the hieroglyphics
of tgyptj and secondly, that the sense of the hiero-»
gtyphics may be investigated by the eotnparative and ap-
propriated ' signification of the' Chinese characters. But
as tbe> similarity b^etween the two species of writing was
.:.*-^on tested, ixn appeal was made to the literati of China,
ATud the secxetary of the Boyal Society, Dr. Charles Morton,
A M I O T. m
addressed, himself on tbe subject to the Jesuits at Pekin^
who appointed Amiot to return an answer, which may be
seen in the Phil. Transactions, vol. LIX. It in general
gives the negative, to Needhani's opinion, but refers the
complete (i|^cision of the question to the learned socie^ty,
which he furnishes with suitable documents, copies of in*
scriptions, &c«
His next communication was, 4. ^' On the music of the
Chinese, ancient and modern,^' which fills the greater part
of vol. VI. of the " Mempires sur les Chinois." 5. " The
Life of Confucius," the most accvii*ate history of that phi-
losopher, and taken from the most authentic sources, with
a long account both of his ancestors and descendants, who
yet exist in China^ a genealogy which embraces four cen*
turies. This life, which is illustrated with plates from
Chinese designs, occupies the greater part of vol. XII. of
the " Memoires, &c.'* 6. " Dictionnaire Tatarmant-
cheou-Fran9ais," Paris, 1789, 3 vols. 4to, a work of great
value, as this language was before unknown in Europe.
The publication of it was owing to the spirit and liberality
of the deceased minister of state, M. Bertin, who bore
the expence of the types necessary, and employed M.
Langles, a learned orientalist, to superintend the press.
Amiot also sent over a grammar of that language, which
is printed in the Xlllth volume of the " Memoires." lie
pubhshed in the same work, a great many letters, pb*|
servations, and papers, on the history, arts, and sgiexices;
of the Chinese, some of which are noticed in the Montbly^
Review (see Index), and in the index to the " Memoires,''
in which his contributions fill many columns. He died at
Pekin, in 1794, aged seventy -seven. *
AMMAN (John Conrad), a Swiss physician, born at
SchaiFhausen in 1669, applied himself particularly to the
leaching- of those to speak who were born deaf, and.ac*
quired great reputation for this talent both in France and
Holland, as well as in his own country. He publisl^ed
the method he had employed, in two small tracts, which
are curious, and much sought after : one under the title of
" Surdns loquens,'' Harlemii, 1692, 8vo ; the other,
"De Loquela," Ainst 1700, 12mo.; which last, translated
into French, is inserted in Deschamps' " Cours d' education
1 Biog. Universelle.— Monthly Review ubi lupra.— •Phllot. Trewtacttons,
lis AMMAN.
des sourds et muets/* 1779, l2mo. Amman also pub^
lisfaed jt gbod edition of the works of Cofelius Aorelianus,
1709, 4to, with Janson D'Almeloveen*s notes. He died
at Marmund, in Holland, in 1724. His son, John, borii
in J 707, was also a physician, but particnlarly skilled in
Botany, on which he gave lectufes at Petersburgh^ whet^
he was elected a member of the academy of sciences.
He was also a member of the Royal Society of London.
Being desirous of extending the knowledge of those plants
which CJmelin and other travellers had discovered in thfe
different countries of Asiatic Russia, he published ** Stir-
pium rariorum in imperio Rutheno sponte provenientium
ifcones et descriptiones," Petersburgh, ITS 9, 4to, which
would have been followed by another Vbliime, if the author
had not died in the prime of life, in 1740. *
AMMAN, (JosT, or Justus), a painter and engraver,
was bom at Zurich, June 1539. His youth and studies
are involved in obscurity, ttnA tbte first notice Wfe have of
him is in 1560, when he went to Nuremberg, where he was
admitted a burgess, and where he died in 1591. Here he
began in designs on wood, paper, and copper, that career
ci incessant and persevering exertion ^ich bver-rtm all
Germany. Histoty, allegoty, emblem, «fcienc<is, trades,
arts, i]frofe8sions, rural sports, heraldrVt portrait, fashions,
were all served in their turns, and onen served so well,
dxat his inventions may still be consult^ by the artist with
advahtage. He painted with great brHliaticy on g)ass«
Slis drawings hatched with the pen, or washed, have Italian
characteristics ot style and execution.
The multitude of designs which h^ m&de, and the num-
ber of plates which he engraved, are incredible. He lived
at a time when almost every book Which made its appear «
ance was drnamented with prints, and he was employed
mostly by the great booksellers, especially by Feyeraband.
There are editions of Livy, Tacitus, Diogenes Laertius,
and many other classics, with his prints. His portraits of.
the kings of France, with short methoirs, appeared in
1576. He engraved also for the New Testament, and a
**Theatrum nmlierum,*' Francfort, 1586, 4to. One of
his most curious works is the *^ Panoplia omnium liberalhim,
mechanicarum et sedentiarium artium genera continens,"
Francfort, 1564, a collection of one hundred and fifteen
1 Biog. UniTenelle.— Diet. Hist-^Hah. Bibl. Med. '
AMMAN. 115
|^)Mi% €9cliU»fting the T«rioiis artificers at work. In the
plate of the art t>f engraving, he introduced k portrait of
AMMAN (Paul), a learned German physician aod
bottauti vna bora at Breslaw in 1634. After studying in
JrariQUs Genoum universities, he travelled to Holland and
Skif^md^ received his doctor's degree at Leipsic, and was
adodtned a aaember of the society of natural history
(racadeoiie de cuiiettx de la nature) under the name dF
Orjrander. 3n 1674, an eKtraordinary professorship was
eslaMidiad ^ him, from which he was promoted to that
of botanj, and in i6S2, to that of physiology. Amman
mm It man of a lively and somewhat turbtrient cast, and
Althongti idl h» writii^s discover great learning and talents
IB his {irofession, yet he is often harsh in his remarks on
dtherst ^^^^ of paradox, and affects a jocular humour not
Very well suited to die nature of the subjecu on which he
treats. His first work was a critical extract from the dif *
ferent decisions in the registers of the faculty of Leipsic,
Erfwt^ 1670, 4t0 ; on /vi^ich they tliought proper to pass
a public censure, in their' answer published in the same^
j^ar, under the title '^ ilacultatis medic9& Lipsienns ex-
cusatio, «&€»" His otfaenr productions were, 1. <^ Parasnesis
ad docentes occUpata circa institutionum noedicarum eraen«>
dationen,'^ Audulstadt, 1673, 12mo, a vehement invec*
tive against medical systems, especially the Galenic, in
whiph he certainly points out errors and abuses ; hut, as
Haller observes, without pointing out any thing better.
iieichner and others wrote against this work, whom he an«*
sweredy in 2. ^^ Arcbaeas syncopticus, £coardi Leichneri,
&c. oppositus," 1674, 12ma 3. <' Irenicum Numse Fom-
pilii com Hippocrates quo veterum medicorum et philo«>
sophorum hypotheses, &c. a prteconceptis opinionibus
vindioa&tur," francfort, 1689,. 8vo, a work of a satirical
cast,, and much m iiie spirit of the former. 4. ^^ Praxis
vulnerum letbalium," Francfort, 1690, 8vo. As a bo<>
tanist, he publ^hed a description of the garden at Leipsic,
and ^< Charaoter naturalis plantarum,'* 1676,. a work which
eatitles him to rank among those who have most ably con*
tributed to the advancement of the science of botany as
we now have it Nehel published an improved edition of
this work in 1700. Amman, who^m, we mayadd;| Ualler
} StruU and Pilkington^s DiclioiMiries.
120 AMMAN.
characterises as a man of a caustic turn^ and som6What
conceited, died in 1691, in bis fifty-fifth year. ^
AMMANATI (Bahtholomew), a celebrated architect'
and sculptor, was born at f'lorence in 1511, and was at first
the scholar of Baccio Bandinelli, and then of Sansoviao
at Venice ; but on his return to his own country, he studied
with much enthusiasm the sculptures of Michael Angelo in
the chapel of St. Laurence. His first works are at Pisa ;
for Florence he executed a Leda, and about the same time^
for Naples, the three figures, large as hfe, on the tomb »t^
the poet Sannazarius. Meeting with some unpleasant cir-
cumstances here, he returned to Venice, and made the
colossal Neptune, which is in St. Mark^s place. At Padua
he made another colossal. statue, of Hercules, which is still
in the Montava palace, and has been engraved. He then
went to Rome to study the antique, and pope Julius IIL
Employed him in works of sculpture in th6 capitol. Some
time after, in conjunction with Vasari, he erected the tomb
of cardinal de Monti, which ddded very considerably. to" his
fame..' Besides these, he executed a great number, of
works for Rome, Florence, and other places. The porti-
coes of the court of the palace Pitti are by him, as well as
the bridge oft^e Trinity, one of the finest structures that
have been raised since the revival of the arts, the facade of
the Roman college, and the palace Rupsoli on the Corso»
This architect composed a large work, entitled " La Cita,**
comprising designs for all the public edifices necessary to a
great city. This book, after having passed successively
through several hands, was presented some time in the
eighteenth century to prince . Ferdinand of Tuscany, and
it is now among the collection 'of designs in the gallery of
Florence, after having been long inquired after, and sjup-
posed to be lost. After the death of his wife, he devoted
the greater part of his wealth to pious purposes, and died
himself in 1592. His .wife, Laura Battiferri, an Italian
lady of distinguished genius and learning, was the daugh-
ter of John Antony Battiferri, and was bora at Urbino in
1513. She spent her whole life in the study of philosophy
and polite literature, and is esteemed one of the best Ita-
lian poets of the sixteenth century. The principal merit
of her poems,. " L'Opere Toscane," 1560, consists in a
Aohle elevation, their being filled with excellent momU^
} Biog. UnWerseile.— H»U«r BU)L Med^^Maaget Bibl.
A M M A N A T I. 121
«ad dieir breathing a spii^it of piety. The academy of In-
tronati, at Sienna, chose her one of their members. She
jdied in November 1589, at seventy-six years of age. ^
AMMIANUS (Marcellii^s), a Roman historian of the
fourth centttry> was a Greek by birth, as we may collect
from aeveral pass^es in bis history; and from a letter
which the sophist Libanius wrote to him, and #hich is still
extant, he appears to have b^en born at Antioch. In bis
youth he followed the profession of arms, and was enrolled
among the /^ proiectores domesticiy^'* a species of guards
consisting of young men of family. From the year 350 to
359,' he served in the East, and in Gaul, under Urficinus,
master of the horse to Cpnstantius. In the year 363, he
was with Julian in his Petsian exj^edition, after which he
5eems to have continued in the £ast, and to have lived ge-
nerally at Antioch. In the year 374, hov^ever, be left An-
tioch, and went to Rome, where he wrote his history of the
Roman affairs from Nerva to the death of Valens in the
year 378. This consisted of thirty-one books, but the last
eighteen only remain, which begin at the seventeenth year
of Constantius, A. D. 353. His style is rough, which is
not perhaps extraordinary in a soldier and a Greek writ-
ing in Latin, but there are many splendid passages, and he is
allowed to be faithful and impartial. From the candid manner
in which he speaks of Christianity, some have thought him
a Christian, but there being no other foundation for such a
supposition, the question has been generally decided in'tbe
negative,' especially in the preface to Valesius's edition of
his works, and in his life in the General Dictionary by
Bayle. Lardner is of opinion, that as he wrote under
Christian emperors, he might not judge it proper to pro-
fess bb religion unseasonably, and might think fit to be
somewhat cautious in his reflections upon Christianity.
Mosheim thinks that Ammianus, and some other learned
men of his time, were a sort of neuters, neither forsaking
the religion of their ancestors, nor rejecting that of the
Christians; but in tliis Dr. Lardner cannot coincide. It is
evident that he defended idols and the worshippers of them,
that he makes Julian the apostate his hero, and appears to
be unfriendly to Constantius. It is generally allowed,
however', that he deserves the character which he gives of
himself at the conclusion of his work, that of a faithful
* Baldiaacciy notiziode' prof«iiori del disegQO.«-More^i.««-Biog. UnWtrsolle.
T«-Dict. Hist.
i2a A MM lATS V &
hidtiDirim. Lnrdnet hay qooted «om« impoftenl |9liAagMi
Irom hiflD) ia bis '^ TemmMies ^ Ancient Heathen^.*
His death is supposed to bave taken place abmt the ftM
Tfaene are m^y editioBs of Ammiani^s : the first, Roixi^,
1474, a rare book, was edited by Sabiftiis, with scrtrpalbtisr
fidelity to the maauscripts €aisteUi!» publiiAied one i'fi
1517, at Bologna, and Frobenicis iiMtber ftt Baril, tSI^,
all in folio, but comprising only thirteen books. The other
five were added to Accnvsim! edition, 15BS, in wbicfa he
boasts of having corrected five hundred ^errors. 1%^ best,
perhaps, is that of Grenovius, Leyden, 169S,'{bl. and 4t6.
There at« differences of opinion among bibliographers re-
specting the early editions, which we have not been ablets
reconcUe, some making the frineeps editie to f^on^sl x>nly
of eleven books.*
AMMJRATO, or AmwibAtTI (Scipio), an eminent hi$to«
rian, was bom at Lucca, in the kingdom of Naples, the ^th
of September 1531. 'He studied first at Poggiardo, after-
wards at Bfundusinm:; and^ in 1547, he went to Kaples,
in order to go through a course of civil lew. Whenlte was
at Barri with ibis father^ he was deputed by that city to
manage some a&drs at Naples, which he executed widi
great success. Some time irfber, he determined to enter
into the church, and was acc<mling)y ordained by the
bishop of Luoca, who conceived so high an esteem for
him, as to give him a canonry in his church ; 'but ttot meet-
ing afterwards with the preferment he expected, be formed
a design of going to Venice, and entering into tdie service
of some ambassador, in order to visit the ^veral coorts of
Europe. Alexander Contarini^- however, dissuaded bfan
from this resolution of travelling, and engaged Mm to con«
tinue with him at Venice ; where he had an opportunity ot
contracting a friendship with many learned' men. But he
was prevented by a very singular circumstance. The wife '
of Contarini, who used to take great pleasure in AmnriratO^s
conversation, having sent him a present as a token of het
friendship, some ill-natured persons represented this civi*
lity in a light suiBcient to excite the resentment tff a jea-
lous husband, and Ammirato was obliged immediately t<»
fly, in order to save his liie» He tetumed td 'Lucca, and
4
I Moreri.— -Biog. Uiiiverselle. — Lardner'B Works, voL VUI.— Carr, vol Lr—
Saxii OnomasticdB.
A M M I R A T Q. its
bk fa.Att being tteh at Bani^ he wimt tUther 10 Uti, irat '
ntbt with a terjr cool receptioii^ as he wot dissatisfied ix>
find him in no probable vray of making a fortune^ from
having neglected the study of the law ; and wtth this he
reproached him very frequently.
Mareellus Mareiei being chosen pope in 1 ^i^h, luider
the name of Marcelles il. Ammirato, who knew dist Ni««
cobo Majorano, bishop of Molfetta, a city near Banri, haii
been formerly a friend of the pope^s^ persuaded him to ga
to Rome, and congratulate him upon his election, with a
vieWi by attending the bishop in his journey, to procurer
some place under the nephews of that pope 4 bat, as tbef
were preparing for this journey, the death of Mareellus
put a stop to their intended scheme, and destroyed their
hopes ; upon which Ammirato retired to a country <-seat of
his father's, where he applied himself closely to his studies.
At last he was determined to return to Naples, in order t0
engage again in the study of the law, and to take his de*
grees in it; his relish for this profession was not in the
least increased, but he thoaght the title he might procure
would be of advantage to iu^. He bad not, however,
been six months at Naples, before he grew weary of it^
and entered successively into the service of several nobie-*
men as secretary. Upon his return to Lucca, he was $f^
pointed by this city to go and present a petition to pope
Pius IV. in their favour, which office he discharged widi
success. Upon his return to Lucca, he was appointed by
the city of Naples to settle there, and write the histoty of
that kingdom ; but the cold reception he met with from the
governors who had sent for him, disgusted him so much,
that he left the city with a resolution to return no more,-
and although they repented afterwards of their neglect of
him, and used all possible means to bring him baek^ b^
continued inflexible. He then went to Rome, where be
pr6cttied a great many friends ; and, having travelled over
p«rt of Italy, visited Florence, where be resolved td settle^
being engaged by the kind ret;eption which the Grand
Dnke gave to men of letters^ He was appointed to write
the history of Florence, and recmed many iostamces of that
prince's bounty, which he increased after this pnMicatron^
by presenting him veith a canonry in the cathedral of Flo<^
rence. This easy situation now gave him an opportuniqr
of applying himself more vigorously to his stuaies, and
writing the greatest part of his works. Ha died at Fie-
124 A MM I R A T O.
rence the 30th of January, 1601, in the 69th year of hb
age. His works are as follow : 1. ^'Arguments,'' in ka-
lian verse, of the cantos of Ariosto^s Orlando FuriosOji
which were first published in the edition of that poem at
Venice, in 1548, in 4to. 2. "II Decalione dialogo del
poeta," Naples, 1560, 8 vo. 3. " Istorie Florentine dopo
la fondatione di Fierenze insino alP anno 1574,*' printed
at Florence, 1 600, in 2 vols, folio. 4. ^^ Discorsi sopra
Comelio Tacito," Florence, 1598, 4to. 5. " Delle fa-
miglie nobili Napolitane,'' part I. at Florence, 1580^
in folio; part II. at Florence, 1651, folio. 6. ** Dis-
corsi delle famiglie Paladina et TAntoglietta,"^ Florence,
1605, in 4to. 7. *^ Albero et storia della famigtia de conte
Guidi, col? agiuntc de Scipione Ammirato Giovane," Flo-
rence, 1640 and 1650. 8. *< Delle famigiie Fiorentine/*
Florence, 1615, folio. 9^. " Vescovi de Fiesoli di Volterra,
e d' 'Arezzo, con Taggiunta di Scipione Ammirato il Gio«
Tane," Florence, 1637, 4to. 10. " Opuscoli varii," Flo-
rence, 1583, in 8vo. II. " Rime varie," printed in a
collection of poems by different authors. Venice, 1 553^ in
8vo. 12. « Poesi Spirituali," Venice, 1634, in 4to.
13. ^^ Ahnotazioni sopra la seconde parte de Sonetti di
Bernardino Rota fatti in ijaorte di Porzia Capece sua mog-
lia,V Naples, 1560, in 4to. He left a manuscript life of
himself, which is said to have been deposited in the library
of the hospital of St. Mary. He made his secretary, Del
Bianco, his heir, on condition of taking his name, who
accordingly called himself Scipio Ammirato the younger.
He was editor of some of his benefactor's works, particu-
larly of bis history of Florence, a performance of great
accuracy and credit. ^
AMMONIUS, son of Hermias the peripatetic philoso-
pher, flourished at the beginning of the sixth century, and
was the disciple of Proclus. He is said to have excelled
in mathematical learning, and wrote a '^ Commentary on
Aristotle De Interpretatione,'' which was printed by Aldus
at Venice, 1503; and a ^^ Commentary In Isagogen Por*
.phyrii,'* first printed in 1500, and often reprinted. He
has been sometimes confounded with Ammonius the gram*
marian, but the latter flourished in the fourth century, and
wrote a valuable work on Greek Synonymes, which may
be seen in Stephens^s Thesaurus and Scapula*% Lexicon. ^
1 Gen. Dict.->-Moreri.-~Siixii Onomasticoiu
A M M O N I tr S. 123
AMMONIUS (Andrew), a native of Lucca, born in
1477, was educated in all the polite literature of Italy, and
became apostolic notary, and collector for the pope in
England. Here he spent the latter years of his life, in the
society and intimacy of the most eminent scholars of that
time, as Colet, Grocyn, Erasmus, &c. and studied with
them at Oxford. He was also Latin secretary, and in
much favour with Adrian de Castello, bishop of Bath and
Wells, who is said to have made such interest as procured
him the secretaryship to Henry VIU. He was also made
prebendary of Compton-Dunden in the church of Wells,
and, as some report, rector of Dychiat in the same diocese.
By the recommendation of the king he was also made a
prebendary of Salisbury, and in all probability, would have
soon attained higher preferment, had he not been cut oflf
by the sweating sickness, in the prime of life, 1517. Eras*
mos, with whom he corresponded, lamented his death in
most affectionate terms. • He is mentioned as a writer of
poetry, but his poems do not exist either in print or manu-
script, except one short piece in the ^* Bucolicorum auc-
tores,'' Basil, 1546, 8vo. There are some of his letters in
Erasmus's works. According to Wood he was buried in
St Stephen's chapel, Westminster. *
AMMONIUS, surnamed Saccas, one of the most cele-
brated philosophers of his age, was born in Alexandria,
and* flourished about the beginning of the third century.
His history and his opinions have been the subject of much
dispute among modern writers, to some of whom we shall
refer at the close of this article, after stating what appears
to be the probable account. In the third century, Alex-
andria was the most renowned seminary of learning. A
set of philosophers appeared there who called themselves
Eclectics, because, without tying themselves down to.
any one set of rules, they chose what they thought most
agreeable to truth from different masters and sects. Their
pretensions were specious, and they preserved the appear-
ance of candour, moderation, and dispassionate inquiry,
in words and declarations, as their successors, the modern
free- thinkers, have since done. Ammonius Saccas seems
to have reduced the opinions of these Eclectics to a sysr
t«m. Plato, was his principal guide ; but he invented many
' ' Gcih Dict.-p-Ath. Ox. toI. I.— JortiQ's Life of Erastnui.— Ilo$coc*i'L«).-*-
»3$ AMMONIUa
things of which Plato never dreamed. What bis religkmt
profession was, is disputed among the learned. Undpubt^
^ly be was educated a Christian ; and although- P^hT'^
fhyry^ in his enmity against CbrisLianity^ observes that he
ibrsook the Go^el, and returned to Gentilism, yet the tes«
^mony of Eusebius, who mnst have known the iact, proipes
Ijdat he continued a Christian s^l bis days. His tracts on
'^e agreement of Moses and Jesus, and his harmony of th€^
46ur gospQJ^, dciinanstrate that he desired to be considered
as a Christian. (lis opinion^ however, w^s, that all rail*
J;ions, vulgar and philosophical, Grecian a^d barbarousj^
iewish and Qentile, mei^nt the same thing at bottom. H^
uiidertook, by allegorizing and svibtilizing various fables
and sy^tems^ to make up a coalition of all sects and reli-*
^Qn$ ; aqd from his labours, continued by his disctpl^^
spme of whose works still remain, his followers were taugh*
tp Ipok on Jev^f, philosopher, vulgar Pagan, and Christian^
^s a|l, of the ^me creed. Longinus and Plotinos appear
to have been the disciples of Ammonius, who is supposed
to have die4 abont the year 24S. His history i^d prin-
^les are discussed by Dr« Lardlner, in his Credibility^
^d by Mosheim in his history, the translator of which dif*^
fers from Dr. Lardner in toio^ and has been in this respect
followed by Mihaer in his Church History recently pi^b*
lished.7
AMNER (Richard), sl diss^ting divine, was born ^%
Hinckley in Leicestershire in 1736, and was for, manjf
years ^ preaqher at Hampstead, near London, and after^^
wards at Cpseley, in Staffordsbi^ e^ f>^in which he retirt4
UK his latter ^3.y& to his t^ative towim where he died June 9«
)803« He was a naanof some learning in biblical criticism^.
^8 appears by his various publications on theological sub-
j^ts. Hq wrote, 1. ^^ An account of the occasion a^ci
design of the positive Institutions of Christianity, extracted
from the Scriptures only,'' 1774, 8vo<, 2. ^^ An essay to*
wards ap interpretation of the Prophecies of Daniel, witl%
occasional remarks upon spine of the most celebrated corn^
mentaries on them," 1776, $vo. 3. << Considerations ooit
the doctrine of a Future State, aud ^e Resurrection, as re«
sealed, or supposed to be so, ij^ tb^ Scriptures } .oa thfi|
inspira^on and authority of the Scripture itself; on sqsaa
— G«n. Diet— Saxii ODOoiMficoB,
A M N £ It, Ut
yw^tiil^Dii. in 8l. Pwl'a Epistles ; on the propbeci^s of
Staiffl 9ficl St. Jobn, &p. Tq which are added, some stric**
tmi^ Vk tbe propbf!<;i^ of Isaiah/' 1798, 8vo. In tbi«
work) which ia aa devoid of elegance of style, as of strength
of argwnoiU, and which ^hows how far a man may gp, to
wh^m «I1 eaiablished belief is obaoxious, the inspiration of
Itm Iji^if Testament writers is questioned, the geni;ine«
msa of the Apocalypse is endeavoured to be invalidated ;
and the evangelical predictions of Isaiah are transferred
fr«an the Messiah to the political history of our own timet^
The most aiogalar circumstance of the personal history of
Mjc- Amner^ was his incurring the displeasure of George
Sceevensy the celebrated commentator on Shakspeare^
This tie probably did very innocently, for Mr. Steevens
was one of those meii who wanted no motives for revengo
or malignily but what he found in his own breast. He bad^
bftwever, contracted a dislike to Mr. Amner, who was his
neighbour at Hampstend, and marked hiip out as the vie*
iioi of a species of malignity which, we believe, has no
pauaUeL This was his writing several notes to the tnde«
«ent passages in Sfttak^peare, in a gross and immoral style^
d {facing Mr» Amner's name to them. These appeared
in the edition of 1793, and are still continued. ^
AMONTONS (WiJLLUM)^ an ingenious French me^
ebanic^ waa bom in Normandy the last day of August,
M63. Hia father haidug removed to Paris, William re-
f>eiv^ the first part of his education in this city. He was
in the third form of the Latin school, when, after a con-^
sUerable illness, he contracted such a deafness as obliged
lum to renounce almost all conversation with mankind. In
this situation he began to think of employing himself in
Ihe invention of machines : he applied therefore to the
study of geometry ; audit is said, that he would not try any
remedy to eyre his deafness, either because he thought it
incurable^ or because it increased his attention. He stu«
died also jdie arts of drawing, of surveying lands, and of
building, and in a short time he endeavoured to acquire a
knowledge of those more sublime laws which regulate the
universe. He studied with great care the nature of baro^
aetem and thermometers; and, in 1687, he presented a
new bygroscope to the royal academy of sciences, which
was very much ap{)toved. He conununitated to Huhin^
1 Gent Maf. 119%, 1803.
121 A M O N T O N S.
a famous enameller, some thoughts he bad c&nC^ived^ coti^
cerning new barometers and thermometers ; but Hubin
had anticipated him in some of his thoughts, and did not
much regard the rest, till he made a voyage into England,
where the same thoughts were mentioned to him by some
fellows of the Royal Society. Amontons found out a me^
thod to communicate intelligence to a great distance, in a
very little time, which Fontenelle thus described: Let
there be people placed in several/ stations, at such a dis-
tance from one another, that by the help of a telescope a
man in one station may see a signal made in the next be-
fore him ; he must immediately make the same signal,
that it may be seen by persons in the station next after
him, who is to communicate it to those in the following
station ; and so on. These signals may be as letters of the
alphabet, or as a cypher, understood only by the two per«*
sons who are in the distant places, and not by those who
make the signals. The person in the second station making
the signal to the person in the third the very moment he
sees-it in the first, the news may be carried to the greatest
distance in as little time as is necessary to make the signals
in the first station. The distance of the several stations,
which must be as few as possible, is measured by the reach
of a telescope. Amontons tried this method in a small
tract of land, before several persons of the highest lank at
the court of France. This apparently is the origin of the
telegraph now so generally used ; but there exists a book,
entitled "De Secretis," written by one Weckerus in 1582,
where he gives, froni the authority of Cardanus, who flou-
rished about 1 530, the following method by which the be^
sieged party in a city may communicate their circumstances
to 'the surrounding country : Suppose five torches to be
lighted, and held in a horizontal line ; the first torch upon
^be left hand of the looker-on to represent A, the second
E, and so on for the five vowels. The consonants arc per-
formed thus ; inclining the first torch to the left represents
. B, to the right C, elevating it above the line D, and de-
pressing it below F. By the second torch brandished in
the same manner, the four succeeding consonants may be
represented^ &c. which will comprehend in all twenty let-
ters. Cardanus says, that the historian Polybius, who
flourished above a century before Christ, in one of hit
fragments gives an obscure and mutilated description of^a
method to effect the above" purpose. Probably, adds the
A M O N T O N S. i29
gentleman to whom we are indebted for this comtslunjca-*
tioti, a copy of this De Secretis, or the obscur6 description
of Polybius, might, unacknowledged, have ihfused Anion*
tons with the idea of the modern telegraph ; and, after the
primary hint was given, the application of the telescope
might easily occur. What, however, is most remarkable,
is, that in neither case was the invention followed up, but
lay dormant until the commencement of the revolutionary
war of France in 1 7 9 3.
In 1695, Aroontons published " Remarques et expe-
riences physiques sur la construction d^une nouvelle clep-
isydre, sur les barometres, thermometres, et hygrometres ;'*
and this is the only book he wrote, besides the pieces which
he contributed to the Journal des Sgavans. Though the
bour-glasses made with water, so much in use among the
ancients, be entirely laid aside, because the clocks and
watches are much more useful, yet Amontons took a great
deal of pains in makit^g his new hour-glass, in hopes that it
might serve at sea, bein^ made in such a manner, that the
most violent motion could not alter its regularity, whereas
a great agitation infallibly disorders a clock or watch.
When the royal academy was new regulated in 1699,
Amontons was admitted a member of it, and read there his
new theory of Friction, in which he happily cleax^ed up a
very important part of mechanics. He had a particular
genius for making experiments : his notions were precise
and just : he knew how to prevent the inconveniences of
his new inventions, and had a wonderful skill in executing
them. He enjoyed perfect health, and, as he led a regu-
lar life, was not subject to the least infirmity, but was
suddenly seized with an inflammation in his bowels, which
occasioned his death, 11th of October, 1705," aged 42.
The eloge of Amontons may^ be seen in the volume of
the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences for the year 1705,
Hist. p. 150. And his pieces contained in tha different
irolumes of that work^ which are numerous, and upon
various subjects, as the air, action of fire, barometers^
thermometers, hygrometers, friction, machines, heat, cold,
rarefactions, pumps, &c. may be seen in the volumes for
the years 1696, 1699, 1702, 1703, 1704, and 1705. >
AMORT (EusEBius), a canon regular of the order of
St Augustine, distinguished himself in Bavaria by the putk)**
t Gen. Dict.i-«>Moreri.—-Foniettell« Hist, dt i'Aqad. dss Scieocei, 1T0^,«*
Button's Mathematical Dictf
Vol.. IJ. K
J39
AMOR T,
ber and vdine of bis writings, ^though ooeny of tbem vixc
pa subjects tbft); will not now be thought interesting. He
was esteemed 9> wise and modest man^ but rather singular
in some points. He published, i^mong other works, ^< Phir
Josophia Pollingana/' Augsburg, 1730, fol, at the end of
which is m extraordinary attempt to deny the earth^s mo-*
tion ; ^^ A theological history of Indulgences,^' fol. ; a
supplement to ** Poatas's Dictionary of cases' df Con-
science ;'' ^^ Rules from holy scripture, councils, and tha
fathers, res$pecting revelations, apparitionsy and visions,''
2 vols. 17^4, 4to ; " A dissertation on the author of The
imitation pf Jesus Christ, usually attributed to Thomas ^
Kempis.'' All these works, of which, except the first, we
Jiave not been able to recover the exact titles, were written
in Liatin. Amort died Nov. 25, 1775, at the age of eighty i-
two. *
AMORY (Thomas), a dissenting minister of consider-
9ble note, was the son of a grocer at Taunton jn Somerset-^
shire, where he was born Jan. 28, 1701 ; and at that place
acquired bis classical learning, under the care of Mr, Cha,d^
wick. From Taupton he w^s removed to Exeter, that he
might be instructed in the f rench language by M^ Mar
jendie, a refugee minister in that city. After this, he re-*
turned to Mr* Chadwick, where be had for his schoolfellow
Mr. Micaiab Towgood ; and at Lady-day 1717, they were
l>oth put under the academical instruction of Mr, Stephen
James and Mr. Henry Groyen the joint tutors at Tauntoii
for bringing up young persons to the dissenting ministry.
Under these preceptors, Mr. Amory went through the usual
preparatory learning ; s^nd in the summer of 1722 was ap-r
proved of as a candidate for the ministry *. Being desirous
pf improvement, be removed, ip the November following^
$0 London, and attended a course of experimental {Philo-
sophy, under Mn John Eames, Upon his return tf) Taudr
* When young men, among the dig-'
I fillers, have passed through, or neaiiy
flnUhed tli^eir academical course, they
^dergo an examination either of the
trustees and tutors of the seminaries in
irbicti they>baTe been educated, or of
some other mii^isters fixed upon for
that purpose. Upon the«e occasions,
they usually deliver a sermon, mm-*
tain a thesis, and submit to such ezer-
eiies besides as are thought needful
and proper^ If their qualifications
and moral characters be approved o^
they receive a testimonial signifyinf
that approbation, accompanied with ^
recommendation of them to those so-
cieties among whom tbey may b«
called to oilicjate. Tbis method Qif
proceeding may be considered as an-
swering, in a great measure, to the
conferring of deacon's orders in Uif
church of England.
i.Dlat. Hi9t.-^Bk)g. Universeile.
^
AMORT. l»i
loS) he preached alternately at sereral places in the
neighbourhood; till, upon Mr. James's death in 1724 or
1725, Mr. Amory was fixed as a stated assistant preacher
to Mr. Datch of Hull Bishops ; besides which, he had one
monthly turn at Lambrook near South Petherton, and ano-
ther at West Hatch, four miles from Taunton. At the same
time, he was requested by his uncle, Mr. Grove, to take a
part in the instruction of the pupils, in the room of Mr.
James, with which request he complied. The business
assigned bim he discharged with great ability and dili*
gence ; being well qualified for it by his profound acquaint-
ance with the Greek and Roman languages, his correct
taste in the classics, and by his thorough knowledge of the
best and latest improvements in sound philosophy. In
1730, he was ordained at Paul's meeting in Taunton, and
from this time was united, in the congregation at Taunton,
with Mr. Batsen ; but that gentleman keeping the whole
salary to himself, several of the principal persons in the
society were so displeased with him, that, early in th^
spring of 1732, they agreed to build another meeting**
house, and to choose Mr. Amory for their pastor. In the
beginning of 1738, on the death of Mr. Grove, he became
chief tutor in the academy at Taunton, and conducted the
business of it with the same abilities, and upon the same
principles. He had the advantage of the lectures and ex^
perience of his excellent uncle, added to his own : and
many pupils were formed under him, of great worth and
distinguished improvements in literature. In 1741, he
married a daughter of Mr. Baker, a dissenting minister in
Southwark; an excellent lady, who survived him, and
'with whom he lived in the greatest affection and harmony.
By tbid lady he had several children, four of whom sur-
vived him. During his residence in Taunton he was held
in the greatest esteem, not only by his own society, but
by all the neighbouring congregations and ministers ; ^nd
even those who differed the most from him in religious
opinions, could not avoid paying a tribute of respect to the
integrity and excellence of his character. He was much
respected, likewise, by the gentlemen and clergy of the
established church, ' and was particularly honoured, when
fety young, with the friendship of Mrs. Rowe, with whom
he kept up a correspondence by letters. Orfe instance of
Ae respect entertained for hrm, and of his own liberal and
honourable conduct, cannot be omitted. When tome . of
K 2
^Sfi A M O R Y.
the priiioipal persons of the Baptist society in Tftunton,
.^owingto the disgust they bad received at their then pastor,
would have deserted him, and coiumunicaiXed to Mr. Amqiy
their intention of becoming his stated hearers, be gene"-
rously dissuaded them from the execution of their design^
as a step which would prove highly injurious to the reputa^
tion, ipembers, and interest of the congregation they ior
tended to leaye. Mr. Aipory was so happy with bis people
ixt Tauutpn, and so generally respeCJted and beloved hqth
in the town and the neighbourhood, tb^it, perhaps^ it may
be deemed strange that hie should be induced to quit bis
jsituation, This, howeveri he did, in October 1759, at
which time he repioved to London, to be afternoon preacher
to the sopiety in the Old Jewry, belonging to I)r« Saiyiuel
Chandler, But the grand mptive, besides the hope of
inore extensive usefulness, seems tp h^ve been^ th^t he
plight advantageously dispose pf his children, in whiqii
respect he succeeded. It must, indeed* be sicknowleilged;^
that h^ did not, in the metropolis, meet with all that po^
pularity, as ^ preacher, tp Vrhich he w^s entitled by bi^
rea) merit. His delivery was clear and distinct, and his
discourses excellent ; but his voice was npt powerful enough
to rouse the bulk pf mankind, who are struck with poise
jfand parage: jand his sermon^, though practical, serious,
and affecting to the attentive hearer, were rather too phi-
losophical for the common run of congregations, But Mr.
Ajpoiy enjoyed a general respect; and he received every
piark of distinction which is usually paid, in London,* tQ
the if^ost eminent ministers of the presbyterian denominaT
^ion. In 1767> be wasi chosen QM^ of the trustees to tb^
charities of Dr. Daniel Williani^. Jn 1768^ the uniYersity
qf Edinburgh ponferred upon him the degree of p, D, aft4
in the same year be was elected one of the six Tuesday
lecturers at Salter's Hall. It ought to have been oientioped,
that previouis to these last events, he was ebosen, s^t the
death of Dr. Chandler, in 1766, a pastor of the society ai
^he Pld Jewry ; in which situa^tion he continued tiU bis;
decease. In J 770, he becanie mq|-ning-prejicher fit New?
pgton f^reen^ and colleague yviih the tcv* Pr. .Ilichar4
Price. When the dissenting minister?^ in 1772, formed ^
de§igp of pndeavouring to propure ?in ^nla^rgement of the
Jqleratipn act, Pr. Aniory ^as one of the conimittee ap-
ppin|:ed fo^r tb^t purpose ; and none co^dd b^ Xf^ors zealouui
for the prosecution of the scheme.
Di*. Amory had the felicity of being able td continue hig
public services nearly to the last. June 16th, 1774, he was
seized with a sudden disorder which left him nearly in a
state of insensibility till his death, which happened an the
24th of that mouth, and in the 74th year of his age^ He
was interred in Bunhill Fields, on the 5th of July ; and his
funeral was attended by a respectablie number of ministers
and -gentlemen. The discourse, on the occasion of his
death, was preached in the Old Jewry, on the 10th of tbo
sam<e month, by the rev. Dr. Roger Flexman of Rother-
hithe, who had been connected with him in an intimate
friendship for more than 40 years ; which friendship. Dr.
Flexman assures us, had never once been interrupted by
distaste, or darkened with a frown.
Dr. Amory's character was. excellent in every view. It
seems, says Dr. Kippis, to have been formed upon that of
his uncle, Mr. Grove ; with whom he had been closely
connected from his infancy, and his connection with whom
he considered as the principal felicity of his life. His piety
was equally rational and fervent. It was founded on the
most enlarged sentiments concerning the divine pi*ovidetice
and government ; and was, therefore, displayed in a spirit
of cheerful devotion, love, and confidence! None could
excel him as a husband, a father, a master^ and a friend.
He was distinguished for his general benevolence and hu«
inanity ; and as a companion he was remarkably pleasing
and engaging. He abounded with a number of short
stories, drawn from an extensive knowledge of books and
men, which, while they were entertaining, were calculated
and designed to convey instruction.
In his public character, as a teacher of religion, Dn
Amory was greatly respectable. The devotional part of
worship was conducted by him with admirable propriety,
seriousness, and fervour. His sermons were close, 9ccu*
rate, solid, and affectionate. * He never devoted the pulpit
to trifling subjects. If any thing disputable was ever in-
troduced by him, it was to expose the doctrines of rigid
Calvinism ; ' as his sentiments, with regard to both natural
and revealed religion, nearly agreed with those of Dr.
Slimuel Clarke, and of the divines who were his coadjutors.
As to )iis learning, it was solid, judicious, and extensive.
He was well acquainted with every part of theology, and
much conversant with ethics, natural and experimental
IS4 A M O K Yi
philosophy, tnd tk^ best an^^ents^ espficiaUy their moral
writings. Nor was he above amusing himself with histoiypr
books of travels, poetry, and other entertaining species of
composition. But his general application was to thoM
more serious and important parts of study, that were im-
mediately suited to his profession.
His works consist principally of Sermons preached on
various occasions, some of which were after their first pub-^;
lication collected into volumes, and a volume was published
after his death. Besides these be published ^ A Dialogue
on Devotion," 1733 ; " Forms of Devotion for the closet^"
1763, 8vow JHe was also the editor of Dr. Grove's post*
humous worksji and wrote his life, and the Life of Dr. Ben*
sou, and of Dr. Samuel Chandler. Some poetical pieces,
have been attributed to him, particularly a poem on die
praises oS Taunton^ the place of his birth, pubhshed itk
1724. *
AMORY (TaoMAS), esq* the son of counsellor Amory^
who attended king William in Ireland, and was appointed
secretary for the forfeited estates in that kingdom, where
he was possessed of a very extensive property in the county
of Clare. Our author was not bom in Irdand, aa it hair
been suggested. It has been conjectured that he was bred*
to some branch of the prclessionof physic^ but it is not
known that he ever followed that or any other pro&tsion.
About 1757 he lived in a very reduse way on a small for**
tune> abd his remdence was in Orchard street, Westmhi-/
ster.. At that tie^^ ako he had a country lodging for occav*
sional retiremi^iit in the suomaer, at Belfont, near Hoon-
slow. He had then a wi{e> who bore a very vespectaUe.
character, and' by whom he had a son, who practised
nasny years ae a physician in tbe north of En^nd. On
tjie saaae au^thority we tx» told, that he wa^. a maot q£ a
very peculiar look auji aspect, though at the same tine he
bore <^ite the ap^deavaMO of a geaitkaoiAO*. He read much,
an4 scaree e^er stixredi abroad ; bat in the dusk of the
jpvening wotadd take bis usual walk, and seemed alweys to
he ruminating en: speculative subjects, eveu wbcB passing
along the fldoat crowded streets.
lu; 1751, oa due publication of Wd Orrery's remarks oit
the life and writings of Dc. Swift,, the fdSioning adwr*
1 Biog. Brit.
A M O A V* l3i
lis^ment ±ppetted In tht Whitehall Svening Post, Dec;
12, 1751 ; hurt we; have tiot been able to diseover that the
pkmphlet was etet printed :
"Soon Will be published, A Letteif to lord Ofrery, in an-
swer to what bii lordship say^ in Ms late refnarks iti praise of
Swift's sermon on the Trinity ; being an attempt to vindi--
cate the divinity of God, the Father Aintiighty ; aild to cbn^
vince his^ lordship, if he has a . mind open to conviction,
that the tritheistic discoarse preached by the dean of St*
Patrick^s, is so far from being that masterpiece ofiy lord
Orrery calk it, that it is in reality the most seitseless a.hd
despicable perfarmance t^t ever was produced by ortho"*
doxy to corrnpt the divjtie religion of the bfessed Jesus*
By Thomas Amory, esq.'*
In 175# he published "Memoirs, Containing the lives of
several ladies of Great Britain*" " A history of antiquities,
productions of nature, and monuments of aft." *^ Observiai-
tions on the Christian religion, as professed by the esta;-^
blished church and dissenteris of every denomination.'*
^ Remarks on the writings of the greiatest English divines :
and a review of the Works of the writes called Infidels^
from lord Herbert of Cherbury to the late lord viscount
Bolingbroke. With a variety of disquisitions and opinions
relative to criticism atid mannei;s ; and many extraordinary
actions* In several' letters," 8Vo»
The characters of the ladies celebrated in this.Virork are
truly ridiculous, and probably the offspring of fiction. They
are not only beautiful, learned, ingenious, and religious
but they are all zesiildus Unitarians in a. very high degree i
as is the author hiinself. At the eud of the history of these
memoirs, he promised a continuation of them, , which was
Co contain what the public would then have received with
great satisfaction, and certainly ^ould still, should the
MSS. luckily remain in being. His words are as follow :
" N. B. In an appendix to the second volume of this
work, the reader will -find an account of two very extraor-
dinary persons, dean Swift, and Mrs. Constantia Grierson^
of Dublin.
" As to the dean,, we have four histories of him, lately
put>lrshed : to wit, by lord Orrery, the Observer on lord
Orrery, Deane* Swift, esq. and Mrs. Filkington ; but after
all the man is not described. The ingenious female writer
comes nearest to his character, so far as she relates j but
Iter relation Lsr an imperfect piece. My lord and the re*
136 A.pO, R Y.
marker bn his lordship^iiave given us mere critiques on bis^
writings, and not ^^|^isfactory as one could wish. They
are not painters. 4[pd;^s to Mn Swift, the dean's cousin^
his essay is an odd ^i^i. of history of the doctor's family,
and vindication of the dean's high birth, pride, and pro-
ceedings. His true character is not attempted by this
writer. He says it never can he di^j^ up with any degree
of accuracy, iso exceedingly sire^i^gfe^' various, and. per-*
plexed it was ; and yet the materiajl are to be gathered
from his Writings. All this I deny, I think I can draw bis
/ cbaracter; not from his writings,' but from my own near
observations on the man. . I "knew him well, though I never
was within-side of his house; because t could not flatter,
cringe, or meanly humour the extravagancies of any man.
I am sure I knew him better than .any of those friends he
entertained twice a week at the deanery, Stella excepted.
I had him often to myself in hi^ rides and walks, and have
studied his soul when be little thought what I was about.
As i lodged for a year within a few doors of him, I knew
his times of going out to a minute^ and generally nicked
the opportunity. He was fond of company upon these
Occasions ; and glad to have any rational person to talk to :
for, whatever was the meaning of it, he rarely had any of
his friends attending hiin at his exercises. One servant
only and no companion he had with him, as often as I have
met him, or came up with him. What gave me the easier
access to him, was my being tolerably well acquainted with
our politics and history, and knowing many places, thingi^
1)eople and parties, civil and religious, of his beloved Eng*
and. Upon this account he was glad I joined hinv We
talked generally of factions and religion, states and revo-
lutions, leaders and parties. Sometimes we ha^ other sub-*
jects. Who I was he never knew; nor did I seeim to know
he was the dean for a long time ; not till one Sunday even-
ing that his verger put me into his seat at St Patrick's
prayers, without my knowing the do.ctor sat there. Then
I was obliged to recognize the great man, and seemed in
a very great surprise. This pretended ignorance of mine
as to the person of the dean had given me an opportunity
of discoursing more freely with, and of receiving more ia^
formation from the doctor than otherwise I could have en-
joyed. The dean y/as proud beyond all other mortals I
have seen, and quite another man when he was known.
'^ This may appear strange to many ; but it must be. to
A M O R Y. ' 1ST
those vAjLO are not acquainted with nie« I was so fat from
having a "(-anity to be known to Dr. Swift, or to be seen
among the fortunate at his bouse (as I have heard those
who met there calledy^ that t am sure it would not have
been in the power of any person of consideration to get me
there. What I wanted in relation to the dean I had, TliU
was enough for me. I desired no more of him. I was en-
abled by the means related to know the excellencies and
the defects of hi$ understanding ; and the picture I have
dra^n of his mind, you shall see in the appendix afore*
named; with some remarks on his writingS| and on the
cases of Vanessa and Stella.
** As to Mrs. Grierson, Mr. Ballard^s account of her in
his memoirs of some English ladies, lately published, is not
worth a rush. He knew nothing of her ; and the impertect
relation he ^t from Mrs. Barber is next to nothing. I wasi
intimately acquainted with IV^rs. Grierson, and have passed
a hundred afternoons with her in literary conversations ia
her own parlour. Therefore it is in my power to give a
very particular and exact account of this extraordinary
woman. In the appendix you shall have if
These promised accounts, however^ have not yet appealed.
The monthly reviewers of the time having given an ac-
count of this work unsatisfactory to the author, he publislied
(for there can be little doubt but he was the author) a
pamphlet entitled ^' A letter to the Reviewers, occasioned
by their account of a book called Memoirs. By a lady.'*
Svo. 1755. This lady signs herself Maria de Large; and
subjoined are some remarks signed Anna Maria Cornwallis.
In 1756 he published the first volume of '^ The life of
John Buncle, esq. containing various observations and re-
flections made in several parts of the world ; and maiiy
extraordinary relations,*' 8vo, which may be considered in
some measure as a supplement to the Memoirs; and in
1766 appeared the second volume. Both parts exhibit the
same beauties, the same blemishes, and the same eccen-
tricities* It has been thought, that in the character and
adventures of Mr. Buncle, the author intended to sketch
his own picture ; and perhaps there may be some truth in
the conjecture. Both die Memoirs and Life have been re-
printed in 12mo, the former in two volumes, the latter in
four. It is said also that he published many political and
religious tracts, poems, and songs.
Counsellor Amory, t,he grandfather of the doctor, and
ist
A M O R Y.
father of our author, was the youngest brother of Affioryi
or Darner, the miser, whom Pope calls the wealthy and the
wise ; from whom came lord Milton, &c. He married the
daughtei" of Fitz Maurice, earl of Kerry ; sir William P^tty^
another daughter; and the grandfather of the duke of
Leinster, a third. He died at the age of ^7, in 17S9*.
AMOUR (St.) See St. AMOUR.
AMPHIBALUS, one of our early confessors in tihe third
century, of whom all the accounts we have seeii appeal*^
doubtfal, is said to hare converted our British proto-martyf
St. Alban to the Christian faith, and both suffered in the
tenth persecution under the emperor Dioclesian, some
think aboilt the latter end of his reign, but Cressj^, on
better authority, fixes it in the third year of that emperor's
reign, or 286. Boethius, with other Scotch historians,
msd^e Amphibalus to be bishop of the Isle of Man; but
Gyraldus Camhrensis, with many of the writers of out
church history, say he was by birth a Welchman, and
bishop of the Isle of Anglesea ; and that, after converthig
Alban he fled from Verulam into Wales to escape the exe-»
cution of the severe edict made by Dioclesian against the
Christians, and was there seized and brought back to Red-
barn in Hertfordshire, where he was put to death in
the most cruel manner. Archbishop Usher, however^
explodes this story as a piece of monkish fiction, and
says his name no where occurs till Jeffery of Monmouth's
time, who is the first author that mentions it. Fuller, in
his usual quaint manner, wonders how this compounded
Greek word came to wander into Wales, and thinks it might
take its rise from the cloak in which he was wrapped, or
fronv changing vestments with his disciple Alban, the better
to disguise his escape. It is certain that the venerable
Bede, who was a Saxon, and to whom most of our monkish*
historians are indebted for the history of St. Alban, makes
. no mention of his name, only calling him presbyter, d
priest, or clerk. He is said to have written several ho-
milies, and a work ^' ad instituendam vitam Christianam,'*
and to have been indefatigable in promoting Christianity,
\ "^ This account is mach abridged
from the preceding edition of this work;
but the editor hesitated long in adtnit-
ing even what is now given. If we may
jadge from Mr. Amory's writings, the
amusement they may afford cannot
fail to be checked by the recoUectkm
that tiwy are the effutioni of a mind;
evidently deranged. He appears t»
have travelled in search of Unitarians,
as Don QuisCote in search of ehivalroas'
adventures, and probably from a simi-
lar degree of insanity.— -See Gent. Mag.
vol. LVHI. 1062, LIX. 107, Zn, S7t.
A M P H I L O C H I U S, iSf
but Mthentic particBlan of his life are now beyond wd
resbcfau '
AMPHILOCHIUS, a native of Cappadocia, bishop of
Iconium ia the fourth century, was the friend of St Gre^
gOfy Nazianzen and St. Basil, He assisted at the first ge-
neral council of Consti^ntinople in the year 381, and pre-
sided at the council of Sidae. In the year 383, he contrived
the following method of persuading the emperor to profaibii;
the assemblies of the A nans : observing that Theodosius
encouraged the Arians, he went to his palace, and ap^
proacbing Arcadius, his son, caressed him as if he had
been an infant, but did not treat him with the customary
respect. Theodosins, enraged at an affront offered to him^
self in the person of his son, ordered the bishop to be thrast
Qut of the palace, when, turning to Theodosius, he cried,
*\ My lord, you cannot bear that your son should be injured,
and are dupleased at those who do hot treat him with re-*
^pect ; can you then doubt, that the God of the universe
also, abhors those who blaspheme his son?" Theodosius,
upon this, called back the bishop, begged his pardon, and
soon after published severe laws against the assembliea
of the Arians. St AmpUlochius died about the year 394.
V^y few of his works remain. Jerome mentions but one,
GOQceraing the '* Divinity of the Holy Spirit,*' which is
Mt exiam. The principal is an Iambic poem of consi-
derable length, in which is inserted a catalogue of the.
hooka of the Old a^d New Testament. Cave and Dupin
say that it was the production of Gregcury Nazianzen, but
Coeabesis and TiUcsnont contend for its belonging to Am^
philochiiks. The fragments which remain of his other worka
are ia the Bshl. Patinm, and there is a letter of his con-
GC^rning synods, published by Cotelerius. Father Com-
besis, pttUltthed all be could collect, in L644, foL Greek and ^
La^, biit he has inseifted some pieces on very doubtful
authority.*
I AMPSINGIUS, or AMPSING (John Assuerus), a na-^
tive of the 'pcovioce of Ovec-yssel, was first a clergyman at
Haarlem, hot afterwards studied medicine and practised
in Lower Saxoay, having also been appointed medical pro*
feasor atRoatock, and physixian to the duke of Mecklen-
»..-.■.■'...
^ BoetlMUS Hist. Scot. Hb. e.— 'Pitts.—- Tanaer, &c.
^ CttNfft'vol. I.»«*Morerii — lArduer's Works^ vol. IV* — ^SaxU Onomastican*-
140 A M P S I N G I U S^
Imrgfa^ He died at Rostock in 1642, aged eighty-thm^^
He wrote^ 1. '^ Dissertatio iatromathematica,'* Rostock^
1602, 16iS, 4to; 1629, &vo. In this, after preferring me-
dicine and astronomy to all other sciences, he contendsr
for the -necessity of their union in the healing art. 2. " De
Theriaca, otatio," 1618, 4to. 3. " De Morborum dif-
ferentiis,^^ 1619^ and other works, in which his practice ap^
pears rather more rational than his theory. ^
AMSDORF (Nicholas), an associate of Lather in the
reformation, was born in 1483, near Wurtzen in Misnia,
d a noble family^ After studying divinity, he became
one of the clergy of Wittemberg, and preached also at
t^gdebnrgh and Naumburgh. In 1527, he accompanied
Lu^er, to whose doctrines he was zealously attached, to
the diet of Worms, and on his return, was in the same
carriage with that reformer, when he was seized by order
©f the elector of Saxony, and conducted to Wartburgh. In
1573^ he concurred in drawing up the articles of SmaU
calde, and was, in 1542, appointed bishop of Naumburgh
By the elector John Frederick, who disapproved of the
choice which the chapter had made of Julius de Pflug.
But,' five years after, when his patron was taken prisoner
by Charles V. he was obliged to surrender the bishopric
to Pfiug, and retire to Magdeburgh. He afterwards assisted
iu founding the university of Jena, which was intended as
.a rival to that of Wirtemberg, and died at Eisenach,
May 14, 1565. The principal thing objected to- him by
the popish writers, and by some of his biographers, is,
thiit in a dispute with G. Major, he maintained that good
works were hurtful to .salvation : but however improper
this expression in tl|e heat of debate, it is evident from his
writings, that he meant that good works impeded salvation
' by being relied on as the cause of it, and that they were
the fruit and efi^ct of that faith to which pardon is pro-
• mised. He was one of the boldest in his time in asserting
the impiety and absurdity of the principal popish doctrines,
but from his bigotted adherence to Lutheran principles,
had too little respect for the other reformers who were of
different sentiments in some points. Moreri is wrong in
asserting that he formed a sect called by his name. The^
same principles were held by many of the Lutheran di-
^ Biog. Uoivenelle.— Manget. Bibl. Script Med.— »Haller. Bibl. Med. Pnd.
A M S D O A F. 14t
irln^s. He wrote On the '* Lord's Supper,** and som^
other controTersial pieces enumerated by Melchior Adam,
Joecfaer, and Adelung. ^ '
AMTHOR (Christopher Henry), a Danish political
«ad miscellaneous writer, was born at Stolberg in 1678,
W2» educated at Riindsburgh by one of his uncles, and in
1704, was appointed professor of law and politijaal science
at Kiel, where he acquired great reputation. Some verses
which he wrote in praise of tlie Danish ministers having
given offence to the court of Holstein-Gottorp^ he entered
into the service of Denmark in 1713, and was appointed
•historiographer to the king, and counsellor of the chancery
of the duchy of Holstein Schleswic. Iil this situation i^
wrote, at the king's request, several pamphlets on the dif^
jFerences which existed between Denmark, Sweden, and
the duchy of Holstein* Gottorp, which were published itt
German, 1715, 4to. These were so much approved of^
jtbat in 1715 he was invited to Copenhagen, appointed
' (Counsellor of justice, and had apartments in the royal castle
pf Eosembouj^ until liis death, Feb. 21,1721. He wrote
jBilso ^^ Meditationes philosophical de justitia divinaet ma<*
jtedis cum ea connexis;'' and a volume of ^^ poems and
laudations," in German, Flensburgh, 1717.^
AMULON, AMOLON, or AMOLO, was archbishop
pf Lyons, and illustrious for his learning and piety ; he
wrote against Godeschalkus, and against the Jews, and
^me pieces on free-will and predestination, which were
printed by P* Sirmond, 1 645, 8 vo, ainl are also in the
^^ Bibliptbeca Patrum." He died in the year 854. ^
AMY (N.)^ an advocate in the parliament of Aix, who
died in 1760, is known by some works in natural science:
1. ^^ Observations experimentales sur les eaux des riTieres
de S^inCi de JVfarne, &c." 1749, 12mo. 2. ^* Nouvelles
fon^ines SUrantes," 1757, 12mo. 3. <^ Reflexions sur les
vaisseaux decuivre, de plomb, et d'etain," 1757, l2mo. &c.
His works discover the author to have been a great friend
to fuankiudy employing his knowledge in the investigation
of whatever may prove useful or noxious to his fellow*
9reatuires.^
AM YN-AHM£D, Jiaifyf or native of the city of Rey in
A^^bf44i^^ ^^^f^ ^ ^^T l^^ned Persian who flourished
1 Melchior A^<ini.r— Bios* UiuvenelIe.<«-»FuUer>8 Abel RediTiTU8.-!f7Moreri.i<-^
^axii Onomasticon.
*Biog. Uaivei9tl(e* > Oen. pMt.— >Morfn« * Diet. Histarique^
142 A M Y N . A H M E D.
iiboiitthe comaieaeement ctf the elerenth ocntttry of the
Jbegira, or the seyenteeuth of the Christian »r». We hare
no particulars of his Ufe, but his extensive learning is ap-
parent from a geographical and biographical work, com-
posed by hun, under the title ^^ Heft iclym/' the *' Seven
clioaates," containing a description of the principal coun-
tries and cities of the East, with biographical notices of the
most eminent persons. The dates, and the lists of the
works of each author are said to be very correct. It con-
cludes with the year 1002 of the begira. There is a very
fine copv of it in the imperial library of Paris, a large folio
of 582 leaves, copied in the year 1094 of the hegira, or
1683, A. D. M. Langles gave several extracts from it
in the notes to his French translation of the Asiatic re-
searches, and some also in the new edition o£ Chardin*t
voyages. *
. AMYOT (James), bishop of Auxerre and grand almoner
of France, was born Oct 1514, of an obscure family at
Melun. The following particulars of his^ origin are from
various authors. Varillas affirms, That at the age often
years> Amyot was found lying sick in a ditch oh the road to
P^s, by a gentleman, who was so singularly compassionate,
as to set him upou his horse, and carry him to a house, where
he recovered, and was furnished with sixteen pence to bear
h^ ,charges home. This goodness met with an ample
reward, as Amyot left to the heirs of this earty benefactor
the sum of 1600 crowns a year. It' is also saidj that as
Henry II. was making a progress through his kingdom, he
stopt at a small inn in Berry to sup. After supper a yoang
man sent in to his majesty a copy of GredL verses. The
king) being no scholar, gave them to his chancellor to
read, who was so pleased with them, that he desired him
to order the boy who wrote them to come in. On inquiry
he found him to be Amyot, the son of a mercer, and tutor
to a gentleman's spn in that town. The chancellor recom-
mended his majesty to take the lad to Paris, and to make
him tutor to bis children. Thi» was complied with, and
led to his future preferments.
By what means he was educated is not certaihly known,
but be studied philosophy at Paris in the college of the
cardinal le Moine, and aUbongh naturally of slow capacity,
his uncommon diligence enabled him to accumulate a larg«
^ Bi9f . Uaiv«r8«U«. ,
AM Y O T. 148
4
itock of cfosskal and general knowledge^ Having taken
the degree of master pf arts at ninieteen, he pursued his
Studies under the royal professors es^blisbed by.Fr9»iei5 I.
viz. James Tuseh, who explained the Greek poets ; Peter
Pon^s, professor of rhetoric ; and Oronce Fin^ professor
of mathematics. He left Paris at the age of twenty*-tbree,
Itnd went to Bourges with the sieur Colin, who had the
abbey of St; Ambrose in that city. At the recomo^endation
of this abbot, 4^ secretary of state took Amyot into his
house, to be tutor to his children. The great improve«^
pients they made under his direction induced the secre-
tary to veeommend him to the princess Margaret duchess
pf Berry, only sister of Francis I. ; and by means of this
recommendation Amyot was made public professor of Greek
and Latin in the university of Bourges : he read two lec«
jtures a day for ten years ; a Latin lecture in the morning,
and a Greek one in the afternoon. It was during this time
he trantdated into French the '^ Amours of Theagenes and
Cbariclea," with which Francis L Was so pleased, that he
conferred upon him the abbey of Bellosane. The death of
this prince happening soon after, Amyot thought it ^rould
be better to tiy his fortwie elsewhere, than to expect any
preferment at the cpurt of France ; he' therefore accom*
panied Morvillier to Venice, on his embassy from Henry IL
to that republic. ^When Morvillier was recalled from his
embassy, Amyot would not repass the Alps with him ;
choosing rather to go to Rome, where he was kindly re<^
ceived by the bishop of Mirepoix, at whose house be lived
two years. It was here that, looking over the manuscripts
of the Vatican, he discovered that Heliodoros^ bishop of
Tripca, w^ the author, of the Amours of Theagenes ; and
.finding also a manusqript m^re correcit and complete, than
that which he had transjl^ited, be was enabled to give a
betteir edition of this work. His labours, however, in this
w^y, did not engage him so as to divert him irom im«
proving his situation, and he in^nuated himself so for into
the favour of cardinal de Tournon, that his eminence re^
commended him to the king, to be preceptor to his two
younger sons. While he was in this employment he finish-*
ed his translation of ^^ I^lutarch's Lives,^' which he dedi-(
cated to the king ; and afterwards undertook that of ^' Plu«>
tarch^s Morals,'' which he finished in the reign of Charles
)X. and dedicated to that prince. Charles conf^rediipoti
him the abbey of St. Cornelius de CoQxpeigne, although
U4 - AMY 0 .7":
much against theificHnation of the c^ueen, whd had another
person in hef eye; and he also made him grand almoner of
France and bishop of Auicerre ; and the placel of gi-and
atmoner and that 6f curator of the nniversity of Paris hap-
pening to be vacant at the saine time, he was also invested
.in both these employhients, of which Thuatins complains.
Henry III. perhaps vrould have yielded to the pressing so-
licitatio^ns of the bishop of St. Flour, who had attertded him
on his journey into Poland, and made great interest for
the post of grand almoner; but thfe duchess of Savoy, the
ling'saantjPecommfehdedAmyot so earnestly to him, when
he passed through Turin, On his return from Poland, that
he was not only continued in his employment, but a new
honour was added to it for his sake : for when Henry IIL
named Antyot commander of the order of the' Hoiy Ghost,
he decreed at the same time, as a mark of respect to him,
that all the grand almoners of France shonld^ be of "course
commanders of that ordef. ' Amyot did not neglect his
atudies in the midst of his^ hononrji, but revised all bis trans-
hiti<M!)s with great care, compared them with the Greek
text, and altered mahy passages: he designed to ^ve a-
more complete edition of them, trith the various readings
of divers manuscripts, but died before he had finished that
work* He died the 6th of February, 1593, in the 79th
year of his age.
His character has been variously represented. He has
been accused of ambition, from his many promotions, and
of avarice, from the riches he left behind him ; but these
are equivocal proofs, and we have given one instance of
gratitude which marks something more estimable in his
character. Another proof may be brought from his will,
that his preferments had not elevated him beyond the re-
collection of his mean origin. In his will is the following
dause : ** I leave 1200 crowns to the, hospital of Orleans,
in acknowledgment of the relief I formerly received there.**
It is generally allowed that Amyot contributed essen*
tially, in his translation of Plutarch^ towards the polish and
refinement of the French language. Vaugelas, a very
competent judge, gives him this praise; and adds, that no
writer ^uses words and phrases so purely French, withont
any mixture of provincialisms. It has been said, however,
that he was a plagiarist, and there are two opinions on
this subject ; the one, that he took his Plutarch from ai>
Italiau trapsls^tioQ ; the other, that the work was ei^egut^d
ky a Idwiis^' ^V^ V^^^ ^^^9 whptn he hired; But both
these of>iaioo6 w^ra caatisidicted by, an hi^p^ction of the
copies of. Fhitarch in his possessions I9afiy of which »re
BMxkedwith notQ&'aia,d various readings, which shew^ an
intimate acquainti^Qce with the Qreek. It may, hpweyer^
be aliowed^ that his tcans^icui is not always faithful, and
tha learned Meziriao pretends to have discovered nearly
two thpi^and errors in it. Yet it has not been eclipsed
by any subsequent altei^pt, and notwithstandiDg many
of his expressions are obsolete, Racine pronounced that
there is a peculiar charm in his style which is* not surpassed
by the modern French.
His worlds are, I. His translation of ^' Heliodorus," 1547,
foL and 1549, 8yo, republished and retouched in 1559, foL
in consequence of his meeting with a complete manuscript
of Heliodorus in the Vatican; and from this Ja^t edition
all those of Lyons, ; Paris, and Rouen have been copied.
2. ^^Pio.doptts Sicuhi£,'^ Paris, 1554, fol. and 1587, con*
tainkig only seven books, via. book XI. to XVII. 3 /< Daph«
nis f^nd Cioe,^' from Longus, 1559, Svo, of which there
have been many, and some very splendid editions, ftas*
ti^idarly that cc^lled the Regent's edition, 1718, 12mo, cme
by J>idot, I7d8., large ^^to, and one at Florence, 1810,
large 8^vo> by M^ Courier. 4. ^* Plutarch's Lives and Mo-
rals," I55i^, 2 vols. fol. Va^osan's edition in 13 vols. 12mo9
1567r— 1574> lyas long in the highesit estimation ; the Lives
occuf^ six €d these, and the - Morals seven, , but vol. VI*
oQghA to contain the Uk^es of Hannibal and Scipio by
L'Ecluse, , which is. not the case in all the copies. There
have sijace, however, appealed two more valuable editions^
the pne m)i2 vols. 8vo, 1 7 83-^87, with the notes of Brottier
and Vauvilliers, and the other in 25 vols. 1801 — 1806,
edil;ed by M* Clavier, with considerable additions. 6. ^^ Let-
tre ^ M. d0 MorvUUer," dated Sept. 8, 155i, containing
an. acopu^ of the author's journey to Trente. This is
printed in Vargas and Dupuy's histories of the Council of
Trent. 7. *^ CEuvres ro6l6es," 1611, 8vo, is mentioned in
!^j[ic^ran, but it is doubtful whedier such a coUection-existtf.
8. " Projet de F Eloquence. ro3^ale, compost pour Henry III
roi de francei" printed for the first time in 1805, Svo and
4to. Not long before his' death be was solicited to write
the history of his country, but bis answer was» ^ I lave
n^y spwreigi^S' too well to writetheir^ liv^s." *
> Gen. Diet— Moreri.--'Q»a«fepie.— Biog. UnivewUe.— W^^iJMf ^^^»
rdi h p. 53.
VoL.IL L
U^ AMY R A JJ r.
AMYRAUT (Moses), an eminent French diviiie, wail
born in September 1596, at Bourgtieil, a small town of
Touraine, of an ancient family originally from Orleans.
Having gone through his course of philosophy, he was sent
to Poictiers, to read law ; to which he applied himself with
great assiduity, and is' said to have spent fourteen hourd a
day in that study. At the end of his first year, h6 took the
degree of licentiate ; but Mr. Botichereau, minister of Sau-
mur, advising him to study divinity, and the reading of
Calvin's Institutions having strongly inclined him to foUowr
this advice^ he acquainted his father that he earnestly
desired to be a clergyman, and obtained his assent, though
liot without difficulty. He then Went to study at Saumur,
where he continued a considerable time as student of di-^
vinity. Upon his admission into orders, he was presented
to the church of St. Agnau, in the country of Mayne, and
eighteen months after, he was invited to Saumur, to suc-
ceed Mr. I)aill6, appointed minister of Charenton. About
the same time that the church of Saumur desired him for
their minister, the academic council fixed upon him for
professor of divinity ; and his admission to the professorship,
his previous examination, and his inaugural thesis *^ De
sacerdotio Christi,'^ redounded much to his reputation.
In 1631, he was sent deputy to the national council at
Charenton ; and by this assembly was appointed to address
the king, and lay before his majesty their complaints con^
cerning the infraction of the edicts : he was particularly-
charged not to deliver his speech upon his knees, as the
deputies of the former national synod had done. He ma*
naged this afiair with so much address, that be was intro*
duced to the king according to the ancient custom, and in
the manner that was agreeable to the assembly : and it wag
on this occasion that he became acquainted with cardinal
Richelieu, who conceived a great esteem for him, and im^
parted to him the design he had formed of re-uniting the
two churches. The Jesuit who conferred with Mr. Amyraut
upon this subject was father Audebert. Mr. de Villeneuve,
lord lieutenant of Saumur, having invited them both to
dinner, took care they should confer in private, but Mr.
Amyraut protested, thiit he could not forbear imparting to
his colleagues all that should pass between them. The
Jesuit told him he was sent by the king and his eminence^,
to propose an agreement in point of religion ; that the Ro«
man catholics were ready to sacrifice to the , public tran*
quilfity the invocation of saints^ purgatory, and the merit
AMVRAUr* U7
^tgooA works ; that tbey would set bounds to the pope^ii
power, and in case they met with opposition from the
couit of Rome, they would lay hold on that occasion to
create a patriarch ; that the laity should be allowed the
communion in both kinds ; and that they would give up
aereral other points, provided they found in the Protes-
tants a sincere desire of peace and union. But he de«
clared, when Mr. Amyraut touched upon the doctrines of
the eucharist, that no alteration would be admitted there ;
and Amyraut immediately answered, that then they could
come to no agreement This conference lasted about four
hours : the Jesuit still required secrecy ; but Mn Amyraut
protested, according to the declaration he had made first
to Mr. Villeneuve, that he would communicate the whole
matter to his colleagues, and that he would be answerable
for their prudence and discretion. About this time he
published a piece, in which he explained the mystery of
predestination and grace, according to the hypothesis of
Camero, which occasioned a kind of civil war amongst
the protestant divines of France. Those who disliked the
hypothesis, derided it as a novelty, especially when they
saw themselves joined by the great du Moulin, who ac*
cused Amyraut of Arianism. The authority of tbi^ fa*
mous divine, to whom the people paid a great respect
and veneration on account of the many books of contro-
versy he had published, made so deep an impression in
the minds of many ministers, that, though Amyraut had
published a piece, wherein he maintained Calvin to have
held, universal grace, yet many deputies at the national
synod of Alengon came charged with instructions against
bim, and some were even for deposing him. The depu-
ties of the provinces beyond the Loire were the most vio*
lent against him ^ but the synod, after having heard Amy-
raut explain his opinion, in several sessions, and answer
the objections, honourably acquitted him, and enjoined
silence in respect to questions of this nature. This,
however, was not strictly observed by either side ; for
complaints were made against Amyraut, in the national
synod of Charenton, for having acted cpntrary to the re-
gulations concerning that silence ; and he, in his turn,
complained of infractions of the same nature. The assem-
bly, by a kind of amnesty, suppressed these mutual com-
plaints ; and having i^enewed th^ injunction of silence, sent
.back Aipyraut (^ lus employment, permitting him to op«t
I. 2
14* AMV-R^UT.
posa flifetgiMrs w1k> should attac): bim, in i^t- mmfter
the' sjnod of Anjon sbouM tbmk proper^ and this synod
allowed him to puhlisb an answer to the three i^olumes <&§
Spanhetnius upon univecsal grace^ which occasioned the
writing of several others.
• SuctI was the consequence of hi^ interference in thi«
controversy ; but as the history of opinions is perhaps one
of the most interesting branchos of biography, we shall
more particularly state Amyraut's hypothesis : It may be
briefly summed up in the following propositioBS : ^ Thab
God desires the happiness of all men, and that no mortal
is excluded by any divine decree, firom the beneiite ihsit
are procured by the death, sufferings, and gospel of
Christ ! That, however, none can be made a partaker of
the blessings of the gospel, and of eternal salvation, unless
be believe m Jesus Christ : That such indeed is the immense
and universal goodness of the Supreme Being, that he re^
fuses to none the power of believing ; though he does not
grant ukito all his assistance and succour, that they may^
wisely improve this power to the attainment of everlasting
salvation ; and That, in consequence of this, multitudas
perish, through their own fault, and not from any want of
goodness in God." Mosheim is of opinion that this is
only a species of Arminianism or Pelagianism artfully dis*
guised under ambiguous expressions, and that it is not
very consistent, as it represents God as desiring salvation
for allj which, in order to its attainment, requires a degree
of his assistance and succour which he refuses to marn/,
Amyraut's opinion was ably controverted by Rivet, Span-
heim, De Marets, and others; and supported afberwards
by Daille, Blondel^ Mestrezat, and Claude*
Amyraut, beuig a man well acquainted with the world^
Was very entertaining in conversation, which contributed
no less than the reputation of his learning to render him
the favourite of many persons of quality, though- of opposite
principles in religious matters : among those who particu-
larly distinguished him, were the marshals de Brez6 and de
la Meilleriac, Mr. le Goux de la Berchere, first president
of the parliament of Burgundy, and cardinal Maasarin.
What gained him the favour of this cardinal was, in all
probability, his openly declaring in favour of the obedience
due to sovereigns, which proved very advantageous to the
court of France during th^ troubles of the league againat
cardinal Maaarin, calkd de la Fitmde* In his . Ap^gy^
^bUfdied in 1647, in behalf of the.protestknts^ he ex«
Qtrtes very plausibly the civil wars of France ; but he
declates at the same time, that he by no means intends
to justify the taking up of arms against the lawful so-
vereign upon any pretence whatsoever; and that he
always looked upon it as more agreeable to the nature of
tike gospel and the practice of the primitive church, to use
BO otlier arfns but patience, tears, afid prayers. Yet, not*
withstanding his attachment to this doctrine, he was not .
for obeying in matters of conscience, which plainly ap-
peared when the seneschal of Saumur- imparted to him ati
order from the council of state, enjoining all those of the
reformed religion to hang the outside of their houses an
Corpus Christi day. The seneschal notified this order to
him the eve of that holiday,' entreating him at the same
time to persuade the protestants to comply with it. To
this Amyraut made answer, that, (m the contiary, he would
go directly and exhort his parishioners against tomplying
with it, as he himself was resolved not to obey such orders:
that in all his sermons he had endeavoured to inspire his
hearers with obedience atid submission to superior powers*!
but not when their consciences were coocerndd. Having
thus acquainted the seneschal with his resolution, he went
from house to hq-use, laying before his parishioners the
reasons why he thought they ought not to obey the order
of the council, and the hinges lieutenant not thinking it
proper to support the seneschal, the mliitter «nded without
disturbance. ,
Amyraut was a man of such charity tin^ compassion^ that
he bestowed on the poor his whole salary ddring the last
ten years of his life, without distinction of catholic or pto*
testant. He died the 8th of February 1664, and was in*
terred with the usual ceremonies of the acadertij'.' .H« left
but one sbn, who was one of the ablest advoc^ates of the
parliament of Paris, but fled to the Hague after the rev(>-
catioo of the edict of Nantes : he had also a daughtier, who
died in l€45^ a year and a half after she had been married*
His works are dhiefly theologioal, arid very voluminous ;
but, notwithstanding hife fame, few of them were printed a
aecmid tihie, and they ar6 now therefore scarce, and per-r^
haps we may add, not in much request. He published in
t Q$ 1 his ^< Traite des Religions," agaitist those ^ho think
alt-religions indifferent, and five years after, six " Sermons
upofi the nature, extent, &c. of the Gospel^** •and several
IW AMYRAUT.
others at different times. His book of the exaltation of
Faith^ and abasement of Reason, ^'De ^elevation de la foi^
&c." appeared in 1641 ; and the same year was published
in Latin the ** Defence of Calvin with regard to the doc-
trine of absolute reprobation,^' which in 1644 appeared in
French, He began his *♦ Paraphrase on the Scripture" in
1644: the Epistle to the Romans was paraphrased the
first; then the other Epistles ; and lastly the Gospel : but
like Calvin, he did not meddle with the Revelations, nor
did he prefix his name to his Paraphrases lest it should
deter the Roman Catholics from perusing them. He pub-
lished in 1647 an "Apology for the Protestants,*' "A treatise
of Free Will," and another " De Secessione ab Ecclesia
Romana, deque pace inter Evangelicos in negotio Reli*
gionis constituenda." But he treated this subject of the
re-union of the Calvinists and Lutherans more at length in
his ** Irenicon" published in 1662. His book of the " Vo-
cation of Pastors" appeared in 1649. He had preached on
thia subject before the prince of Tarento, at the meetings
of a provincial synod, of which he was moderator. The
prince desired the sermon might be printed, and the sub-
ject treated more at length, it being then the common
topic of all missionaries. Mr. Amyraut, therefore, not only
printed his sermon, but published a complete treatise upon
that important controversy, and dedicated them both to
ike said prince. His Christian Morals, *^ Morale Chre-^
tienne,** in six vols. 8vo, the first of which was printed in
1652, were owing to the frequent conferences he'had with
Mr. de Villornoul, a gentleman of an extraordinary merit,
and one of the most learned men of Europe, who was heiv
|n this respect also to Mr. du Plessis Mornai his grandfather
by the mother^s side. He published also a treatise of
dreams, "Traits des Songes;'* two volumes upon <*the
Millenium,'* wherein he rentes an advocate of Paris, called
Mr, de Launoi, who was a zealous Millenarian ; the <^ Life
of the brave \sl Nou6, surnamed Iron-arm," from 156^0 to
the time of his death in 1 59 1, Leyden, 1661, 4to ; and several^
other works^ particularly a poem, entitled << The Apology
of St, Sitephen to hia Judges.'^ This piece was attacked
by the missionaries, who asserted that the author had spoke
irreverently of the sacrament of the. altar ; but he published
ft pamphlet in which be defended himself with great ability,^
A M Y R U T Z E a If I
AMYRUTZES, a peripfttetic philoioph^r, of the fifteentli,
century, and a native of Trebi^ond^ was at first in grea^
esteem at the court of the emperor David his niaster, and
signalized himself by writing in favour of the Greeks
against the decisions of tbe council of Florence ; bu); at
last forfeited^ by his apostacy, all the reputation he had
gained. He was one of tho9e who accompariied the ^ax*
peror David to CSonstantinopie, wbither th«it prince was
carried by ordi&r of MahcMinet < IJ, after the reduction of
Trebizond, in I46il, and. there^; seduced by the promise^
of the Sultan> be .renounced the Chiristiap r^iigion^ and.
embraced Mahometi^mi togetlier vr ith his <;hi}dr0n,;one.of
which/ under thet.nam^ of;Mehemet-Beg^ tjran*«lated many,
books of the Christians into Arabic, by the orc^lcr of Ma-»
jbometll. That prince honoured AmyrutZjes with consi-»
^lerable employments in the set^aglio, aod used som^timef
to discourse with bioB and his s<>n about poiuts of learning
and religion. By the manner. Allatiu$» . expresses himself^
it would appear tha^ this philosopher had b<;^rne tbe e^iploy*
xaent of prptoff^stiarius jn tbe cQuft pf the emperor of Tre-r
bizond, but this emperor was not the first priQce that shewed
aparticulaiC v^lue for An^yrut^es, as be bad l^een^greatly
esteemed at the court of Constantinople long b^forcj
He was oneof the learned men> with whom the /emperor
John Paleologus advised about his journey, into Italy, and
he attended him in that jpurney, Of his death we have
po account} and Bayle «e^ms tp think tber^ w^re : two of
the name. ^. ,
ANACHAR8IS, a famous . philosopher^ .was born, in
ScyUiia* He w^^. brotbcfi:, tp .Cadovides king Qf Scythia^
ana the <soi^'i;)fQnuru3 by a,!Cfe.ek womatn^; vv^hich gave bir^
th^ opportunity of learningbpth lapgij^ges to p^rfectioiif
Sosicvates, acepMing.to L^i^rtins; afi[iraijBd> that h^ came
po Athens in the forty-sevepth olympiad, or .391? Bi,C. unde?
Eucratea tbe Archon» And tierpijppus tell? us,..U^at.$^
f^on ap h^ a^ived, there, be went to SoIqU'S bouse, and
{^nocked at hia di^^r, and bid, the servant, who opened it,
go >n4 tell his. niasteri tbj^t An^ohafsis was tberoy i^^d «vai
^0m^ on puppqsf^ tQ .•e^ him, and continue with hiip fox
some tinie«f. Sqlon returned him an answer,, tha^t it wa4
l^ettef to contact friendship at; h^^^^v • An^barsis wwt jj}
fifOJ^ <^.s, imd mi \Q SqIoUi Hk^^ ^inpe h^:WS^$ th^^ it\ bii
r, . c .^
.} tttn, Pkt.-»Allatias deFerpetuo Con«6qsu, pp, 183, 9^1^
]j^ A N A C H ]KX 9rt«.
dwii ^UTitry ^ad in hiiov^nhdnrnf it was his (itty Ibb 6n«
tJ^tiain hirn as bis guest^ ^m^ therefore he : desired him to
^tier into to intimdte ftieiidship with him.' Soton, sur-
prized at the vivacity of his tepart^ge, itnmddiMely engaged
ih a friendship widi him, which lasted as long as they
lived. Solon instrndteS hitA in <^'bedt discipline, fe-
commended him to the faviDcnr of the noblest persons^ and
sought all mean§ of givii^g^hitn' (respect and 'honour. Ana*
cihatsis was kindly 'receivisd {>j ^ev^iy- oiie for his sake, and,
as Theoxenias atteite, was Ih^ only stranger whom they
incorporated into theii^ cityj H^ mus a* mistn of a very
quick and lively 'genius, and of H istrong and masterly
eloquence, and Was resolute in whsft^Ver he undertook.
He constantly wore a coarse double -garment. He was very
temperate, and his diet wa^ nothiD*^ bat milk and cheese.
His speeches were delivered in a ooncise andpathetic style,
tad as he was inflexible in^tte pui<stiit^ his pointy he never
failed to gain it, tod his resolute nmd eloq^ient manner of
speaking passed into a proverb ; ^nA %hbse who imitated
him were said to speak in tiie Scythian phrase. He wan
extremely fond of poetry, and Wrote the laWs of the Scy-
thians, and of those things which he had observed among the
Greeks^ and a poem of 900 verses upOn 'war. Croesus,
having lieard of his repdlia^n^ sent to efSer him money)
tod to desire him to come to see Mm tit 8'ardis ; but the
{ihi)oik)i>her answered, that he was cohie to Greece in Otd^
to learn ^he language, ma'toe^s, 'and'ia#s'<^'tlBiateoufiFtry,
that he had no occasion for gold or silver, and idiat it
would be suffi£fieht for'l£m<l0 return to Soythia abetter
lAan and moi^iinteiKgenttfaftaiiJ ^h^ti ke ^iMAeiAim «hence&
He told the king> however, i)^ hfi ^vOuld take to e^pot^
tensity of ^eein«^ Hitti^ mnce h^^»d«L «trMg.d«sire of beinj^
tanked ^n ^h^ number oiMi Mebd^. Aft^ fee h#d ^xa^
tinned a^ldi^ while ih Greee^^H^^ptttedtd tetu^n heme^
tod^sah^ th^^i^h Cyrlemnj'^ found th4 pec^Ie^thatt
feity -eetebratihg in a 'Ve¥y soteftm 'nktfne^' i$ie fta^t ^•
Oybe)^. :'Thi^ 'excited hitn to' mkt?e% v^e^Ue^tiblift ^Odde»si
thM' be w6^id '^erforito the ^alne'sa^i'ifte^, 'Mnldi^Atfblisj^
lhfe«ttriie4\BHs%to honotit^^f^herih 'his ^oWfi^tJWhtry, if h%
A6uU ]?e.tiini «itther4ft artftfty. IPpoAhte arrival InSeyiha
hfe^i^tttffJtedte'cljange^hfe toeitot cusfcoiil*ctf ^httt^iftrtfiyi
Md to^^s^bMAi ^d^of Greece, butthi^^jii^oViRl ek^ei^
displeasing to, the Scythians. an4 fatal to himsel£ As he
had one day entered mto a thick wood called Hylsaa^ in
A N A € H A R IS I S. 15-3
Qprdte to accomplish his vow to Cjrbele in Che Kxiost $ecr^
manner possible, and was performing the whole ceremony
before an image of that goddess, he was discovered by a
Scythian, who went and informed king Saulius of it. The
king came immediately, and surprised Anacharsis in the
midst of the solemnity, and shot him dead with an arrow.
Laercius tells us, . that he was killed by hh brother with an
lOiDW as he was bunting, and that he expired with these
words : ^* I lived in peace and safety in Greece, whither 1
went to inform myself of its language and manners, and
edvy has destroyed me in my native country .'* Great re-
spect, however, was paid to him tffter his death by the
erection of statues. <He is said to have invented the
potter's wheel, but this is mentioned by Homer Jong before
keliv^, yet he probably introduced it int-o his country.
The apophthegms related of Anacharsifi are numerous,
and in general shrewd and apposite, but ^me are of a
strong satirical cast. He used to say, that the vine pi^-
daoed diree cioptts of grapes, the first of pleasure, the se-
cond Vif drunkenness, and the third of repentance. He
ex^nbssed his surprize, that in all the public as^embliek
at Athens, wise meti should- propose business, and fools
df^:eviivine it. lie could not comprehend the reason why
thwe were punished, who abused others with their tongue,
aiyd yet gveat rewards were given to the wrestlers, who
tnsaitsed oitfe 'another witAi the utmoi^ 611^ and barbarity.
Ife imiR u4i l«ess cLStonisbed that the Greeks at tiie begins
Bidg of itbeir banquets should mak^ use of 'glasses, which
^Bte of amodterate size, ^ftud yet ^louid call for very larg^
oMs at the ^lose of . thtt f eaiM;, when tihey ha^^ dtunk suf-*
ficianily^ ^He- cbnld h^ no^m^ans appj*<>v^ of the liberties
wUah >&i^Ty parson thoitgiit were aliowa^blfe m t>anquets.
Being^^ftsked one day what method was to be tkken in ordeir
to fifttvent one from m^t drinking wine, h^ r^lii>d, "Ther^
xnio'^bei^ier means than H^ vkw a drunken man wi^ all hi^
estrnvagimce of behayMMHr.^ As he was one day considering
tlte thidkiMit» of the ptaaks of a ship,^ he cx4ed tout, Alas !
tkoie wbo go t6tsea, ar€l km. four inehcfs distant from d^th.
ftstn^' 'aidc^ what %asi the mo^t secUr^ ship, he replied,
fllfcat ^iih it amved in «he port. He vci*y often repeated
it, that 'e40ty man sfaduld uk^ a particular care to make
himself master of his tongue and hi§ belly. He had always
Whcfh l^e sliept his right l>and upon his mouth, to shew that
there is nothing which we ought to be so cautious of as the
154 , A JTA C fl A R S I S.
tongue. An Atfaehiaa reproaching him one day with bcin^
a Scythiai), he replied. My country is a disgrace to me;
but you are a disgrace to your country. Being asked what
was the best and what the worst part of a man, he an*
&weredy The tongue. It is much better, said he, to have
but . one friend, if he be but faithful to us, than a great
Dumber, who are always ready to follow the change of for-*
tune. When he was asked, whether there were more per^
^ns living than dead, he answered. In which number do ye
rank those who are at sea i He used to say, that the forum
was a place which men had established in order to impose
upon each other. It remains to be noticed, that the letters
published under his nam9> Bari$, 1552, Greek and Latin»
4to, are unquestionably spurious. * ,
ANACREONj a Greek poet of great celebrity^ wat^
boru at Teqs, ^ siea-port of Ionia, Madam Dacier endea-
VQursi to prove from Plato, that he was a kinsman of Solon's^
and consequently allied to the Codridas, the noblest family
IP Athens; but this is not sufficiently supported. The
time when he flourished is uncertain ; EusebiuS' placing it
in the 62d, Suidas in the 52d, and Mr. le Fevre in the
72d olympiad. He is said to have been about eighteen
years of age, when Harpagus, the general of Cyrus, came
with an ai*my against the panfederate cities of the Ionian^
and iEolians. The Milesians immedif^t^ly submitted them^.
selves ; but the Phocaeans, when they found themselves
unaBle to withstand the enemy, chose rather to abandon
their country than their liberty; and getting a fleet to-
gether, transported themselves and families to the qQ8|St oi
France, where, being hospitably received by Nannus the
Jting of the country, they built Marseilles. The Teians
soon followed their example ; for, Harpagus having toade
himself master of their walls, they unanimously w^nt on
board their ships, and,, sailing to Thrace, .flxed themselves
in the city Abdera. They had not been there long, when
the Thracians, jealous of theii: new neighbours, endear
vovired to give them disturbance; and in these conflicts
it seems to be, that. Anacreon lost thpse friends, wham he
celebrates in his epigrams. This ppet had much wi^ but
was certainly too fond of pleasures^ for love and wine had
th^ disposal of all his hoyrs. In the edition of AnacrcQiv
' Diogenes Laertius. — Bruckcr. — Gen. Diet— rFenelon's I^ives of t^ie lfh^gb
vo^keri, vol, I,— Fabric. Bibl, Griec.'criSaxu Onomasticgi,
A N A C R E O N. 155
andSappho published in 1789 by Fred. 6. Qorn, of Leipsick^
this editor endeavours to defend Anacreon against the
charges of inebriety and. unnatural lust, and with consi-
derable success. These imputations^ hQwever, have been
cast on his memory by Ihe majority of wiiters, except,
perhaps^ ^lian. How long Anacreon continued at Samos
is uncertain, but it is probable he remained there during^
the greatest part of the reign of Poly crates ; for Herodotus
assures us, that Anacreon was with that prince in his
chamber, when he received a message from Oraetes gover«
nor of S^rdis, by whose treachery Polycrates was soon
after betrayed and inhumanly crucified. It seems to have
be^en a little before this, that Anacreon left Sanios and
removed to Athens; having been mvited thither by Hip«
.parchus the eldest son of Pisistratus, one of thp most vir-
tuous aud learned, princes of bis time ; who, as Plato as«
sures us, sent an obliging letter, with a vessel of fifty oars
to convey him over the £gean sea. After Hipparchus
was slain by the conspiracy of Harmodius and Aristogiton,
Anacreon returned to Teos, where he remained till the
revolt of HistisBUs, when he was obliged once more to re*
move to Abdera, where he died. The manner of his deaths
is said to have been very extraojrdinary ; for they tell us he
was choaked with a grape-stone, which he swallowed as he
was drinking some new wine. A small part only of Ana^*
creon^s works remain* Besides odes and epigrams,, he
composed elegies, hymns, and iambics : the poems which
$ire extant, consist chiefly of bacchanalian songs and love*
sonnets; and with respect to such subjects, they have
been long regarded as standards of excellence. They are
distinguished by their native elegance and grace from
every other kind of poetical composition : and the volup*
tuous gaiety of all his songs is so characteristic, that his
style $md manner have produced innumerable imitation^
called Anacreontics, Little can be said^ however, of the
iQoral purity of his sentiments, and it is to be feared that
the fascinations of the Anacreontic school have been most
destructive to the mor^ils and prudence of the young and
gay,
The pd^tiqns of Anacreon are too numerous to be spe«-
cifted here. They were printed fgr the j&rst Mnie by Henry
Stephens, Paris, 1554, 4to, who had found the eleventh ode
on the cover of an old book. Until then we had nothing
cif Anacreon but what was in Aulus Gellius^ or the Antbo*
15$ AN AC R EON.
logy. Stephens^ hc^werer, had the good forti»»etdWl<t
with tmo manuscripts, which he compared trkh skfirtipuloiak
citre. These were the only MSS. known for «i long period %
but as Stephens, who some time before his death fell int6
mental decay, neglected to ooftimunicate to ^tfy {yersoi!!
where they were, they are snppo^d to have bee<i de-
stroyed with many o^er valuable origitiate. This circum-
stance was the ca:u9e of some ^uspictoti attaching to the
Editio Prtnceps as deficient in actthemieity. _ It was, how^
ever, generally followed in the sttbs^^uent editions, of
which those of Madame Dacier and Barnes were loi^g es-
teemed the best. But the most stngalii^r and Oi^gnmeent
edition of modem times is l^at of Jodefih Spaletti, y/Adi^
was printed at Rome in 1781, in ii»peti^^uano, \dth 3t»
fine plates, exclusive of Id plates m\fii^simigte. In tifi6
preface, the editor remarks, that some hy^efr-critiics, ias L^
Fevre^ Dacier, and Baxter, had dodbt^ liie ti^tb^ticit^
of Anacreon : and that Cornelius Pau had even Suspected
Jiis odes to have been productions of fiJie isixteent'h «ent«ftry.
To confatethis, iSpaletti now published di^ p<)^ms Y)f Ana*
creon in/ac^simile, from a MS. in th^ Vatican, hf( Ae tenti
centiary, as is psdipable, from its oatiigraphy^ to toy pet^oh
ftcquainted with GnE?ck archieiolbgy. The Latin trtinsfetion
by Spaletti is said to be muck more %iccutste than tin^
other. -^ There ane liialiy Enghsh tran^hctiot^^ of Ana-
cceon, who has ever t^en a fevourit* with yoting^ets.
Cowley is thought to faiaure been the first 9ilc«es^fi!^lti*ans-
laton The Fi«nah also have many translators, and som^
of diem faithful and spirited.^
ANANIA, or AON AN V {iom «'), ^as ^ taWy^ <tf
much refnrtsKtioii in tbe ^teenth c^maiy. Ilk origin ^^
obscure, and «ms that ikccofifft) k is suid, Ue^odk the n)Mh^
of Anania, a to«^ 6f the ancient Latium, instead of thiit'ctf
bis family. Hebteoame afterwdlrdi^ ptofe^i^oi* 6f cl^il and
canon law ^ Bologna^ and archdeacon^ and "^^ highly «s'^
tetoiedfbt piety and learning. Hi* *< Cdmmfentiwies oh
the fifth Book of the Decretals,'* a voluttie of "' Cbnsulta^
kions,'* and his treatise oh feudal rights^ " D^e t^Tocatlbn^
feudi alienati," Leyden, 1546, 4to, are among his prin-
cipal worl*. Jt iu rather suprifeing that a man of his 'leitrn-
ing and sens^ should have alsb writVeh bti- the subject tX
1 Gen. Bict^— Barnes's AtwcreOn.-^]PiML yiiiT.er0eUe.«r-V««iui^-H^tbDi«i
«ibl. Gr«c»
A N A N I A. U1^
xMgi^ andk demosia^ '^JDe magia et malefi^its, LeyAeoy
L66d^ 4 to; if indeed this belongs t<^ hkn, and not to the
dufaffect of the Allowing aiticle. He «kied in 1458^ at an
adxABced^age. ^
ANcAKIA (John Lorenzo n'), a native of Tarama in
Qalabrisy Hred abo<U> the end of the sixteenth century,
lie wrote a hook of geographjit in Italian ; and a woik in
Latiai, ensiled ^^ £>e iiatora Deemonuih/* which was print-*
ed at Veoice iu 15^, Svow The other work bearai the
tkle f^^Cosknographia, overo P universale Fabrica del Mon-
do," and was published at Venice in 15T6, 4to. This au-
thor is not mesitioned by Vossius in his catalogue of geo-
grapke¥& '
ANASTASIU'S. Bibliothecarius, so called because he
was Mfbrariad of the church of Rome, was a native of Greece,
and one of the most learned men of his age. He flourished
ilboat themiddlie of the ninth century, and was abbot of
St» Mary^^s trans Tiberim. His chief work, the. ^* Liber
Poatiificali^/' ov the lives of the Popes from St. Peter ta.
Nicholas I. is of a doubtful character : Blondel and iSal^
masiiis^ bestow great encomiums on it, while Hailing, a
]ftoman catholic writer of note, depreciates it as much. To
thekist edition of this book is joined Ciampinius'^ exami-
nation of -the validity of the facets therein mentioned ; and
fisom thii^ -we learn thckt he wrote only the lives of Gregory
IV. Sergius IL Leo IV. Benedict III. and Nicholas I. and
that the lives of the other popes in that book were done by
diff^reiit aoUftors* Anastasius is said to have assisted at the
eigjhtb general council held at Constantinople in the year
869y of whieh he, translated the acts and canons from Greek
mto Latin. The time of his death is a disputed point, as
indeed are many pisirticulars relating to him. Bayle has a
veiry elaborate article on bis history, which Cave had pre-
viously examined, and Blondel, in his " Familier eclaircisse-
nient/' and Boeder in bis " Bibl. critica,'* have likewise
entered deeply into the controversy. He wrote a great
numbier of translations, more valued for their fidelity than
eleganciE;, yet they have all been admitted into the popish
CoUections of ecclesiastical memoirs and antiquities. The
first edi4aon of the **- Liber Pontifiealis** was printed at
ISS^^ntZf 1602 f 4t0, and two more editions appeared in the la^t
century, one in four vols. fol. by Francis and Joseph Bian«*
I BIqi;. UniverseUe. • Gen. Dkt.
15« A N A S T A S I U S.
cbiniy 171^^—1735, and the other in three vok. 4t09 by the
abbe VigQoli, } 724-^1 753, besides an edition by Mura^
tcrri, in his collection of Italian writers, enlarged by leam^
ed dissertations, from which.it would appear that AnHsto*
siuswas rather the translator^ or compiler of thosielive8» and
that he took them from the ancient catalogues of the pc^es,
the acts of the. martyrs, and other documents preserved
among the archives of the Roman church* The Vatican
library then consisted of little eke, although it appears that
there was before his tiiQe a person honoured with the title
of librarian.'
ANASTASIUS, caHed the Sinaite^ because he was a
monk of mount Sinai, flourished in the seventh century.
We have several writings of this recluse : 1. •* Odegos,*'
or the Guide on the true way, in Gr. and Lat. Ingoldstadt,*
1606 j 4ta. 2. ^^ Contemplationes in Hexameron^'' Graeeo-
Lat» Londini, 1682, 4to, published by AUix. 3. ^^ Cinq
Kvres dogmatiques de Theologie^'* 4. " Some sermonsi.*'
His works were published at Ingolstadt, 1606, 4to, by the
Jesuit Gretser, and inserted in the Bibliotb. PP. *
ANATOLIUS, St. born at Alexandria, bishop of Lao-
dicea in Syria, in 269, cultivated successfully arithmetic,
geometry, grammar, and rhetoric. Some works of his are
still remaining ; among others, a tract on Easter, printed
in the Dpctrina temporum of Bucherius, Antwerp, 1634,
folio. »
ANAXAGORAS, of Clazomene, one of the most emi-
nent of the ancient philosophers, was bom in the first year
of the seventieth olympiad, B. C. 500, and was a disciple
of Anaximenes. He inherited from his parents a patri«
mony which might have secured him independence and
distinction at home ; but such was his thirst after know-
ledge, that, about the twentieth year of his age, he left his
country, without taking proper precautions concerning his
estate, and went to reside at Athens. Here he diligently
applied himself to the study, of eloquence and poetry, and
was particularly conversant with the works of Homer, whom
he admired as the best preceptor, not only in style, but in
morals. Engaging afterwards in speculations concerning
nature, the fame of the Milesian school induced him to leave
^ Gen. Diet. — Biog. Universellc— Ginguenc Hist. Litt. d'ltalle, Yol. I. p. 97-^
too.— Saxii Ono(na8tic»ii.
» Moreri.— -Cave.— Fabr. BibU Or.— Saxii OMniMticttt.
3 Gen. Dict.«-C9Te.
A N A X A G 0 R A S. 15»
Athens^ that he might attend upon the public instructions
of Anaximenes. Under him he became acquainted with
his doctrines, and those of his predecessors, concerning
natural bodies, and the origin of things. So ardently did
he engage in these inquiries, that he said concerning him^
self that he was bom to contemplate the heavens. Visiting
his native city, he found that, whilst he had been busy in
the pursuit of knowledge, his estate had run to waste, and
remarked, that to this ruin he owed his prosperity. One
of his fellow-citizens complaining that he, who was so welt
qualified, both by rank and ability, for public offices, had
shown so little regard for his country, he replied, " My
first care is for my country," pointing to heavien. After
remaining for some years at Miletus, he returned to Athens^
and there taught philosophy in private. Among his pupils
were several eminent men, particularly the tragedian Eu-
ripides, and the orator and statesman Pericles ; to whoni
some add Socrates and Tbemistocles.
The reputation Which he acquired, at length excited the
jealousy and envy of his contemporaries, and brought' upon
him a cruel persecution. It is generally agreed, that he
was thrown into prison, and condemned to death ; and that
it was with difficulty that Pericles obtained from his judges
the milder sentence of fine and banishment ; but the nature
of the charge alleged against him is variously represented.
The most probable account of the matter is, that his offence
was, the propagation of new opinions concerning the gods,
and particularly, teaching that the sun is an inanimate
fiery substance, and consequently not a proper object of
worship. As he was indefatigable in his researches into
nature, on many occasions he might contradict the vulgar
opinions and superstitions. It is related that he ridiculed
the Athenian priests, for predicting an unfortunate event
from the unusual appearance of a ram which had but one
horn ; and that, to convince the people that there was no-
thing unnatural in the affair, he opened the head of the
animal, and showed them, that it was so constructed, as
necessarily to prevent the growth of the other horn.
After his banishment, Anaxagoras passed the remainder
of his days at Lampsacus, where he employed himself in
instructing youth, and obtained great respect and influence
among the magistrates and citizens. Through his whole
life he appears to have supported the character of a true
philosopher. Superior to motives of avarice and ambition.
iea ' A K A X A G 6 R A S«
tioa of tiih air; that tbe^ rainbow is ti^e effect of tbe* re«
flection of the solar ray sr from a thick cloudy placed oppa-
site to it like a mirror ;. that the moon is an opaque body,
enlightened by the snu^ and an habitable region, divided
into bills, vales, and waters;, that the* comets are wander*
ing stars; and that the fixed stars are in a region exterior
to thosiB of the ^un 2Xkd mocm. But the .writers who report
Uiese pai:ticulaFs hav^ mixed with them such strange absur<-
.ditiesjtas' weaken the jCire^it bf>their whole relation. When
we ajle told, that Anaxagora^ thought, the sun: to be a flat
circular mass of hot iron, somewhat bigger than the Pelo*
ponnesus } aiul the £tars to have been ibrmted from stones
whirled from the earth by the violent circumvolution of its
surroi&nding ether, we.cannot but suspecttbat in the course
«f traditionary report, his opinions must haVe been igno-
rantly Biisconcerved, or designedly misrepnesented. ^ .:.
ANAXANJftRiDES, a Greek comic poet, bom at Ca^
'^limis^fiik thcisle of Rhodes, 'flourished inithe lOlst olym*
•piad^ B«jC..4O0, and was- the first, if Suidas^ may be ere*
dited^ wba.introduced love adventures on the stag«, which
JSayl^lhiaks doiibtfuK He was. a man Iconqeited of his
person^ wore rich iipiparei, and affected pomp and gran*
deur.to such, a degree, .that being once engaged to rcaxl a
po^n at Athens, he. wient ti^the appointed place on hoitse^
.back, and rehearsed part of ihis pei^formance in thatpos*
^tuoeri Such a behaviour renders prbbabl^ .wbat/is further
4iaid of hiin,. via{. that )lije waa extremely grieved . when his
pieces did Aot carry the' prize. He nbver u€|ed, like other
^ets^ :to. polish or corroct them, theUr they might appear
^gam lb a better condition ; and this disrespect fgr bis
(tpectatora occasioned the loss of sevevaL fine comedies*
OwingiJtQ the same circumstance, he woatbe prize butrteti
:li)Oies> wlmreas we fint^. above twenty^ of his .plays quoted^
tUdd i^ wirote in all sixtyefive. Thei Atheniansi condemned
%ita to he starved for censuripg theijr govercuBent.) Nuoe
jQ^bis productions are extant, but some.io£ ibh^m are nien^
ftion^ by AristQtle and othen authors;. ^ ^ i< '
. ANAXARCHUS, ^a.: philo^^hdr ofi Ahdora, in tbe 1 10th
plympiad, BwC. 34Q, was the favouritei^df Alexander the
^reat, au4{ u^d a libesty, ia speaking to hm» that waa ,wi^«
thy of the philosophy of Diogenes. That prince .being
■ Almost literally from the abridgment of Bracker««»])iO|;f nt^ Ifacrtlai,-*^
l9^a.I>}ct.—Fenelon'8 Lives of l^ePbftoso^h^tt/^'
\.'
A N AX A R CH U S. I6i
Woanded^ Anaxarchus put his finger to the wound, and
looking him in the face, said, *^ This is human bteod ; and
not of that kind which animates the gods." Once this
prince asked him at table, whstt he thought of the feast ?
He answered) ^^ that there was but one thing wanting, the
head of a great nobleman, which ought to have been served
in a dish :" and in saying this, fixed his eyes on Nicocreon,
tyrant of Cyprus. After the death of Alexander, this
Nicocreon, in his turn, caused him te be put in a mortar^
and beat with iron pestles. The philosopher told the
tyrant to pound his body as much as he pleased, but h^
had no power over his souL Nicocreon then threatened
to have his tongue cut out. <^ Thou shalt not do ^ it,
wretch !" said Anaxarchus ; and immediately spit it in his
£Ace, after having bit it in two with his teeth. Anaxarchus
was of the sect of the Sceptics. Such is the common ac«
count of this philosopher, but it is wholly inconsistent with
his character, which was that of a man softened by effemi*
nate pleasure, and a flatterer of kings. The same story i$
told of Zeno. '
ANAXIMANDER, an ancient philosopher, was the first
who taught philosophy in a public school, and is therefore
often spoken of as the founder of the Ionic sect. He was
born in the third year of the 42d olympiad, or B. C. 610*
Cicero calls hiin the friend and companion of Thales;
whence it is probable, that he was a native of Miletus*
That he was en^ployed in instructing yoath, may be in*
ferred from an anecdote related concerning him; that^
being laughed at for singing (that is, probably, reciting
his verses) ill, he said, ** We must endeavour to sing bet-
ter, for the sake of the boys.** Anaximander was the first
who laid aside the defective method of oral tradition, ' and
committed the principles of natural science to writing. ' It
is related of him, which, however, is totally improbable,
that he predicted an<earthquake. He lived sixty-four years*
. The general doctrine of Anaximander, concerning na-
ture-and the origin of things, was, that infinity is the first
principle of all things ; that the universe, though variable
in its parts, as one whole is immutable ; and that all things
are produced from infinity, a'hd terminate in it. What this
philosopher meant by infinity, has been a subject of a dis«
1 Bnicker.— Morerl-i^Bios* Uuivenelle.— I«uzac's Leetioncs AUicss^ Le/^
M 2 ' .
1
164 A N A X I M A N D E R.
pate productive of many ingenious conjectures^ which are^
however, too feebly supported to merit particular notice*
The most material question is, whether Anaximander on*
derstood by infinity the material subject, or the eflicient
cause, of nature. Plutarch asserts, the infinity of Anaici*
mander to be nothing but matter* Aristotle explainB it in
the same manner, and several modern writers adopt the
tame idea. But neither Aristotle nor Plutarch could have
any better ground for their opinion than conjecture. It is
more probable, that Anaximander, who was a disciple c^
Thales, Would attempt to improve, than that he would
entirely rgect, the doctrine of bis master. If, therefore,
*the explanation, given above, of the system of Tbales be
admitted, there will appear some ground for supposing,
that Anaximander made use of the term infinity to denote
&e humid mass of Thales, whence all things arose, toge«
ther with the divine principle by which he supposed it to
be animated. This opinion is supported by the authority
of Hermias, who asserts, that Anaximander supposed ati
eternal mover or first cause of motion, prior to the humid
mass of Thaleis. And Aristotle himself speaks of the in-
finity of Anaximander ad comprehending and directing all
things. After all, nothing can be determined, with cer^
tainty, upon this subject.
' There can be little doubt, that mathematics and astro-
nomy were indebted to Anaximander. He framed a cod->
nected series of geometrical truths, and wrote a summary of
his doctrine. He was the first who undertook to delineate
the surface of the earth, and mark the divisions of land and
water, upon an artificial globe. The invention of the
sun-dial is ascribed to him ; but it is not likely that man^
kind had remained, till this time, unacquainted with sa
useful an instrument, especially considering how vmcb
attention had, in many countries, been paid to astronomy,
and how early we read of the division of time into iioun;
Herodotus, with much greater probability, ascribes thia
invention to the Babylonians. Perhaps he made use of a
gnomon in ascertaining, more correctly than Thales had
done, the meridian line, and the points of the soistioea.
Pliny says, that be first observed the obliquity of the eclip*
tic ; but this cannot be true^ if Thales was acqusdnted
with the method of predicting eclipses, which supposes
the knowledge of this obliquity.
Other opinions ascribed to Anaximander are, that the
AN AXIMANDER. le^
stars are globular collections of air and fire, bom^ about
in the sfdieres in which they are placed ; that they ar^
gods, that is, inhabited and aminated by portions of the
ditinity; that the sun has the highest place in the bM->
Tens, the moon the next, and the planets and fixed stars
the lowest ; that the earth is a globe placed in the middle
of the universe, and remains* in its place ; and that tbe sun
is twenty-^igbt times larger than the earth. >
' ANAXIMENES, a Milesian, who was born about the
fifty«Mxth olympiad, or B. C. 556, was a hearer and com-
panion, of Anatximander. He followed the footsteps of hu
master, in his inquiries into the nature and origin of
things, and attempted to cast new. light upon the system.
He taught, that the first principle of all things is air, which
he held to be infinite, or immense. Anaximenes, says
Simplicius, taught the unity and immensity of matter, but
under a more definite term than Anaximander, calling it
air. He held air to be God, because it is difiused through
ftU nature, and is perpetually active, Tlie air of Anaxi-
menes is, then, a subtle ether, animated with a divine prhb*
eiple, whence it becomes the origin of aU beings, and iq
this sense Lactantius understood his doctrine.
Anaximenes was probably the continuator of the doctrine
of Tfaales and Anaximander, concerning the finest principle
of nature, with this difference only, that he supposed the
divine energy to be resident in air, or ather. Chiefiy at-
tentive^ however, to material causes, he was silent con-
cerning the nature of the divine mind.
Anaxifoenes is also said to have taught, that all min^
are air 3 that fire, water, and earth, prooeed from it, by
rarefaction or condensation ; that the sun and moon are
fiery bodies, whose form is that of a circular plate ; that
the stars, which also are fiery substances, are fixed in the
heavens, as nails in a crystalline plane ; and that tHe
earth is a plane tablet resting upon the air. '
' ANAXIMENES, the s<m of Aristocles of Lampsacus, aii
orator, was the disciple of Diogenes the cynic, and of
Zoilns of Ampbipolis, the absurd critic on Homer. He
was preceptor to Alexander of Macedon^^ and followed him
to the wars. When the king was incensed against the
pe^^Ie of Lamipsacus, because they had taken the part of
the Persians, and threatened them with grievous putiish-
1 Brucker.— Diostnei Laertins.-— Geo. Dict,«— ^oreri, * Ibid«
f.«
166 A N A X I M E N E «.
ments, 'he saved them by a trick. The peoplci in dang^v
of losing their wives, children, and country, sent Anaxi««
laenes to intercede for them, and Alexander knowing tha
cause of his coming, swore by the gods, that h^ would do'
the very reverse of what he desired of him. Upon this
Anaximenes said to him, ^' Grant me the favour, O king,:
to enslave the wives and children of the people of Lampr
sacus, to burn their temples, and lay their city even v^th
the- ground .^^ Alexander, not being able to retract his
oath, pardoned Lampsacus against his will, Anaximenes
xevenged himself on his enemy Theopompus the son of
Damostratus in a manner not much to bis credit. Being a
sophist, and able to imitate the style of sophists, he wrote
4 book against the Athenians and Lacedaemonians, care-
fully framing a railing story, and setting the name of Theo-;
pompus to it, sent it to those cities. Hence arqse an uni-
versal hatred of Theopompus throughout all Greece*'
Anaximenes is said to be th& inventov of speaking ex tem^
pore, accordiog to Suidas, although it is not easy to com-^^
piehend what he means by th^t being an invention. He
^srrote the lives of Philip and Alexander, and twelve books
on the early history of Greece, but none of these have de-?.
tended to u$, ?
ANCHABANUS, or ANCARANO (Peter), an emi,
nent civilian of the fourteenth century, was born at Bor*
logna in Italy, and descended from the illustrious family o£
the Farneses. Besides his uncommon knowledge in the
civil law, he was a philosopher and politician and an elo-
quent speaker^ These qualifications raised his reputation,
and gave him a great authority among his countrymen.
He was likewise in high esteem with the princes of Italy,
and applied to by many cities and universities* He stu-
died cbie^y ujcider Baldus, whose intimate friendship he
gain^4» and wl^o instructed him in the most abstruse parts
of the civil law. He read public lectures upon the law at
firsj; in Padua, and afterwards at, Bologna, in conjunction
with Bartholomew Salicetus, with the greatest applause o£
his auditors. He flouris^hed about 1 3SQ, and the following
years; for in May, 1382, Salicetus, who was his contem<n
porary, . began his conamentaries in IX Libros Codic. at
Bologna. Our author died there about the year 1410, and
9fas^i|rie4 in the church of .S:t. Beuedict; tjiough ^om^
' } Gen. Diet.— MorerL—Spidas.
A N C H A R ANUS. 167
wrttisrs pretend^ that he lived till 1497, which th^y infer'
from his epitaph, which was only repaired in that yean
But the manuscript of his Ifecture upon the Clementines '
and Rescripts, which is preserved in the library at Augs-
burg, appears to have been written in 1397 ; and another
manuscript of bis lecture upon the second book of the
Decretals, which is likewise in that library, shews that it
was finished at Venice in 1392. He wrote, 1. *^ Commen-
taria in sex Libros Decretalium ;'* with the Scholia of
Codecba and John, de Monteferrato, at Bononia, -1581, foL
2. ** Lectura super Clementinas,*' with the additions of
Cathar. Pariel and others, Lyons, 1549 and 1553, fol.
3« ^' SelectiB Quaestiones omnium prsestantissimorum Juris*
oo&sukorum in tres tomos digestse, Francfort, 1581, fol.
4. " Consilia sive Responsa Juris," with the additions of'
Jerom Zanchius, Venice, 1568, 1585, 1589, 1599, folio,
5. " Repetitiones in C. Canonum Statuta, de Constit.'*.
Venice, 1587t*
ANCHER (Peter Kofod), a Danish lawyer of the
eighteenth century, filled several situations of importance
la the Danish administration, and about the end of that
century bore the title of counsellor of conference. He
wrote many elementary works on the civil and crimittal
law of Denmark, which differs from the Roman in many
particulars; but his principal and most learned and useful
woii:, is "The History of Danish law from the time of
king Harold to that of Christian V." 1769, 3 vols. 8vo,
which is in the Danish language. *
ANCILLON (David), an eminent divine, of the re-
formed church at Metz, was born March 17, 1617. He
studied from the ninth or tenth year ^of his age in the
Jesuits* college, then the only one at Metz where there
was an bpportuntifty'of being instructed in polite lit:erature.
In this college he gave such proofs of genius, that the
heads of the society left nothing unattempted in order to
di^w him over to* thei^ religion and party ; but he con-
timied 'firm: against their attacks, and that he might be th&
more enabled to withstand them, took the resolution of
studying divinity, in which he was so indefatigable, that
his father was often obliged to interpose his authority to
interrupt his continual application, lest it should injure
his health. He went to Geneva in the year 1633, and per*^
1 Gert. Diet. — Moreri. * Bioff. Unirerselle.
*'
16S ANCILLON.
formed his course of philosophy there under Mr. da Pao^
and his divinity studies under Spanheim^ Diodati, and.
Troncbin, who bad a great esteem for him. He lefi Ge-
neva ill April 1641 1 and offered himself to the synod of
Charenton, in order to take upon bim the office of a minis-
ter. His abilitdes were greatly admired by the examiners^
and his modesty by the ministers of Paris; and the whole
assembly was so highly satisfied with bim, that they gave
him one of the most considerable churches, which was un-
provided for» that of Meaux, where he exercised his minis-
try till the year 1653, and became extremely popular,
raising an extensive reputation by his learning, eloquence,
and virtue, and was even highly respected by those of the
Roman catholic communion. He displayed his talents
with still greater reputation and success in his own country,
where be was minister from the year 1653, till the revo-
cation of the edict of Nantes in 1685. He retired to
Francfort after that fatal blow ; and having preached in
the French efaureh at Hanau, the whole assembly was so
edified by it^ that they immediately called together the
heads, of tb^ families, in order to propose that he might
be desired to accept of the office of minister among tbem»
The prop6aition was agreed to ; and they sent deputies
who, prevailed on him, and he began the exercise of his
ministry in that church about the end of the year 1685*
Jt was now that several persons who had quitted the
French church, for some disgust, returned to it again*
The professors of divinity, and the German and Dutch
ministers, attended frequently upon his sermons. The
count of Hanau himself, who bad never before been seen
in that church, came thither to hear Mr. Ancillon. His au-
ditors came from the neighbouring parts, and even from
Francfort, and people, who understood nodiing of French,
flocked together with great eagerness, and said, that they
loved to see him speak ; a degree of popularity which ex-
cited the jealousy of two other mijiisters, who at length
rendered his situation so uneasy that he was induced to
abandon voluntarily a place from which they could not
force him. If he had chosen to rely upon the voice of the
people, he might have still retained his situation, but it •
was his opinion that a faithful pastor ought not to establish
bis own intereifts upon any division between a congregation
and its ministers, and as through his whole life he had
been averse to parties, and had remonstrated often against
A N C I L L O N. 16a
cabals and factions, he would not take advantage of tbe
disposition which the people were in towards him, nor
permit them to act Having therefore attempted every
method which charity suggested without success, he re-^
solved to quit Hanau, where he had to wrangle without
intermission, and where his patience, which had supported
several great trials, might possibly be at last overcome ;
and for these reasons he left it privately. He would now
have returned to Francfort to settle, but in consideration
of his numerous family, he preferred Berlin, where he re-
ceived a kind reception from the elector of Brandenbourg,
He was also made minister of Berlin, and had the plea*
sure of seeing his eldest son made judge and director of tbe
French who were in that city, and his other son rewarded
with a pension, and entertained at the university of Franc-
fort upon the Oder, and at last minister in ordinary of the
capital. He had likewise the satisfaction of seeing bis
brother made judge of all the French in the states of
Brandenbourg, and Mr. Cayart, his son-in-law, engineer
to his electoral highness. He enjoyed these circumstances
undisturbed, till his death at Berlin, September 3, 1692,
aged seventy-five years. His marriage was contracted in
a very singular way : The principal heads of families of the
church of Meaux seeing how much their minister distin-
guished himself, and hearing him' sometimes saying, that
he would go to Metz to see his father apd relations, whom
he had not seen for several years, were apprehensive lest
they should lose him. They thought of a thousand expe-
dients in order tq fix him with them for a long time ; and
the surest way in their opinion was to marry him to some
rich lady of merit, who had an estate in that country or
near it One of them recollected he had heard, that Mr.
Ancillon having preached one Sunday in the morning at
Charenton, he was universally applauded ; and that Mr.
Macaire especially, a venerable old gentleman, of very
exemplary virtue and piety, and possessed of a consider-
able estate at Paris and about Meaux, had given him a
thousand blessings and commendations, and said aloud to
those who sat near him in tbe church, that he had but one
daughter, who was an only child, and very dear to him ;
but if that gentleman, speaking of Mr. Ancillon, should
come and ask her in mairiage, he would give her with all
his heart Upon this, they went to ask him, whether he
still jcositimied in that favourable opiuipn of him ; be re-
170 A >I C ILL O N.
]^icd, that he did ; and accompanied that answer with new
expressions of his esteem and affection for Mr. Ancillon ;
so that the marriage was concluded in the year 1649, and
proved, a very happy one, although there was a great dis-
parity of years, the young lady being only fourteen.
His library was very curious and very extensive, and he
enlarged it every day with all that appeared new and im-
portant in the republic of letters ; so that at last it was one
of the noblest collections in the hands of any private per-
son in the kingdom. Learned foreigners used to visit it,
as they passed through the tity of Metz, as the most valua-
ble curiosity there. When he saw the catalogue of pre-
tended heretical books, published by the archbishop of
Paris, he laid aside all those books which were ordered
to be suppressed, and they composed his library in the
foreign countries which he retired to, for his own was
plundered after the revocation of the edict of Nantes, nor
would he have had a book remaining, if those which he had
hid, had not been concealed from the persons who seized
the rest of his library. The monks and ecclesiastics of
Metz and the neighbouring towns had long coveted the
library of Mr. Ancillon, and his being obliged to depart on
a sudden gave them a feir pretence to take possession of it.
Some of them proposed to buy the whole together, and
others required, that it should be sold by retail ; but the
issue was that it was completely plundered.
His writings are but few, 1. " Relation fidele de tout ce
qui s'est pass6 dans la conference publique avec M. Beda-
cier, eveque d' Aost," Sedan, 1657, 4to. This dispute
which he carried on with M. Bedacier, is concerning tra-
ditions, and was inanaged on the part of our author with
great success, but they had agreed not to print it, and it
. would have remained unknown, had not a spurious account
appeared, in which it \vas stated that Ancillon had been
defeated. 2. ** Apologie de Luther, de Zulngle, de
Calvin, et de Beze,'- Hanau, 1666, which is part of an an-
swer he had prepared against cardinal de Richelieu,
3. " Vie de Guil. Farel,*- or the idea of a faithful minister
of Christ, printed in 1691, Amst. 12mo, from a most erro-
neous copy. He published al$o one fest sermon, 1676^
entitled "The Tears of St. Paul.'* But the wotk which
contains the most faithful picture of' his, learning, princr-
ples, and talents, in conversation, was published by his^
fton, the subject of the next artide, at* Basil, 169t| 3 vols,
A N C I L L O N. 171
l2mo9 entitled <^ Melange critique de Litterature> re-*
cueilli des conversations de feu.M.Ancillon." There was
Ukewiae a new edition of it published at Amsterdam in 1702,
ill one volume i2mo, which was disowned by the editor^
because there were several things inserted in iii^ which,
were injurious tp his father's memory^ and his own charac*
ter. This collection of AdiiCilion was formed from what he
heard his father speak of in conversation, and he has di-
gested it under proper beads. It contains a great number
of useful and curious remarks, although not wholly free
from mistakes, some of the sentiments having been con-;
▼eyed to the editor by persons who probably did not rQ-
^lember them exactly. * . . *
ANCILLON (Charlbs), son of the above, was born at
Metz, July 29, 1659: he began his studies in that city,
and went to Hanau for the prosecution of them. He after-^
wardis applied himself to the civil law at Marpurg, Geneva,
and Paris, in the last of which cities he was admitted an
advocate. Upon bis return to Metz, in 1679, he followed
the bar, where he began to raise himself a considerable
reputation. After the revocation of the edict of Nantes in
l&S5f the prot^stants of Metz deputed him to court, in
order to represent that they ought not to be compre-
l^ended in this revocation. But ail that he could obtain
was, that this city should be treated with more lenity and
favour, fie followed his father to Berlin, where the elec-
tor of Brandenbourg appointed him judge and director of
the French in that city. In 1695, that' prince gave him
new marks of his confidence and favour, by sending him to
Swisserland in order to negociate some affairs of import-
ance. The marquis of Baden Dourlach, who was then at
' 3stsil, having bad an opportunity of seeing him, entertained
so great an esteem for him, that he chose him fgr his
CQunsellor, and desired the elector of Brandenbourg tq
give Ancillon leave that he should serve him for some time.
Our author did not return to Berlin till the end of the
year 1^99, and was then appointed inspector of all the
courts of justice whicl> the French had in Prussia, and
counsellor of the embassy. The elector, being crowned
Jfing of Prussia, made him likewise his historiographer and
^uperinttndant of the French school, which had .been
^iwdpd ^^ Berlin^ according to the sqheme which he ha4
* Gen, Diet.
p2 A N C I L L O N.
Imned. He died in that city the 5th of July, 1715, being^
fifty-six years of age. His works are, 1. " V Irrevoca-
bility d^ PEdit de Nantes prouv£ par les principes du droit
& de la politique/' Amsterdam, 168S, 12nio. 2. '^Re-»
flexions politiques, par lesquelles on fait voir que la per-
secution des reformez est contre les veritable interets de
la France,*' Cologne; 1686, ]2mo. Mr. Bayle is mistaken
in supposing, that this work was written by Sandras det»
Courtils, the author of the *^ Nouveaux Interets des
Princes." 3, " La France interess6e a r6tablir I'Edit de
Nantes," Amsterdam, 1690, 12mo. 4. " Histoire de
PEtablissement des Frangois Refugiez dans les Etats de
son altesse electorale de Brandebourg," Berlin, 1690,
8vo. He wrote this out of gratitude to the elector for the
generdsity which he had shewn to the French Protestants.
It appears from this piece, that the elector's humanity ex-
tended to all the different ranks of persons among them.
The men of learning tasted all the satisfactions of ease
notwithstanding the pressure of misfortune and distress,
and enjoyed the charms of society in the conferences which
were held at Mr. Spanheim's, their patron and Maecenas,,
who was one of the ornaments of that court, as well as of the
republic of letters. 5. " Melange Critique,'* mentioned
before in his father's article. 6. " Dissertation sur
I'usage de mettre la premiere pierre au fondement des
edifices publics, addressee au prince electoral de Brande-
bourg, a I'occasion de la premiere pierre, qu'il a pos6e lui
m6me au fondement du temple qu'on construit pour les
Frangois Refugiez dans le quartier de Berlin nomita^ Fri-
derichstadt," Berlin, 1701, 8vo. The author having given
an account of every thing which his knowledge and read-
ing would supply him with on this subject, acknowledges
at last, that this custom is very like those rivers, whose
source is unknown, though we may observe the course of
them. 7. " Le dernier triomphe de Frederic Guillaume
le Grand, electeur de Brandebourg, ou discdurs sur la
Statue Equestre ^rig^e sur le Pont Neuf du Berlin," Ber-
lin, 1703. Mr. Beauval says that this piece is an oration
^nd a dissertation united together, and that the style is a
little too turgid. 8. ^^ Histoire de la vie de Solimau IL
empereur des Turcs," Rotterdam, 1706, 8vo; a work not
very correct, but the preliminary matter is valuable, and
contains, among other particulars, some curious informa*
tion respecting Thuanus, taken from the ^^ BibliotbequfL
A N C I L L O N. 171
l*olitique Heraldique Chdisie," 1705, 8vo. 9. « Trait*
des Eunuques, par C. Dollincan/' 1707, 12ino. Dollin"
can is an assumed name, and the work unworthy of our
author's abilities. 10. ^^ Memoires concernant les vies
et les outrages de plusieurs modernes celebres dans la
Repubhque des Lettres,*' Amst. 1709, 12mo. This piece,
which he was induced to undertake by the persuasion of a
bookseller of Rotterdam, as a supplement to Bayle's dic*^
tionarj-, contains the lives, somewhat diffusely written, of '
Valentine Courart, whose article contains 133 pages;
Bartholomew d'Herbelot, Urban Chevreau, Henry Justel,
Adrian Baillet, James Aubery, Benjamin Aubery Sieur
du Maurier, Lewis Aubery, John Aubery, Claudius Au«
bery, John Baptist Cotelier, and Laurence Beger.
11. " Histoire de la vie de M. Ltscheid,'* Berlin, 1713.*
ANCOURT (Florent-Carton d'), an eminent French
actor and dramatic writer, was born at Fontainbleau, Nov,
1, 1661. He studied in the Jesuits' college at Paris,
under father de la Rue ; who, discqverlng in him a re-
markable quickness and capacity for learning, was ex«
tremely desirous of engaging him in their order, but d' An- -
Courtis aversion to a religious life rendered all his efforts
ineffectual. After he had goi^e through a course of phi-
losophy, he applied himself to the civil law, and was ad-
mitted advocate at seventeen years of age, but falling in
love with an actress, he went upon the stage ; and, in
1680, married this woman. As he had all the qualifications
necessary for the. theatre, he soon greatly distinguished
himself, and began to write pieces for the stage, many of
which liad such success, that most of the players grew rich
from the profits of them. His merit in this way procured
him a very favourable reception at coutt, where Lewis XIV.
Aewed him'tnany marks of his favoun His sprightly Qon-
versation and polite behaviour made his company agreeable
to all the men of figure both at court and in the city, and
Ae most considerable persons were extremely pleased -to
liave him at ' their houses. Having taken a journey to
Dunkirk, to' d^e his eldest daughter who lived there, he
took the opportunity of paying his compliments to the
elector of Bavaria, who was then at Brussels^ This prince
received hitn with the utmost civility ; and, having retained
him a considerable time, dismistted him, with a present of
*' Gets: 0bt.
174 AN C O U R T.
a di^m€md valued at a thousand pistoles ; he likefrise' it€^
warded him in a very generous manner, when, upon his
coming to Papis, d^Ancourt composed an entertainment foa
his diversion. At length grown weary of the theatre^
which he quitted in Lent, IT.IS^ be retired to his estate of
Courcelles le Roy^ in Berry ; where he applied himself
wholly to devotion^ and composed a translation of David^s
psalms in verse, and a sacred tragedy, which were never
printed. He died the 16th of December, 1726^ 65 yearsi
€>f age. His plays consist of fifty-two, of which twenty-
^ve are said to keep their reputation on the stage* They
were published in 1710 and 1750, in d vols. 12mo9 and the
best of them in 3 vols. 1 2mo, under the title of " Chefs*
d'oBuvre de d'Ancourt." ^
ANDERSON (Adam)^ a n^itive of Scotland, was brother'
to the rev. James Anderson, D. D. editor of the " Royal
Genealogies,'* and of ^* The Constitutions of the Free Ma-
sons,? to whom he was chaplain. He was likewise many
years minister of the Scotch Presbyterian church in Swallow-*
street, Piccadilly, and well known among the people of
that persuasion resident in London by the name of bishop
Anderson, a learned but imprudent roan, who lost a con*
siderable part of his property in the fatal year 1720. His
brother Adam, the suhject of this article, was for 40 year^
a clerk in the South Sea house, and at length was ap--
pointed chief clerk of the stock and. new annuities, which
office he retained till his death. He was appointed one of
the trustees for establishing the colony of Georgia in
America, by charter dated June 9, 5 Geo. H. He was also
pne of the court of assistants of the Scots* corporation in
London. He published his ^^ Historical and Chronological
deduction of Trade and Commerce," a work replete with
useful information, in 1762 — 3, 2 vols./fol. He was twice
married ; by the first wife he had issue a daughter, married^
to one Mr. Hardy, a druggist or apothecary in Southamp-
ton-street in the Strand, who hoth died without issue ; he
sfcfterwards became the third husband of the widow of Mr.
Coulter, formerly a wholesale linen-draper in Cornbilly by
whom he had no issue ; she was, like him, tall and grace-
ful, and her face has been thought to have some resemhlance
to that of the ever-living countess of Desmond, given in
Mr. Pennant's first Tour in Scotland. Mr. Anderson died
I Diet. Histori%a«,«»Q«m DieU— Moreru
ANDERSON. 1^5
at his hotise in lled-Iion*street, Clerkenwell, Jan. 10^ 1765,
aged 73. He had a good library of books, which were sold
by his widow, who. survived him several years, and died in
1731. His History, of Commerce has been lately very
much improved in a new edition,. 4 vols. 4 to, by Mr.
M*Pherson. " » ^
ANDERSON (Alexa^dsr), an eminent mathema*
tician, was born at Aberdeen towards the end of the six-
teenth century* Where he was educated, or under what
inasters, we have not learned : probably he studied the
belles'lettres and philosophy in the university of his native
city, and, as was the practice in ttiat age of all who could
afford it, went afterwards abroad for the cultivation of other
branches of science. But wherever he studied, his progress
must have been rapid ; for early in the seventeenth cen-
tury, we find him professor of mathematics in the .univer-
sity of Paris, where he published several ingenious works^
and among others, ^^ Supplementum ApoUonii Redivivi,
&c.'' Paris, 1612, 4to; " Ailio^oyia, pro Zetetico Apollo*
niani problematis a se jam pridem edito in supplemento
ApoUenii Uedivivi, &c/' Paris, 1615, 4to; " Francisci
Vietas de £qu9^onum recognition^ et emendatione trac->
tatus duo,'' with a dedication, preface, and appendix
by himself, Paris, .1615, 4to; " Vieta's Augulares *8ec-
tiones,:" to whicli he added demonstrations of his own.
Our professor was cousin german to Mr. Da^vid Ander-
son of Finshaugh, a gentleman who also possessed a singu-
lar turn for mathematical knowledge. This matheniatical
J genius was hereditary in the family of the Andersons ; and
rom them jt seems to have been transmitted to their de-
scendants of the name of Gregory, who have for so many
generations been eimnent in Scotland, as. professors, either
of mathematics, or,.more lately, of the. theory and prac<^
tice of physic. The. daughter of the David Anderson just
mentioned, was the mother of the celebrated James Gre-
gory, iuyentor of the reflecting telescope ; and observing
in her son, while yet a child, a strong propensity to mathe-
maticali studies, she inst;ructed him in the elements of that
science herself. Froni the same lady descended the late
Dr. Reid.of Gla§g^<Mr, who was not less eminent for his
^knowledge of mathematics than for his metaphysical writ-
ings. The precise dates of Alexander Anderson's birth
1 Gent. Mfts* ToK LIIL p. 41. '
/
in A N D E K S O N.
and death, we have not learned either from DeiDpstetV
Mackenzie, or Dr. Hutton, who seems to have used every
endeavour to procure information, nor are such of his re-^ •
Ifltions as we have had an opportunity of consulting, so
well acquainted with his private history as we expiected to
find them. * ^
ANDERSON, (Sir Edmund), a younger brother of a
good family, either of Broughton, or of FUxborough in
Lincolnshire, descended originally from Scotland. He re-
ceived the first part of his education in the country, and
went afterwards to Lincoln college in Oxford : fromlhenc^
he removed to the Inner Temple, where he read law with
great assiduity, and in due time was called to the bar. la
the ninth of queen Elizabeth, he was both Lent and Sum'-
mer reader ; in the sixteenth of that queen, double reader,
notes of which readings are yet extant in manuscript > and
in the nineteenth year of queen Elizabeth, be was ap«
pointed one of the queen's serjeants at law. Some time
after, be was made a judge; and, in 1581, being upon
the Norfolk circuit at Bury, he exerted himself against tb^
famous Browne, the author of those opinions which were
afterwards maintained by a sect called from hint Brown-
ists : for this couduct of judge Anderson, the bishop of
Norwich wrote a letter to treasurer Burleigh, desiring the
judge might receive the queen's thanks. In 1582, .he wai
made lord chief justice of the comman pleas, and the year
following received the honour of knightiiood. In 15S6^ he
was appointed one of the commissioners for trying Mary
queen of Scots; on the 12th of October, the same year,
he sat in judgment upon her; and on the 25th of tive
same, month, he sat again in the star-chamber, when seu*^
tence was pronounced against tbts unhappy queen. In
1587, he sat in the star-chamber on secretary Davison,
who was charged with issuing the warrant for the eirecution
of the queen of Scots, contrary to queen Elizabeth's com*
mand, and without her knowledge. After the cituse had.
been heard, sir Roger Manwood, chief baron of the eK«
chequer, gave hi^ opinion first, Wherein be extoUed tbe
queen's clemency, which he said, Davison bad incoft*
siderately prevented ; and therefore he was for fining bittiL
ten thousand pounds, and imprisonment during the queen's
1 Gleig^s Supplement to the £ncyclop. Britan.--Hutton's Mathematical Die-
lionary.
ANDERSON. l»t
]>leasure. Chief justice Anderson spoke nett, and said
that Davison had done justuniy nan Just i ; that is, he had
done what was right, but not in a right manner, which.
Granger observes, is excellent logic for finding an in-
nocent man guilty.
In the proceedings against those who endeavoured to set
np the Geneva discipline, Anderson shewed much zeal ;
but in the case of Udal, a puritan minister, who was con-
fined in 1589, and tried and condemned the year following,
we find him unjustly censured by Mr. Pierce in his " Vin-
dication of the Dissenters,^' and yet more unjustly by Neal,
hi his History of the Puritans, who asserts that Anderson
Iried and condemned Udal, which is a direct falsehood.
Still it cannot be denied that he was severe in such cases,
althbugh^rom his conduct in other matters, it is evident
that he acted conscientiously. In 1596 we have an account
of his going the northern circuit, where he behaved with
the same rigour ; declaring in his charges, that such per-
sons as opposed the established church, opposed her ina*
jesty's authority, and were in that light enemies to th«
state and disturbers of the public peace, and he directed
the grand juries to inquire, that they might be punished.
He was indeed a very strict lawyer, who governed himself
entirely by statutes : this he shewed on many occasions,
particularly at the trial of Henry Cuffe, secretary to the
earl of Essex, where the attorney-general charging the
prisoner syllogistically, and CufFe answering him in the
same style, lord chief justice Anderson said, ** I* sit here
to judge of law, and not of logic:" and directed Mr.
attorney to press the statute of Edward III. on which
Mr. Cuffe was indicted. He was reputed severe, and strict
in the obsei*vation of what was taught in courts, and laid
down as law by reports ; but this is another unfounded re-
port to his discredit, for we have his express declaration
to the contrary, and that he neither expected precedents
in all cases, nor would be bound by them where he saw
they wero not founded upon justice, but would act as if
^re were no such precedents. Of this we have a proof
from the reports in his time, published by Mr. Goldesbo-
rough : " The case of Resceit wis moved again ; and Shut-
fleworth tiaid, that he cannot be received, because he is
^■amed id the writ; and added, that he had searched all
the bo6ks, and there is not one case where he who is named
in the writ may be received. What of that > said judge
Vol. 1L N
I7« A N D 1| R S O N.
Anderson ; shall we not give judgment, because ife is not
adjudged in the books before ? we will give jadgment ac-»
cording to reason ; and if there be no reason in the books^
I will not regard them.'' His steadiness was so great, that
he would not be driven from what he thought right, by
any authority whatever. This appeared in the case of
Cavendish, a (Creature of the earl of Leicester ; who had
procured, by his interest, the queen's letters patent for
making out writs of supersedeas upon exigents in the court
of common pleas, and a message was sent to the judges to ^
admit him to that office : with which, as they conceived
the queen had no right to grant any such patent, they. did
not comply. Upon this, Mr, Cavendish, by the assist*
ance of his patron, obtained a letter from the queen to
quicken . them, but which did not produce what was e^-«
pected' from it. The courtier again pursued his pouit^
and obtained another letter under the queen's signet and
sign manual ; which letter was delivered in presence of
the lord chancellor and the earl of Leicester, in the he*
ginning of Easter term. The judges desired time, to con**
sider it, and then answered, that they could not comply
with the letter, because it was inconsistent with their duty
and their oaths of office. The queen upon this appoiitted
the chancellor, the lord, chief justice of the queen's bench,
arid the master of the rolls," to hear this matter ; and the
queen's serjeant having set forth her prerogative, it wa*
shewn by the judges, that they could not grant offices»by
virtue of the queen's letters, where it did not appear to
them that she had a power to grant; that as the judges
were bound by their oaths of office, so her majesty was
restrained by her coronation-oath from such arbitrary in-*
terpositions : and with this her majesty was satisfied. He
concurred also with his brethren in remonstrating boldly
against several acts of power practised in Elizabeth's reign.
On the accession of king James he was continued in his
office, and held it to the time of his death, which hap->
pened August 1, 1605. He was interred at Ey worth ia
Bedfordshire. .The printed works of this. great lawyer,
besides his ^^ Readings/' which are still in manuscript, are,
1. ^^ Reports of many principal Cases argued apd adjudged
in the time of queen Elizabeth, in the Commpo Bench/*
London, 1664, folio. 2. ^^Resolutions and Judgements Oft
the Cases and Matters agitated in all the courts of West*
miuster, ixk the latter ^nd of the reignpf queen Elizabeth;'!
ANDERSON. 179^
pabUshed by John Goldesborough, esq. prothonotary of
the common pleas, London, 1653, 4to.
Chief justice Anderson married Magdalen, daughter of
Nicholas Smith of Aunables in Hertfordshire, by whom
he had three sons, Edward, Francis, WilHam, and six
daughters, two of which died young. Of those that sur-
vived, Elizabeth married Sir Hattdn Farmer, knt. ancestor
to the earl of Pontefract; Griselda espoused sir John
Shefeld, knt. from whom descended the late duke of Buck-
inghamshire. Catherine became the wife of sir George
Booth, hart, ancestor to the earls of Wamngton ; and
Margaret, by sir I'homas Monson, hart, established the
family of the lords Monson. As for the sons, Edward the
eldest died without issue. Francis the second son was
knighted by queen Elizabeth, and his youngest son by his
second wife, sir John Anderson, of St. Ives, in the county
of Huntingdon, was created baronet in 1628. William,
the chief justice's youngest son, left one son Edmond,
who was created baronet by king Charles II. and his family
still flourishes at Kilnwick Piercy, in the east-riding of
Yorkshire. Stephen Anderson, esq. eldest son and heir
of Stephen Anderson, esq. son and heir of sir Francis
Anderson before mentioned, was likewise raised to the
dignity of a baronet, in the sixteenth of Charles II. and
his honour was lately possessed by his direct descend*
ant, sir Stephen Anderson, of Broughton in Lincolnshire^
and E jTworth in Bedfordshire, but the title is now extinct. \
ANDERSON (George), a traveller, was born at Tun-
dem, in the duchy of Sleswick, about the beginning of
the seventeenth century. It does not appear that he had
enjoyed a regular education, but by strong sense, and
powers of memory, he acquired a great stock of knowledge*
He travelled in the east from the year 1644 to 1650^
through Arabia, Persia, India, China, and Japan, and re-
turned by Tartary, northern Persia, Mesopotamia, Syria,^
and Palestine. When he came home, he entered into the
service of tlie duke of Holstein-Gottorp, who, not being
able to obtain from him a written account of his travels^
invited him every day to his house, and drew from him in
conversation the particulars of it, which were taken down
in writing by Adam Olearius, who was concealed for the
purpose behind the tapestry. The duke afterwards pre*-
1 Biog. Britaimica, originally written by Dr. Campbell*— IJoyd^ yrorthie8.«<»
Afh. Ox. Tol. |.-^trype's Annalsi vol. Ill, p» 16^ 128.
N 9
ISO ANDERSON.
vailed on him to revise the manuscript, and it was pub-*
lished at Sleswick, by Olearius, 1669, in German, fol.*
ANDERSON (George), a young man of extraordinary
talents, was born at Weston, a village near Aylesbury, in
Buckinghamshire, in Nov. 1760. His father was a peasant
of the lower order, who died when his son was young,
leaving him to the care of providence : from his mother
and an elder brother he received some little instructioi)^
and particularly by the latter he was taught the rudiments
of arithmetic. His chief occupation, however, was in thd
field, where his family were obliged to procure a subsist*
ence, and here, like his predecessor in early fortune,
James Ferguson, he became enamoured of mathematical
science, and devoted what hours he could spare to this
study, although with disadvantages which in mo^t men
would have prevented the attempt, or interrupted the pro-
gress. Yet such was his application, that in 1777, he
transmitted to the London Magazine the solution of some
problems which had appeared in that work, and he had the
satisfaction to see his letter admitted. As he had signed
this letter with his name, and dated it from Weston, it hap-
pened to fall under the inspection of Mr. Bonnycastle, the
well-known author of various mathematical and ' astrono-
mical works, and now mathematical master to the Rbyal
Academy, Woolwich, who was not less pleased than sur-
prised at this attempt of a young man from the same
cotinty with himself, of whom he had never heard. Mfr.
Bonnycastle, accordingly, oh his next visit in Bucking-
hamshire, procured an interview with the young genius,
whom he found threshing in a barn, the walls of which were
covered with triangles and parallelograms. Such was young
Anderson*s bashfiilness, however, that Mr. Bonnycastle
could not draw him into conversation, until he won his
heart by the loan of Simpson^s Fluxions, and two or three
other books.
Mr. Anderson^! extraordinary talents becoming now the
talk of the neighbourhood^ he soon found a generous aad
steady patron in the Rev. Mr. King, then vicar of WTiit-
church, who determined to send him to the university:
and, after some preliminary instruction at the grammar*
school belonging to New College, Oxford, he entered of
Wadbam CoUege. Here he applied himself to the study
ANDERSON. isi
of classical learning, but his principal acquirements con?
tinned to be in his favourite science. At the usual time^
he took the degree of M. A. and was admitted to deacon's
orders, but whether from the want of a successful prospect^
or from disinclination, he gave up all thoughts of the
church, and came to London in 1785, in consequence of
an invitation from Scrope Bernard, esq. M. P. brother-in-
law to Mr. King. After two or three months, Mr. Ber-r
nard introduced him to Mr. now lord Grenyille, and he
recommended him to Mr* Dundas (lord Melville), who was
then at the head of the board of India controul, in which
he obtained an appointment. His salary was at first small,
but he soon discovered such ability in arithmetical calcu-
lations and statements, that his salary was liberally in-
creased, and himself promoted to the office of accountant-
general. While employed in preparing the complicated
accounts of the India budget for 1796, he was seized with
^n indisposition, which was so rapidly violent as to put an
end to.his useful life in less than a week. He died Satur-
day, April 30, of the above year, universally lamented by
his friends, and was interred in St. Pancras church-yard.
His character was in all respects truly amiable : although
his intercourse with the learned and polite world had taken
off the rust of his early years, yet his demeanour was sim-
ple and modest. His conversation, which, however, he
rarely obtruded, was shrewd ; and he appeared to possess
some share of humour, but this was generally repressed by
a hesitating bashfulness, of which he never wholly got rid.
His death was latnented in the most feeling and honourable
terms by the president of the India board, as a public loss ;
and by his interest, a pension was procured for Mrs. An-
derson, a very amiable young woman, whom Mr. Anderson
married in 1790.- — Mr. Anderspn published only two works,
the one, " Arenarius, a treatise on numbering the sand."
This, which appeared in 1784, was a translation of the
Arenarius of Archimedes, from the Greek, to which Mr.
Anderson added notes and illustrations. The design is tp
demonstrate the possibility of enumerating the particles of
sand which would compose a mass equal in bulk to the
whole solar system, or any other determinate magnitude
whatever. The translator, in his preface, gives some ac*
count of the knowledge of the ancients in arithmetic,
algebra, geometry, and of the Pythagorean or Aristarchian
system of the world ; and to render his publication as com-
plete as possible, he added, from the I^tin, the Disser-
182 ANDERSON.
tation of Christopher Clavius, on the isame subject as the
Arenarius. — Mr. Anderson's other publication "was a very
candid and dispassionate " General view of the variations
which have taken place in the affairs of the East India
Company since the conclusion of the war in India in 17 84,**
8vo. 1791.*
ANDERSON (James), a Scotch antiquary, was the son
of the rev. Pat. Anderson, of Edinburgh, where he was
born Aug. 5, 1662. He had a liberal education at the uni-
versity of that city, which was much improved by genius
and application. When he had finished his studies, he
was placed under the care of sir Hugh Paterson, of Ban-
nockburn, an eminent writer to the signet, and made such
progress, that in 1690 he was admitted a member of that
society, and during his practice discovered ^o much know-
ledge joined with integrity, that he probably would have
' made a very distinguished figure had he remained longer
* in this branch of the law profession. The acquaintance
with ancient writings, however, which he had been obliged
to cultivate in the course of bis practice, gratified a taste
for general antiquities ai^d antiquarian research, which he
seems to have determined to pursue, and he happened to
liave an early opportunity to prove. himself well qualified
for the pursuit. In 1704, a book was published by Mr.
William Atwood, a lawyer, entitled " The superiority and
direct dominion of the Imperial Crown and Kingdom of
England over the Crown and Kingdom of Scotland." In
this, Mr. Anderson, although altogether unknown to Mr,
Atwood, was brought in by him as an evidence and eye-
witness to vouch some of the most important original char^
tcrs and grants by the kings of Scotland, which Atwood
maintained were in proof of the point he laboured to esta*
* blish. Mr. Anderson, in consequence of such an appeal,
thought himself bound in duty to bis country to publish
what he knew of the matter, and tp vindicate the memory
of some of the best of the Scottish kings, who were accused
by Atw6od of a base and voluntary surrender of their so-
vereignty. Accordingly, in 1705, he published " An Esr
say, shewing that the Crowi> of Scotland is ixnperial and
independent,'* Edinburgh, 8vo, which was so acceptable
to his country that the parliament ordered him a reward,
and thanks to be delivered by the lord chancellor in pre-
sence of her majesty's high commissioner and the estates}
> yecrqlofyy p« $4^, pommuaicated by bis frieiuls.-^ent. Mag.
ANDERSON. 183
»
which was done, and at the same time they ordered At-^
wood's book to be burnt at Edinburgh by the hands of the
hangman.
In the courise of this inquiry, Mr. Anderson had made
large coHectiops of ancient charters, and was now esteemed
«o well acquainted with antiquities of that kind, that the
parliament ordered him to collect and publish a series of
the charters and seals of the kings of Scotland (in their
original characters, or fac simile) preceding king James
the First of th^t kingdom, with the coins and medals down
to the Union in 1707; promising to defray the expences
;of the work, and to recommend him to queen Anne, as a
person meriting her royal favour for any oiEce or place of
trust in lieu of his employment. On this, in 1707, he
gav^ up his professional engagements, and came to Lon«>
don to superintend the execution of the work. In 1715
he was made postmaster general of Scotland^ which he
-enjoyed, for whatever reason, only to 1717.
During his inspection of the records and archives neces-
sary to be consulted for his work, he was induced by a curi-
osity which is not yet satiated in his countrymen, to examine
what he happened to meet with respecting the conduct and
character of the beautiful and unfortunate M^ry queen of
Scotland. But, without ^gaging on either side in this
contested part of history, he contented himself with pub-
lishing what might be serviceable to others, ** Collections
relating to the history of Mary, queen of Scotland," 4 vols.
4to, Edinb. 1727. He had then very nearly finished, and
meant soon to have published, the diplomatic work recom-
mended by parliament, when he was prevented by a stroke
of apoplexy, of which he died, April 3, 172S. The work,
however, was at length given to the publick in 1739, under
the title of ^< Selectus Diplomatum et Numismatum Scotiae
Thesaurus," a most splendid folio volume, enriched with
fee similes of charter, &c. beautifully engraven by Sturt,
and a very elaborate preface in Latin from the classical
pen of Thomas Ruddiman, A. M. Th^ copper plates were
sold by auction, Dec. 4, 1729, for the sum of 530/. but
the price of the book, originally four guineas the co|nmon
paper, and six guineas the fine, is now raised to more than
double.*
1 MSS. Birch in Brit. Mtis.— A Life and examination of Andersoa^s merits, far
more unfavourable than the above, has sinc« been published by Mr. Oeor^
Citalmers in bis Life of RuddioiaPy pu 151, etteq.
W4 A N D E R S O N.
ANDERSON (James) LL.D. an eminent agricultural
writer, was born in 1739, at Hermiston, a village near
Edinburgh. His ancestors were farmers, and had for
many generations occupied the same land ; a circumstance
Which may be supposed to have early introduced Mr. An-
derson to that branch of knowledge which formed the chief
occupation of his life.
Mr. Anderson lost his parents when very young : and as
his guardian destined him to occupy the farm when be
should be of age, a learned education was noiy thought ne-
cessary. But he soon discovered, from pierusing bboks of
f^griculture, that few pursuits can be extensively culti-
vscted without elevating the mind beyond mere mechanical
knowledge; and in the first instance, he perceived that it
would be necessary to study ohemistry. To chemistry he
added the study of other collateral branches ; and entered
upon his farm at the age of fifteen, with knowledge supe-
rior to moist of his neighbours, and an enterprising spirit,
which induced him to attempt, iqiprovements, wherever
they could be introduced ' with apparent advantage*
Among these was the small two^horse plough, now so
common in Scotland.
In a few years, he left Hermiston, and took a long lease
of a large farm of 1300 acres, in Aberdeenshire, which
was almost in a state of nature. While endeavouring to
cultivate this unpromising soil, be began his literary ca-
reer by publishing, in 1777, "Essays on Planting," which
he had written in 1771, in the Edinburgh Weekly Maga-
zine, under the signature of Agricola. AH his early works
were composed during a residence of more than 20 years
at Monksbill, the name of this farm. The fame of these
works procured him a very extensive acquaintance and cor-
respondence with persons of eminence, who wished to
profit by the knowledge of so able a practical farmer. In
1780, the- degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by
the University of Aberdeen, in a manner highly honour-
able to him, and without the least solicitation on his part.
In 1783, having previously entrusted the management
of his farm to proper persons, he removed to the neigh-
bourhood of Edinburgh ; partly with a view to the educa«*
tion of his numerous family, and partly to enjoy the so-
ciety of those literary persons with whom he had corre-
ifponded. About this time, he printed and circulated a
tract amon^ his friends^ on the subject of the establish-
ANDERSON. Ui
meot of die North British Fisheries, which, although not
publish^ed, drew the attention of government ; and be was
requested by the treasury to take a survey of the western
coast of Scotland, for the purpose of obtaining informa-
tion on this important subject. He readily acquiesced,
and performed the task in 1784. The report of the Com-
mittee appointed to inquire into the state of the British
Fisheries, May 11, 1785, makes very honourable mention
of Mr. Anderson's services/
After his return, he resumed his literary labours in va-
rious shapes ; and, among other schemes, projected a pe^
nodical work, intituled ^^The Bee," to be published
weekly, and to consist of the usual materials of a Maga-
zine. Its encouragement was for a considerable time such
as to enable him to carry on this work with advantage.
Agriculturists, scholars, men of taste and fancy, became
occasionally his correspondents in the Bee ; which, how«
ever, owing to some difficulties in the mode of publication,
he was compelled to relinquish. He wrote much in this
work,: not only the principal part of the papers that are
without signature, but numerous others signed Senex,
Timothy Hairbrain, and Alcibiades.
Among other papers in the Bee was a series of Essays
on the Political Progress of Great Britain. Thejje having
been published during the democratic rage which prevailed
&t Edinburgh, soon aftdr the breaking out of the French
revolution, the sheriff sent for Dr. Anderson, and de-
manded the name of the author. This he refused to give
up, and desired to be considered as the author ; a circum-
stance the more singular, as his sentiments were well known
to be directly opposite : but his conduct in this case pro-
ceeded from his peculiar notions on the subject of literary
secrecy ; and as he had admitted those letters, he thought
himself bound to take the blame upon himself. After a
second and .third application, he still refused ; and when
the printers were sent for, he charged them, in the face of
the magistrates, not to give up the name of the author.
Respect for his talents and character induced the magis-
trates to let the matter drop. The real author was a Mr.
Callender, who died afterwards in America.
About the year 1797, Dr. Anderson removed to the vi^
cinity of London, where, at the request of his friends, he
again took up his pen, in a periodical work, entitled
f^ Recreations. in Agriculture;*' the first number of which
186 A N 1) E R S O N.
appeared in April 1799. The greatest part of this woric
was composed by himself, except what was enriched by
correspondence frotn abroad, and a very few qontributions
from his friends at home. The same difficulties, however,
occurring as in the case of his '^ Bee,*' with respect to the
mod^ of publication, he pursued this work no longer than
the sixth volume, March 1$02,
From this time, except in the publication of his corre*
spondence with general Washington, and a pamphlet on
Scarcity, he devoted himself almost entirely to the relaxa-
tion of a quiet life, and particularly the cultivation of his
garden, i/vhich was now become the miniature of ail his past
laboilrs. For some time before his death, his health and
powers suffered a very sensible decline. He died Oct. 15,
1608, aged 69,
He was twice married. First, in 1768« to Miss Seton of
Mounie, an amiable and accomplished woman, by wboni
he bad 13 children. She died in 17S8. Secondly, to a
lady of Wiltshire, in 1801, who survived him. Of hi%
numerous family only five sons and a daughter, Mrs, Ou*
tram, the widow of Mr. Benjamin Outram, are alive.
In his younger days, Dr. Anderson was remarkably hand-
some in bis person, of middle stature, and robust make.
Extremely moderate in his living, the country exercise
toimated his cheek with the glow of health ; but the over-
strained exertion of his mental powers afterwards shook
his constitution, ultimately wasted his faculties, and bur*
ried him into old age. He was a man of an independent
mind; and in the relative duties of husband' and fatheF,
exhibited a prudential care, misled with affection, from
which he had every reason to have expected the happiest
results, had Providence spared the whole of his family.
In thqse who remain, it is not too much to say, that his
integrity and talents have been acknowledged by all who
know them. One of his sons, who latc^ly died, is remem-
bered by the connoisseurs, as having brought the be^uti<«
ful art of wood-engraving to great perfection.
Of Pr. Anderson's abilities, his works exhibit so many
proofs, that they may be appealed to with perfect confi-
dence. Although a voluminous writer, there is no subject
connected with his favourite pursuit, on which he has not
thrown new light. But his knowledge was not confined to
t>ne science. He exhibited, to give only one instance, a
very strong proof of powers of research, when in 1773, t\e
J
A N O E Ql 8 O N. 187
{mbliflhed, in the first edition of tbe Encyclopaedia Britan-
nica, an article under the head Monsoon* In this he
clearly predicted the result T)f captain Cook's first voyage ;
nainely, that there did not e^ist, nor ever would be found^
any continent or large island in the southern hemisphere
near the tropics^ excepting New Holland alone : and this
was completely verified on captain Cook's return, s^vea
months afterwards. /
In his style, Dr. Anderson was abundantly copious, and
sometimes, perhaps, inclined to the prolix ; but, on per-
using his longest works, it would be found difficult to
omit any thing, mthout a visible injury to his train of rea«
soning, which was always perspicuous and guarded. In
conversation, as well as in writing, he had the happy fa»
culty of not only entering with spirit and zeal on any
fovourite subject, but of rendering it so intelligible, as to
command attention in those to whom it might be of less
importance, and convey instruction to those who sought
it His manners were gentleman-like, free, and uncon«
strained, and, in the social circle, had a dash of pleasantryi^
from the many anecdotes he had stored up in his travels
and long experience; and with respect to the principal
object of his attention, he had the happiness to see agri-
culture, in all its branches, become the favourite study of
{lis country.
The following is a correct list of his works :
I. ^' A practical treatise on Chimneys; containing full
directions for constructing them in all cases, so as to draw
well, and for removing smoke in houses," London, 1776,
12mo. 2. "Free Thoughts on the American Contest,'*
£din« 1776, 8v6. 3. ^^Miscellaneous observations on
planting and training Timber-trees, by Agricola," £din«*
Durgh, 1777, 8vo. 4. " Observations on the means of excit-
ing a spirit of National Industry," Edin. 1777, 4to. 5. "An
enquiry into the nature of the Corn Laws, with a view to
the new Corn Bill proposed for Scotland,** 1777, 8vo.
6. <* Essays relating to Agriculture and rural affairs," 1777^
Ivo. 7. ^^ An enquiry into the causes that have hitherto
retarded the advancement of Agriculture in Europe ; with
hints for removing the circumstances that have chiefly ob-*
structed its progress," 1779, 4to. 8. "The interest of
Great Britain, with regard to her American Colonies, con*
fiidered," 1782, 8vo. 9. "The true interest of Great
BritaiQ considered; or a proposal for establishing the
188 ANDERSON,
Northern BritUh Fisheries,'* 1783, 12(no. 10. "An ac-
count of the present state of the Hebrides and Western
Coasts, of Scotland ; being the substance of a report to the
JLords of the Treasury," Edin. 1785, 8?o: 11. " Obser-
yations on Slavery ; particularly with a view to its effects
on the British Colonies in the West Indies/' Manchester,
1789, 4to. 12. " Papers drawn up by him and sir John
Sinclair, in reference to a report of a committee of the
Highland Society on Shetland Wool," 1790, 8vo. 13.
f ' The Bee ; consisting of essays, philosophical, philological,
and miscellaneous," 18 vols. Edin. 1791 — 1794, 8vo. 14.
V Observations on the effect* of the Coal Duty," Edin. 1792,
8vo. 15. "Thoughts on the privileges and power of
Juries ; with observations on the present state, of the coun-
try with regard to credit," Edin. 1793, 8vo. 16. " Re-
marks on the Poor Laws in Scotland," Edin. 1793, 4to,
17. "A practical treatise on Peat Moss, in two essays,'*
J794, 8vo, 18. " A general view of the Agriculture and
rural oeconomy of the county of Aberdeen ; with observa-
tions on the means of its improvement. Chiefiy drawn up
for the Board of Agriculture; in two parts," Edin. 1794,
8vo. 19. ^*An account of the different kinds of Sheep
i^ound in the Russian dominions, &c. By Dr. Pallas ; with
five appendixes, by Dr. Anderson," Edinburgh, 1794, 8vo.
20. ** On an Universal Character. In two letters to Ed-
ward Home, esq." Edin. 1795, 8vo, 2^1. "A practical
treatise on draining Bogs and swampy grounds ; with
cursory remarks on the originality of Elkington's mode of
Draining," 1797, 8vo. 22. <^ Recreations in Agriculture,
Natural History, and Miscellaneous Literature," 6 vols.
.8vo. 1 799 — 1802. 23. " Selections from his own correspon-
dence with general Washington," London, 1800, 8vo.
24. <^ A calm investigation of the circumstances that have
led to the present Scarcity of Grain in Britain ; suggesting
the means of alleviating that evil, and of preventing the
recurrence of s^uch a calamity in future," London, 1801^
' 8vo. 25. *^ A description of a Patent Hot-house, which
operates chiefly by the heat of the sun ; and other sub-
jects," London, 1803, 8vo.
The foUowmg are also of his composition : — ^An account
of the antient monuments and fortifications in the High-
lands of Scotland ; read in the Society of Antiquaries, 1777
and 1780. On the antiquity of Woollen manufactures of
jEngfamd, Gent. Mag. Aug. 1778, and other papers ia
A N'D E' R S O N. I8»
that work. A letter to J. Burnett, esq. on the present
state of Aberdeenshire, in regard to prorisions, 1783. A*
letter to Henry Laurens, esq. during his confinement in
the Tower, Public Advertiser, Dec. 6, 1781. Several
articles for the Encyclopaedia Britannica, first edition, Edin-
burgh ; among which are, under the heads, Dictionary^
Winds and Monsoons^ Language^ Sound, He contributed
numerous essays, tinder a variety of signatures, in the
early part of the Edinburgh Weekly Magazine ; the prin-
cipal of which were Agricola, Timoleon, Germanicus,
Cimon, Scoto-Britannus, E. Aberdeen, Henry Plain, Im-
partial, A Scot. He also reviewed the subject of Agri-^
culture for the Monthly Review for several years. *
ANDERSON (Joh:n), a learned German, and a mem-
ber of the Imperial Academy, was bom at Hamburgh^
March 14, 1674. His father was a rich merchant, who
spared no expence in cultivating his talents, which were
particularly directed to the study of the canon law, lan-
guages, and natural history, which he studied at Halle,
Leipsic, and Leyden. Soon after his father's death, in
1708, he was appointed syndic of the republic of Ham-
burgh, was employed in various negociations with the
principal courts of Europe, and was always eager to make
himself acquainted with whatever was interesting in the
countries he visited. On his return in 1725 he was made
burgomaster, and chief of the city and territory of Ham«
burgh ; a situation which, however, did not interrupt his
studies, nor his correspondence with the learned of Ger-
many and France. He studied especially the history of
the northern nations, not contenting himself with what
had been published, but visited them ; and not only ac-
quired more knowledge than books contained, but was
enabled to separate fabulous reports and traditions from
genuine authorities. His principal publication was printed
in 1746, and translated into French at Paris, in 1753, 2
vols. ** Histoire naturelle de Islande du Groenland, du
detroit de Devis, et d'autres pays situ6s sous le nord, tra-
duit de TAIlemand de M. Anderson." He wrote also,
" Glossarium Teutonicum et Alemanicum ;'* ** Observa-
tions philological and physical on the Bible,** in German ;
and **Observationes juris Germanici," which last remains
in manuscript. He died May 3, 1743.*
^ Gknt. Mar. 1808, communicated by tht Cuniljr.
* M«rarK— Bio;. tFMiren^Ue.
1
IW " A N D E R S O N4
ANDERSON (Walter), D. D. a native of Scotland^
and for fifty years minister of Chirnside, wbare he died at
a very advanced age, July 1800, deserves some notice
in this work as the author of the History of France, which
was published in 1769, under the title of •* The History
of France during the reigns of Francis II. and Chariest IX*
To which is prefixed, a Review of the General History
of the Monarchy, from its origin to that period,'^ 2 vdlfl«
4 to. The success of these volumes was very indifferent ;
yet in 1775, the author published "The History of
France, from the commencement of the reign of Henry
III. and the rise of the Catholic league ; to the peace of
Vervins, and the establishment of the famous edict of
Nantes, in the reign of Henry IV." 1 vol. 4 to. In 1783,
he published two more volumes, containing his history
'^ From the commencement of the reign of Lewis XIII. ta
the general peace of Munster." The reception of this
was equally discouraging with that of the former works.
Dr. Anderson displays none of the essential qualities of
historic writing, no research into the secret springs of
action, no discrimination of character, and no industry in
accumulating and examining authorities. Even as a com--
piler^ he is guided only by one set of materials which he
found in the French writers, and may therefore be con»
3ulled by the English reader, as a collector of their opi-
nions, while he is highly censurable in not having recourse
to original papers and documents respecting the affairs
occasionally introduced pertaining to his own country*
His style is uniformly tame and defaced by colloquial bar-»
barisms.
His next publication deserves to be mentioned in more
favourable terms. It was entitled " The Philosophy of
ancient Greece investigated, in its origin and.progress^
to the aeras of its greatest celebrity, in the Ionian, Italic,
and Athenian schools, with remarks on the delineated
systems of their founders," 4to. His principal object a^»
pears to have been to supply the deficiencies in Mr. Stan*
ley's work, and to give place to remarks upon the reason-
ing employed by the most eminent of the Grecian philo^.
sophers, in support of their physical, theological, and mo»
ral systems ; to give a fuller and more connected display
of their theories and argument;s, and to relieve the frigidity
of their bare details, by interspersing observations. In
this work he displays much learning, and is in general
ANDERSON. ^ ' X9l
\oih accurate and perspicuous, although he is still defi-
cient in the graces of style. Perhaps it would have been
more successful, had it not appeared at the same time
vith Dr. Enfield's excellent abridgement of Brucker's his-
tory of philosophy. In his youth he is said to have published
'* The Life of Crc£sus,'l 12mo, which he sold himself; and
is now become scarce. ^
ANDIER. See DESROCHERS.
ANDLO (Peter d'), a lawyer and professor at Basil,
was rectof . of the university in 1471, and many of his ma«»
nus^ripts are preserved in the library. His work, " De
Imperio Romano,^' was printed at Strasburgh, J 603, 4to^
and reprint^ 1612. He wrote also a historical chronicle
in German, from the creation to the year 1400; but it is.
doubtful whether it was ever published. There is another.
Andlo^ an assumed name, of which some account will be
given in the life of De» Marets.'
ANDOClDES, an Atheniap orator, the son of Leogo-
ras, was born at Athens in the year 468 B. C. He was^
^arly employed in public affairs, and was one of those who
in 445 B. C. negociated the peace of thirty years with the
Lacedaemonians^ which preceded the Peloponnesian war.
^ome time after be had the joint command with Glaucon
of a fleet which the Athenians sent to the assi^ance of the
Corcyrians against the Corinthians. His connexion with
Alcibiades, and other young men, gave occasion to a
suspicion that he had profaned the Eleusinian mysteries,
and from this he escaped by accusing certain persons^
He was afterwards banished and recalled, and twice in dan-
ger of his life from popular commotions. Four of his ora-
tions, in a simple unornamented style, have descended^
tons, although not without some suspicion of their au-
thenticity. They are published in the " Oratores Graeci
veteres,'* of H. Stephens, 1,575, fol.; and in those of
Reiske. ^
ANDOQ.UE (Peter), and not Androque, as in some
authors, was a counsellor of the presidial court of Beziers
in France, where he died in 1664, He published,
1» f* jHistoire de Languedoc, avec Tetat des provinces
foisines^" Beziers, 1648,. fol. Le Long inentions a pre-
vious bdition of 1623, the existence of which is doubted
iu our authority. 2. <^ Catalogue des eveques de Beziers,'';
» Gent Mag. vol. LKX, &.C. « Biog. UniverseUc.-— Gen. Diet.
^ F«br. BibL'Ori»c.-*-^oreri,«-Sftxu Onomasticeo.
1»2 A IJ D O Q U E.
1650, 4to. The history of Langnedoc cotnes down to the
year 1610, and the list of bishops to the time of publica*
tion. *
ANDRADA (Alphonsus d'), a Spanish writer, wai
born at Toledo in 1590, and taught philosophy in that
city before he entered the society of the Jesuits in 162^^
He was likewise ' professor of moral philosophy, and died
at Madrid, June 20, 1672. His principal works were:
1. ** An Historical Itinerary,*' Madrid, 1657, 2 vols. 4to.
2. " Meditations on every tlay of the year,*' 1660, 4 vols.
16mo. 3, " The lives of illustrious Jesuits/* 1666 — 7, 2
vols. fol. &c. "
ANDRADA (Anthony) was born about 1580, entered
when very young, as we find was usual, into the society
of the Jesuits, and became noted for his missionary zeal
in India and Tartary. Whatever religion owes, geogra-
phy is in some respect indebted to his labours. In 1624
he went to Thibet, which was probably visited by Mark
Paul in the thirteenth century, but had been till now to-
tally forgotten by European travellers. On his return to
Goa, his superiors employed him in some affairs of im-
portance, and he died Marbh 16, 1634, as it is said, of
poison. The chief merit of his travels, published at Lis-
bon, 1626, consists in their affording the first description
of Thibet, but they contain many mistakes and fabulous
matters ; nor has the state of that country ever been faith-
fully delineated, unless by our countryman Turner. An-^
drada*s work, which was written in Portuguese, has been
twice translated into French : the last translation is that of
Peron and Billecocq, in their ** Recueil de voyages au
Thibet,** Paris, 1796. »
ANDRADA (Diego de Payva d*), or Andradii/s, a
learned Portuguese, was born in 1528, at Coimbra, and
distinguished himself at the council of Trent, where king
Sebastian sent bim as one of his divines. He preached
before the assembly the second suhday after Easter in
1562 : nor was he contented with the service he did in
explaining those points upon which he was consulted, but
he employed his pen in defence of the canons of the
council, in a treatise entitled ^^ Orthodoxarum explica-
tionum, lib. x.'* Venice, 1564, 4to, a very rare edition^
and more correct than /that of Cologn of the same date.
* Biographie UniTerselle. * Ibid.«— BibI-. Script Societ. Jcsu*
s Ibid.— Moreri.
A N D R A. D. A. X9i
I
h forms a reply to a book published by Chea^nitius, against
\he doctrine ot the Jesuits before the closfe of the council
crfTr^ent; and as Chemnitius took this 'opportunity of
writing a very lArge work, entitled " Examen concilii Trir
ilentini,'* Andrada thought hirnsclf obliged to defend hi^
first piece ags^inst this learned' adversary. Hq composedi
therefore' a' book, which his two brothers putjlished aftet
his death, at Lisbon, in 1578, 4to, entitled ** Dieferisio
Tridentinit fidci catholicae quinque libris comprehensa,
^versus haereticorum calumnias, ' et praesertim Martiiii
tJheinnitii.'* This work is likewise very difficult to be met
with. There is scarce any catholic author who has beeii
inore quoted by the protectants than he, because he main-*
tained the opinions of Zuinglius, Erasmus,' &c. corfcerri-
ing the salvation of the heathens. Andrada was esteemed
iwi excellent preacher: hiS sermons were published in
three parts, the second of which was translated' int9 Sjpa-
nish by Benedict -de Alarcon. The Bibliotheque of the
Spanish writers does not mention all his works ; the book
he wrote concerning the pope*s authority, during the
council (** De conciliorum alitoritate,") in 1562, is omit-
ted. The pope*s legates being very well pleased with this
work, Sent it to cardinal Borromeo ; the court of Rome
klso approved it extremely, and the pope returned th<J
author thanks in a very obliging manner; from which
circumstances it will not be difficult td appreciate iti»
merits. He stands indeed very high among popish writers,
and many encomiums have been bestowed lipon him:
Osorius, in his preface to the ** Orthotlbx explanations of
-Andradiug,'' gives him the character of a maii of wit, vast
Upplicatian, great knowledge in the languages, with ail the
«eal and eloquence necessary to a good preacher*; and
•Rosweidus says," that he brought to the' council of Trent
the understanding of a most profound diviiie,' and the elo*
iquence of a consunimate orator. * . '
ANDKADA (Francis d'), historiograj^her to Philip lit
king of Spairf, vvrrote the history of Jdhn tll.'kin^g of Por-
tugal : t'&is \york, in the Portuguese tongue, H^aS published
9t Lisbbn lii' 1'525, 4to. He was' brother to ^lie preceding
theologian, arid left a sbn'DiEdX), w'bo'dicd in 166O, at
the age of eightyyfour, and is known inP'ortugar as the
linthor of a poem on the siege of Cbaoiil, and hf An '*^ Ek?
«<->
poem
^ Qen. Diet.— -Moreri, — Aalonii BiUl. Hispaa.
Vol. II. • o '
ih A ^ b R A D A.
amination 6f tbe antiquities of Portugal/* 4to; which is a
criticism on Bernard Brito's "Portuguese monarchy^*
lie also published in 1630, a moral work, of which there
}iay^ been many editions; under the title of *^ Casamento
perfecto,'* or the perfect marriage. *
ANDRADA (Thomas b'), another brother to I^iego^
styled in h^s order Thomas of Jesus, who began the reform
^f the barefoot Augustines, and followed the king don Se*
bastian in his, unfortunate expedition in Africa. The in«
fidels shut him up in a cave, where he composed in Por^
Juguese his famous book, entitled ^^The Sufferings of
esus;*^ translated into French in 2 vols* 12mo. His
sister, Yolande d'Andrada, countess of Lignerez, < sent
him money to purchase his liberty ; but he chose rather to
employ himself in his captivity, in consoling the Christian^
that suffered with him. He died in 1582.^
ANDRE (St), See St. ANDRE. ,
ANDREJE (John Gerard Reinhard), a German apo*
thecary of considerable learning and excellent character^
was born at Hanover in 1724; studied first at Berlin, and
afterwards passed a few years in the principal German and
Dutch universities. He resided likewise some time in
England, and formed an acquaintance, in the course of bif
various travels, with the most eminent physicians and che^
mists of the age. On his return to Hanover, he succeeded
to his father's business, who was an apothecary ; and pub^o
lished from time to time, in the Hanoverian Magazine,
many learned and useful dissertations on medical and che^
mical subjects, and formed a very fine museum of natural
history ; of which, at his death, he left a catal(^^e rai^
spnn6. In 1765, by desire of his Britannic majesty, he
tmdertook an examination of the different kinds of earth
in the electorate of Hanover, and published the result ia
1769, under the title of <^ Dissertation on the earths which
compose the soil, &c. and their uses in agriculture.'' He
died in 1793, particularly regretted by the poor, to whom
lie always tendered his services gratuitouslyi, Zimmermai^
speaks in the highest terms of his learning and virtues. '
ANDREANI (Andrea), an eminent engraver, wa^ a
native of Mantua ; for which reason he frequently addfs^
to his name or monogram Intaguat* Mantuajio, whic^
Kas led some to mistake* him for Andrew Mantegna.
" Gen. Diet.— Mmri-^Antonii Bibl. Hitpaii. « Ibid. « Biof • UniyentUe.
A N B R £ A N t 198
Otbers called him Akdreassi ; and othen, from a resem^
bianco in their monograms, haye confounded him with
^Itdorfer. The time of hi^ birth does not appear ; but he
died in 1 623) at a very advanced age. He engraved in wood
only, in a peculiar style, distinguished by the name of
ehiro^scurOf which is performed with two, three, or more
blocks of wood, according to the number of tints required,
and these are stamped 'upon the paper one after another,
•e as to (Produce the effect of a washed drawing ; but the
invention was not his, Hugo da Carpi & Antonio da
Trenlo having preceded him. He carried, however, the
mechanical part of the work to a far greater degree of per-
fection, and we often find in his prints a correct and de-
termined outline. His great merit as an artist is acknov*
ledged by all who are conversant in prints ; and his draw-p
ing is excellent, executed with great spirit, and in a veiy
masterly style. The heads of his' figures, though slight,
mre . characteristic and expressive; and he bias displayed
great judgment in the management of his various tints.
His works are justly considered as admirable transcriptf
from the sketches of many of the greatest painters.
To this high character it is with regret we add, that it
i$ sometimes difficult to distinguish hb prints, from a cir-
cumstapce that reflects no great honour on him. He pro*-
cured many other engravings, the works of differenir
masters, and sold the impressions with his own name, after
(facing the name of the true artist, to substitute his own
with more security. Such are the tricks which artists are
aometimes tempted to practise, when they exchange their
flsore honourable employment and rank for that of dealer. ^
ANDREAS {John), bishop of Aleria in Corsica, has
established a name in the literary world, not so much by
his original compositions, as by the care he bestowed in
superintending many valuable works, when the invention
ai printing was introduced at Rome, by those celebrated
{Hdnters Conrad Sweignheym, and Arnould Pannart^.
His family name was Bussi, or Bossi, and he was born at
Vigevano in 1417 : after having resided for many years at
Rome in a state of poverty and neglect, he obtained the
jwtroiiage of the canlinal de Cusa, who prmsured for him
.die place of secretary to the Vatican library, and then the
l»idiopric of Accia^ in the island of Corsica j from which
& Strutt's DtctioQary.
a 2
196 A N t) ft E A S.
lie Wds translated not long after to that of Aleria. Som^
biographers, mistaking him for John Andfeas^ the canons
ist, hav^ attributed to him writings on the Decrfetals^ -we
have nothing of his, however, that can be deemed orJgifiaJ,
except the valuable prefaces prefixed to the editions wbicfei
he corrected and superintended! in the press. He died in
J 475. He was particularly instrumental in introducing
the art of printing into Italy, and fixing it at Rome. The
printers above-mentioned were, under his immediate pro*
tection, and in his prefaces he considers them as under
bis care. The works he superintended were, in 1468 — 9^
1. EpistolfiB Ciceronis ad Ifamiliares. 2. Hieronymi Epis*-
tola;* 3. Julius Caesar. 4. Livy. 5. Virgil. 6. Lucan.
7. AalusGdlius. 8. Apuleius; and in 1470 — 1, 9. Lacs-
tantius. 10. Cicero*s Orations. 11. S. Biblia. 12. Cypri-
unus. 13. S. Leon. Mag. Sermones et Epistolre. 14. Ovidii
Metamorph. 15. Pliny. 16. Quintilian. 17. Suetonius^.
18. Ciceronis Epist. ad Attic; and Lyra in Biblia, and
Strabo, without date. Mr. Beloe, who has abridged many
of Andreas's prefaces, justly observes,, that when this
length of time is considered, which at the present day
would be required to carry any one of the preceding wbrks
through the press, it seems astonishing, and hardly credi-
ble, that so much should have been accomplished in S9
Tery short a period, * "
• ANDREAS (James), a celebrated Lutheran divine of
the sixteenth century, was born at Waiblingy a town in
the duchy of Wirtemberg, March 25, 1528. HisfatheFy
whose name was James Endris, was a smith. He applied
himself to letters with great success for three years ; but
his parents, being poor, had resolved to bring him up to
some mechanical profession, and had agreed with a ekt^
penter for that purpose, when several persons of distinc-
tion, who discovered marks of genius in him, contributed
to support him in the prosecution of his studies, in which
he made a considerable advance. 1^1545, he took his
master's degree at Tubingen, and studied divinity and
the Hebrew language at the same university. ' In 1546 he
ivas appointed minister of the church of Stutgard, the me-
trc^olis of the duchy of Wirtemberg; and his sermons
were so well approved of, that his fame reached the duke^
who ordered him to preach before him, which he performed
> BiQg, Univftraelle.— Diet Hist->BeWs Anecdotes, rol III. p. 274.— bu^
IMiacipally Marchand'i Diet-Historique.
f
-■I
A N D II E -<L. S. »3»
I
with -great appl^us^. The s^me year: hje n|arried a wjfe at.
Tul^ingcn, by whom he had nine ^pa^.ancl nine .daughters,
Qine^ of which children survived turn. During the war in
which Germany was about the same time involved, he met
with great {Civilities even from tJbe emperor's party, till he
wa^ obliged upon the publication of the Interim to retire
to Tubingeiv vvhere he exjecuted the function of minister.
In the year 1553 he took his degree of doctor of divinity,
and was appointed, pastor of the church of Gopping, and
superintendant of the jieigbbouriug churches. He was
afteovards sent for to several parts; and^in 1557 he went
to the diet of RatLsbpn with Christopher duke of Wirtem-
berg, and was appointed one of the secretaries at the con-
ference at Worms between the papists and the divines o^
the Augustan confession, TliQ same year he published hif
first work on the Lord's Supper, in which he proposed a,
method of agreement upon that difficult point of contro-
versy. In June the same year he went with the duke
above-mentioned to Francfort upon the Maine, where he
preached a s^ernion, though he wa$ publicly opposed by a
Romish priest. la 15^8 he rqplied to Staphylus's book
against Lu tiler, which was entitled *' Kpitome trimembris
Theologia; Lutheranae," and in which he. had collectejd the
opinions of several sects, ai^djiscribed them all to that re*
former, a3 the orimual author of them. In 1559 he was
sent to Augsburg, where the diet of ^xe empire was held;
and, during the same, preached two sermons before all the .
princes pf the Augustan confession, one on j ustihcat.ion,
' the other on the Lord's supper; both printed at Tubingen,
and very populii^r. In 1561 he was. sent .to Paris, in ord^r
.to be prcjsent.at the conference of Pojss,i, which was broker^ ,
up before be came thither. Some time afjlj^r his return he
* was. made chancellor and rector of the university of Tubin-
gen. , Jn the beginning of the year 1563 he went to Stras«»
burg, where JeromZancliius had propagated several opipion^
accounted new, and particularly this, that t|;ie regenerate and
Ijelievers could not possibly fall ag2^in from grace, or Ipse
the faitb, though they had committed sin^ against the. Ughlt
of tKcir consiicience. Our author at last engaged him tq
sign a form of confession, wliich he had drayi^n up. Ip
1665 he was invited to establish a. clmrch at .Hagenaw, ail
imperial city, where he preached a great m^ny sermotif
t$pon the prinqipal poiiits of the Christian religion, whiph
'were afterwards pi:inited. In 1568 he assisted Julius, duk^
15» A N D It E A S.
of Brunfiwict:, in tefcMrihing bis churches. In 1569 ht
took a journey • to Heidelberg and Brunswick^ and into
I>enmark.- In 1570 he went to Misniaand Prague^ where
tlie emperor Maximilian II. bad a conversation with; him
tipon the subject of an agreement in religion. In 1571 h6
^ent to visit the churches at Mompdgard ; and upon his
return bad a conference with Flaccius lUyricus at Stras*
burg, in which he confuted bis paradoxical assertion, that
sin is a substance. He took several joumies after tliis,
^nd used bis utmost efibrts to effect an union of the
churches of the Augustan confession. In 1583 he lost his
fir^t wife, with whom he had lived thirty-seven years ; and
about an year and half after he married a second wife, who
had voluntarily attended her former husband, when he wa9
obliged to leave his country on account of religion. Aboat
the same time he wrote a controversial piece, in which he
maintained the ubiquity or presence of the whole Christ,
in his divine and human nature, in all things. In 15(16 he
^as engaged in a conference at Mompelgard with Theodore
Beza concerning the Lord's supper, the person of Christ,
predestination, baptism, the reformation of the popish
churches, and Adiaphora or indifferent things ; but this had
the usual event of all other conferences,, which, though
<lesigned to put an end to disputes in divinity, are oftetl
the occasion of still greater. In 1587 he was sent for to
Nordling upon church affairs; and upon bis return fell
^ick, and published his confession of faith, in order to ob-
viate the imputations of his adversaries ; but he afterwardi
recovered, and was sent for again to Ratisbon, and then to
Onolsbach by Frederick marquis of Brandenbourg. Upoii
the publication of the conference at Mompelgard above*^
mentioned, he was accused of having falsely imputed some
things to Beza, which the latter had never asserted; be
therefore went to Bern to clear himself of the charge. His
last public act was a conference at Baden in November
1589 with John Pistorins, who then inclined to Calvinism^
imd afterwards revolted entirely to the Papists. He had a
very early presentiment of his death ; and when he found
it drawing near, he made a declaration to several of his
friends of fats constancy in the faith, which he had asserted,
lind shewed the most undoubted signs of cordial belief, till
be expired on the seventh of January 1590, being sixty-
ohe years and nine months old. His funeral -sermon was
preached by Luke Osiander, and afterwards published.
ANDREAS. 199
Several false reports were propagated concerning bis deatlu
The Popish priests in the parta adjacent publicly declslred
from the pulpit, that before his death he had recanted ancl
condemned all the doctrines which he, had maintained in
word or writing. Besides, there was a letter dif^ersed^
in which they affirmed, with their usual assurance, that h^
desired very anxiouWy before his death, that a Je&uit loigh^
be sent for immediately, to administer the sacraments t^
him ; which request being denied him, he fell into despair^
and expired under all the horrors of it. Of this not a syl^
lable was true, his dying words and actions entirely coin«
ciding with his life and doctrines. J^is works wer^
extremely numerous, but his biographers have neglecte^^
to give a list, or to notice any but his " Treatise on Con*
cord," 1582, 4to. His life was written by .the subject c^
the next article, 1630. *
ANDREAS (John Yalentjlne), grandson, or according
to Saxius, nephew, to the preceding, was born at Herren^-
berg, in the duchy of Wirtemberg, in 1536. , After study-
ing at Tubingen, and travelling in France and Italy, he
.was promoted to several ecclesiastical offices i^ his own
country, and at the time of his death in 1654, was abbe of
Adelberg, and Lutheran almoner to the duke of Wirtem*
berg. Being much concerned to see the principles of the
Christian religion employed only in idle disputes, and thp
sciences subservient only to the pride of curiosity, he passed
much of his life in contriving the sfieans by which both
should be rendered of more practical utility to mankind*
In particular, he employed the influence he had with his
jsovereign smd with the duke of Brunswic- Wolfenbuttel, in
procuring a reformation of the state of public instruction in
their dominions. The propensity to mysticism in all these
patriotic efforts, his extensive knowledge, and his rn^rp
extensive correspondence, and the frequent mysterious al-^
lusions, capable of many senses, which occur in his works,
have occasioned an opinion that he was in reality thfi
founder of the famous order of the .Rosicrucians* The latp
M . Herder has discussed this question in the German mu-
seum for 1779, and determines against Andreas ; but two
learned Germans, M. Chr. G.de Murr (in his history of the
origin of the Rosier uciaus,. printed at Sulzbach, 1803} Syo),
1 Geo. Diet principally from Melchior Adam.*<*Moreri««-»Fttlltr't Abtl Rd-
diTiTU8.««<!ltiaiifepie.<«-SftxiipB«mMtiooiw
L...
20b ANDREAS.
and M. J. G. Buhle (in a dissertation read in 18015 beforei
the Ro^al Society of Gottingen^ on the same subject, and
published in 1804, in German), are of opinion, that if
Andreas was not the founder, he at least gave that new or*
fifanizatibn to the Rbsicru^ians which identified them witH
the free-masons, in whose societies the memory of Andreas
is still held in veneration. And if we find noproofs of the
fact in the life which he left of himself^ and which Seybold
published in 1799, in the second volume of his Autobio-
graphy, it must* on the other hand be confessed, that in
the works which he published in his life-time, he is perpe-
tually reasoning on the necessity of forming a society
solely devoted to the regeneration of knowledge and man-
lifers'. ' The question, however, is not yet absolutely deter-
mined, nor, except in Germany, will it perhaps appear a
matter of much consequence. There is nothing in the
history of the Rosicrucians to excite mlich respect for it&
founder, ' or for those who fancied they improved upon it
by the late more mischievous society of the Illuminati.
Theworks of Andreas ard" said to amount to a hundred,
;the titles of part of which are ^iven by Adelung, and the
whole by: M. Bark, pastor of Weiltingen, and printed in a
pamphlet at Tubingen, in 1793!, 8vo. Some of the prin-
cipal are, 1. " De Christiani Cosmoxcni genitura judi-
cium," Montbelliard, 1612, 12mo, a satire on astrology*
2. " Collectaneorum mathematicorum decades XI." Tu-
bingen, 1614, 4to. 3. "Invitatio-ad fraternitatem Christi,**
1617, p^it II. 1618, l2mo. 4. " Rosa florescens, contra
Menapii. caliim"nias," 1617,'Svq. 'This disfence of the Ro-
sicrucians is signed Florentinus de Valentia, a name some*
times given to Andreas^, as well as that of Andreas de Va-
lentia, \\\i it is not qUite certain that he was the author
(See Walch's Bibl. Theol.). 5. " Menippus : Dialogorutii
Satyricorum centuria inanitum nostratium Speculum,"
'Helicone juxta Pamassum, 1617, 12mo. It is in this work
that Andreas is said io display a mind suj^erior to the age
In which he lived, by pointing out the numerous defects
which prevent religion and literature from being so useful
as they might under a better organization. 6. " Civis.
Christianus, sive Peregrini quondam errantis restitutiones,"
Strasburgh, 1619, 8vo. 7. " Mythologiae Christianse, sive
Tirtttum et vitiorum vitae humanpe imaginum, libri tres,'*
Strasburgh, 1619, 1 2mo. 8.. " R^publicaj Christiano-poliT
tanjp descriptio J Turris Babel; Judiciorum de fraternitjtli^
^
ANDREAS. 201
RosaceoB Crucis chaos ; Christianne socibtatisidea;'* pubi
lisbcd together at Strasburgh, 16J9, 12rno. They contain
very evident proofs of his design to cstublis^ a secret so-
ciety; It is impossible not to perceive tWt he is alway^
aiming at something of the kind, and this, with some othei*
works attributed to him, seem to confirm the opinion of
Messrs. Buhle and Murr. Some also appeal to his fre-
quent travels, as ha\4ng no other object. Whatever may
be in this, Andreas is allowed a very high rank among thd
writers of German. At a time when that language had re-
ceived very little cultivation, when mo*t learned men wrote
in Latin, and when the idiom of the country was only to
be heard in famihar conversation, he gave his verses, for
he was likewise a poet, a particular ease and grace. They
arc not perhaps remarkable for elegance, correctness, or
harmony, but they frequently "discover a poetical" fancy,
and a very happy use of the dialect of Suabia. * •
ANDREAS (John), a famous canonist of the fourteenth
century, born at Mugello, near Florence, He vvas very
young when he went to Bologna to pursue his studies, and
would have found great difficulty to maintain himself, had
he not got a tutor's place, by which means he was enablec^.
to apply himself to the study of tne canon law, in vvhicli
he made great progress under the professor Guy de Ba'if.
He had always a particular respect for this professor, pay-
ing as great deference to his giosscs as the text itself. Guy
de Ba'if, perceiving that Andreas, for want of money, could
not demand his doctor's degree, procured if him gratis,"
which Andreas himself acknowledges. The same prbfessor
urged him to stand for a professorship, which h<§ ob-
tained, and vvas professor at Padua about the year 13^^30;
but he was recalled to/ Bologna, where he acquired the
greatest reputation. We are told wonderful things con-^
cerning the austerity of his lifcj that he macerated hii
body with prayer and fasting, and lay uponthe bare ground
for twenty''years together, covered only with a *bear-skih :
but according to Poggitls, he was not afterwards so ex-
tremely rigid in discipline or moriils.
Andireas had a beautiful daughter, named Novella, whom
he is said to have instructed so well in ajil parts of learnings
that when he was engaged in any affair, which hindered
bim from reading lectures to. his scholars, he sent ||is
1 Bio^. UniYerseHe.-^Saicii Onotn'astiCoM,
It'
tot A N D B £ A &
daiaghier in his room y when, lest her beauty should prei*
vent the attention of the hearers, ^he had a little curtail
drawn before her. To perpetuate the meaiory of thii^
daughter, he entitled his commentary upon the I)ecretals
of Gregory X. " the Novellae.'* He married her to John
Calderiuus, a learned canonist. The first work of Andreas
was his Gloss, upon the sixth book of the Decretals, Rome
147j6, and five editions afterwards at Pavia, Basil, and Ve-
nice^ This work he wrote when he was very young. He
wrpte also Glosses upon the Clementines, Strasburgh, 1471,
and Mentz, Rome, and Basil, four times ; and a Commen-
tary in Re^ulas Sexti, which he entitled '* Mercuriales/*
because he either en^ged in it on Wednesdays, diebus
Merpurii, or because be inserted his Wednesday's disputes
in it. He enlarged the Speculum of Durant, in the year
1247, but this is taken literally from Ostradus. Andreas
died of the plague at Bologna in 1348, after he had
been a professor forty-five years, and was buried hi the
church of the Dominicans. Many eulogiums have been
bestowed upon him: he was called archidoctordecretorum;
in his epitaph he has the title of ^^ Rabbi doctorum, lux^
censor, normaque morum ;'' or, rabbi of the doctors, the
light, censor, and inile of manners ; and it is said that pope
Boniface called him ^^ lumen mundi,'' the light of the
world. Bayle objects, that Andreas followed the method
qf the Pyrrhonists too much ; that he proved his own qpi-
^ion very solidly when he chpse, but that he^ often rather
related the sentiments of others, and left his readers to form
their own determination. *
ANIJ)KEAS (John), was born a Mahometan, atXativa, in
the kingdom of Valencia, and succeeded his father in the
dignity of alfaqui of that city. He embraced Christianity on
being present at a sermon in the great church of Valencia the
day of the assumption of the blessed Virgin, in 1487. Upon
this be desired to be baptised, and in memory of the call-
ing of St. John and St. Andrew, he took the name of John
Andreas. ^^ Having received holy orders,^' says he, ^* and
from an alfaqui and a slave of Lucjfer becqqie a priest and
minister of Christ, I began, like St. Paul, to preach «nd
publish the contrary of what I had erroneously believed and
fisserted; and, with the assistance of almighty God, I con«
:wted ^t first a great many soul^ of the Moors, «(ho we];e
I Gep. Dict-*Moren*— Care, vol. II.««tSaxn Onomasttcon*
ANDREAS. sot
ia dai^er jof heU, and under the dominion of Lucifer, and
conducied th^n into the way of salvation. After tbi^, I
was sent for by the most catholic princes king Ferdinand
and queen Isabella, in order to preach in Grenada to the
Moorft of diat kingdom, which their majesties had conquered;
and by Ood's blessing on my preaching, an infinite number
of Moors were brought to abjure Mahommed, and to turn
to Christ. A little after this, I was made a canon by their
graces; and sent for again by the most Christian queen
Isabella to Arragon^ that I might be employed in the con-
version of the Moors of those ^ngdoms, who still persisted
in ^beir errors, to the great contempt and dishonour of tJhr
crucified Saviour, and the prodigious loss and danger of all
Christian princes. But this excellent and pious design of
her majesty was rendered ineffectual by her death.'* At
the debire of Martin Garcia, bishop of Barcelona, be un.-
dertook to translate from the Arabic, into the language of
Arrd^on, the whole law of the Moors ; and after having
finished tiiis undertaking, he composed his famous work of
^^ The Confusion of the Sect c^ Mahommed ;'' it contains
twelveobapiers, wherein he has collected the fabulous storiei^
impostures, forgeries, brutalities, follies, absurdities, and con^
tradictions, which Mahommed, in order to deceive the simple
people, has dispersed in the writings of that sect, and espe*
cially in the Koran. Andreas tells us, he wrote this worJ^
that not only the learned among Christians, but even th^
common people, might know the different belief and doe«
trine of the Moors; and on the one hand might laugh at
and ridicule such insolent and brutal notions, and on the
other might lament their blindness and dangerous con-
dition.--—This book, which was published at first in Spanish
at Seville, 1537, ^to, has been translated into several lan-»
guages, and is frequently quoted as authority in writiogs
against the Mahometan religion. '
ANDREAS, or ANDREA (Onuphrius), a NeapoliUn
|>oet, flourished about the year 1630, and died in ij&47..
Although be is not free from the prevailing corruption of
«tyle in his time, Crescembini and Le Quadrio rank .him
'among the best poets of the seventeenth century. £Le
wrote two poems : ^^ Aci,'' in ottava rima, Maples, 1&2£|^
12mo, and ^^ Italia liberata," a heroic poem, Naples, 1626,
t|2mQ; two theatrical pieces, *< Elpino, favola.hoscb^ec«
id* ANDREAS.
cia," and ** La Vana gelosia," a eollectioii of lyrisi poesifl^'
in two parts^ and ^' Discorsi in prose" otivdiffexent subjects
of naorality and philosophy, Naples, 1636-^ 4to. ^ i '; .
* ANDREAS (Valerius), ja biographjer, to whom, works
of this description are highly indebted, was borii/NoY- 25,
1588, at Desschel, a small town in Brabant, fronii which he
has-been sometimes called Desselius; He studied pojite
literature, first in his own country,, under Valerius Hon-j
tius, a very able teacher, and afterwards for three years sl%
Antwerp, under Andreas Schottus, a learned Jesuit, who
taught him Greek ; and he was taught Hebrew at th^vsame
time by John Hay y. a native of Scotland, and likewise ono
of the society of Jesuits. After having attended a course of
philosophy at Douay, he was appointed Hebrew professor
at Lou vain in 1612. In 1 62 1. he .was. created LL* D. In
1628 he was appointed regius professor; iofcivJL law, and, ia
1638, keeper of the newly-founded university, library. . Hia
life appears to have been principally devoted, to .thecompor
sition<}f bis numerous works, and the. care of the pre^si in
publishing other works of celebrity. He died at Louvain,
^ 656, leaving behind him the character of a man of aipi^bie
manners and extensive learning.
His principal works are, 1. M Orthographic ratio,, et de
ratione interpungendi ac distinctionum notis,'* X)puay^
J610, 12mo. 2. " Clarorum Catalogus Ijlispania? Scripto^r
rum," Mentz, 1607, 4to. .3. " Imagiues .doctorum viro-f
rttm e variis gentibus, elogiis brevibus. illustratae," .Ant.«.
Werp, 1611, 12 mo. These two. last .he appears, to have
undervalued, as he did not insert them in the list of hif
writings in the BibL.Belgica. ; 4.. ^^ De. initij^ ac pjrpgressu
dollegii Trilinguis Buslidiani, deque, vita ^t scriptis profesr
sok'um ejusdem coUegii,'* 1614, 4to^ 5. ".D.e Lingua Her
braiodD laudibusy antiquitate^ &c." ibid,/. 6. " Di^sertatiQ
de Toga et Sago, sive de litterata armataque militia,',*
Gologn, 1618, 8vo. 7. " Topographia Belgica.'' 8. ^* fasti
Academici Studii GeneraHs Lovauiensis^" 1635, 4to, .and
in:1648y an improved edition ; but afterwards a much mor^
correct edition was published under the jitle of " HistQrisL
TJniversitatis Lovaniensis.!' . 9. " BibiiotheCiBs Lpvaniei>si$
primordia," 1636, and in 1638, with a Qatalogue of the li-
brary, .His other works were on the subject of the c^nop
•la% and some editions of the canQnists.\yitl^ imprpv^^li^^;
a
J AN P R E A S^ fdf
{but tJiat'Which entitles, him clii^fly to aiplace ber$ is hU
." Bibliotheca Belgica," containing the Unres of the eminent
.men of the Netberianda, and lists of their wprks» This y^a.%
first published in ^623^ 8vo» This edition excited a literary
war between the author and FraoCiis Swertz, who in 162$
published his ^^ AthensEs Belgicas!, sive Nomenclator Scrip-*
lorum inferioris Germauia^" . foK In this he accuses An*
Jreas-of, haying interfered with his. design, and violated the
jTuleSivQf fciendshipi &C; Andreas, who had continued tq
•in^pneTle hisHfork, and published it a second time atLa*
.taii^ id l€^$y 4to,, answered these accusations vei'y modestly
in his preface, and asserted the priority of his design.
This last edition is preceded by the " Topographic Bel*
gka'? aboy/e-menrioned. The best ^edition of the Biblip*
iheca, JbowevejCy , is th^t published . by Foppen in 1739,
2 vols. 4to, elegantly printed, and illustrated by a series of
'et^gr&vM^gs, which,,ow.i<ng to the robberies: of portrait-deal-
*ers and collectors, is rigfw seldom found complete. It has
been ol|jected that Fpppen omitted many partiojilars i:e-
•corded by And;:eas> but after a careful inspection, we. have
been able' to discover- very little omittied that is of import-.
ance^.V ; ,: . . ^
^ ANDREINI (Francis), of Pistoia, an Italian comedian
,of the .sijcteenth centiiyy, deserves some notice on account
^of his mfyj a womati of considerable talents, and his son^
tWhose history is in one i^espect connected with that of our
immortal Milton.) This Fmncis appears to have been ^
.specie$ of buffoon stroller. In. 1609, he published a, work
entitled ^'. I*.e Bmvure del capitan Spavento, Venice,". 4to,
•which consists of dialogues between the captain and his.
.man Trappola. Prefixed to it is a serious lamentation oyer
the death of his wife, the subject of our next article. He
afterwards published other dialogues in prose, " Ragiona-
iQenti fantastic! posti in forma di dialoghi rappresentativi,'*
V.eni^e, 1612, 4to, He also is the author of two dramatic
piecei!, ' ** L' Alterazza di Narciso," Venice, 161 1, . 1 2mo ;
a^d •" L'lDgajnn9.ta Proserpina," ibid, same year. He was
•r<?marl^ablj3 ibr the powers of memory, and spoke, with
.great fajcility, French, Spanish, Sclavouian, modem Greefe,
"jind i?yeft the-Tu^kipManguage. He was living in 1616, a^
appears by the dat^ of. his edition of his wife's works^ and
jk is thought that )^e died soon after that publication* * :
Foppqn^s Bibl. Be!^. ' * Biographie Universell*.
«
iM A N D R E 1 N I.
ANDREINI (Isabella), wife to the preceding, wag
born atPiaduain 1562, became an actress of great fame,
and was flattered by the applauses of the men of wit and
learning in her time. She is described as a woman of ele-
gant figure, beautiful countenance, and melodious vowre, of
taste in her profession, and conversant with the Freifieh and
Spanish languages; nor was she unacquainted with philo«
^phy and the sciences. She was a votary of the muse»,
and cultivated poetry with ardour and duccess. The Ift-
• t^nti, academicians of Pa via, conferred upon her the
honours of their society, and the titles of Isabella Andrei*
na;> Comica Gelosa, Academica Intenta, detta fAcce^a*
She dedicated her works to cardinal *Cinthio Aldobfandini
(nephew to Clement VIIl.), by whom die was greatly
esteemed^ and for whom many of her poems were com-
posed.
In France, whither she mede a tour, she met with tli«
most flattering reception from the king, the queen, and the
court. She composed several sonnets in praise of her royal
patrons, which are inserted in the second volume of her
poems. She married Francis Andreini, whom we have just
noticed, and died at Lyons, June 10th, 1604, in conse^
quence of a premature delivery during a state of pregnancy,
in the forty-second year of her age. Her husband, whonot
her loss overwhelmed with afBiction, had her interred iti
the city in which she expired, and erected a monument to
her memory, on which he caused an epitaph to be in^
«cribed, enumerating her virtues, her piety, and her ta«
lents. Her death was lamented in many Latin and Italian
elegies and panegyrics, and even a medal was struck to her
memory, with the inscription, *' Sterna Fama." The jus-
tice of the^ high praises may still be appreciated by It
perusal of her works : 1. " Mirtilla, favola pastorale,*' Ve-
rona, 1588, 8vo, and often reprinted. She is said to hav^
begun this in her infancy, but it does not appear to have
been very successful on the stage. 2. ** Rime,** MitaQy
1601, 4to; Paris, 1603, l2mo, &c. Most of these had
appeared in various collections, and there are others of her
writing in ** Componimenti poetici delle piu illustriiima-
trici d'ogni seculo," Venice, 172€, )<2mo. 3, ^*Lettere,**
Venice, 1 607, 4to. These letters are mostly on love sub-
jects.' - It has been remarked as somewhat singular in bib-
liography^ that the dedication of this work to the duke of
Savoy, as well as the title-page, bears date 1 607, three «
A N D R E I N I. 50t
yeiirs after ihe author's death. 4. " Fragmenti d^alcun^
scritture,*' &c. a collection of i^agments, dialogues, &c, oa
love subjects, published by her husband, Venice, 1616, the
date of the preface, but in the frontispiece, 1625, 8vo. *
ANDREINI (John Ba1»tist), the son of the two pre-
ceding, was born at Florence in 1578, and was also a cq**
median, and wrote several pieces for the theatre, and some
poems. They once had a temporary reputation, but such
as have survived to our times, are indebted to particular
circumstances, independent of their merit. They are all ia
that bad style of Italian poetry, of the seventeenth century,
peculiar to the school of Marino, and most of them, in the
plot and conduct, are irregular and fantastic, and demon*
strate a wretched taste in the public. The only piece
worthy of our notice is his " Adamo,'' a sacred drama ia
five acts, with chorusses, &c. Milan, 1613 and 1617, with
prints designed by Carlo Antonio Proccachini, a celebrated
landscape painter of his time, and of the school of the
Carracci, but in a wretched style, paradise being repre-*
sented as full of dipt hedges, square parterres, strait walks,
&c. But what is more interesting, Voltaire, in his visit to
England in 1727, suggested that Milton took his hint of the
Paradise Lost from this drama. This obtained little credit
at the time, and was contemptuously rejected by Dr. John-
son in his life of Milton. Mr. Hay ley, however, has re-
vived the question, and with considerable advantage to
Voltaire's supposition, and it seems now to be the opinion
that the coincidence between Andreini's plan and Milton's
is too great to be the effect of chance. We have no ac«
count of Andreini's death. *
ANDRELINI (Public Fausto), or Publius Faustus
Andrelinij[S, a modern Latin poet, was born at Forli, in
Romagnia, about the middle of the fifteenth century.
Having composed in his youth, at Rome, four books of
poetry under the name of ** Amours," he was honoured
with the poetic crown ; in 14S8 he came to Paris, and the
following year was appointed professor of poetry and phi«
losophy, and Lewis XII. of France made him his poet-lau-*
reat He was likewise poet to the queen. His pen, how«
fever, was not wholly employed in making verses, for he
wrote also moral and proverbial letters in prose, to which
* Gen, D»ct.—Moreri.-i— Biographic Univerielle*
> BiogMi>hiei;iav«Nt9e.<^Hifl€y «ad S]nodnons> lift Of Milton,^W«iWB's
Etiayon Pope.
?«? A.NDRELlNt.
Beattis.<Ehenanu5 added a preface^ and comm^trds ttuittt
f^ as learned, witty, and useful; for though^" says^he,
)^' this author, in some of his works, after the manner qf
poets, is a littJe too loose and wanton, yet here he appears
like a modest and elegant orator.*' John Arboreqs, a di-
vine of Paris, published comments upon theni. Andreli-
iii wrote also several poetical distichs in Latin, which 3vero
printed .with a commentary by Josse Badius Ascenscius,
and translated verse for verse into French by one Stephen
Prive. John Paradin had before translated into French
stanzas of four verses, an hundred distichs, which Andreli-
iu had addressed to John Ruze, treasurer-general of the
finances of king Charles V.IIL in order to thank him for a
considerable pension.
The poems of Andrelini, which are chiefly in Latin,
are inserted in the first tome of the " Deliciae poetarum
Italorum.'* Mr. de la Monnoie tells us, that his love-
verses, divided into four books^ cptitled " Livia," from the^
"name of his mistress, were esteemed so fine by the Roman
academy, that they adjudged the prize of the Latin elegy
to the author. — It is upon this account, that when he printed
his Livia, in quarto, at Paris, in 1490, and his three books
of Elegies four years after, in the same city, he took'
upon him the title of poet-Uureat, to which he added tha.t
ot " poeta regius et regine.us," as he was poet to Chai^les
yilt. Lewi* XlL aiid queen Anne IV. The distichs of
Faustus (continues the same author) are not above two
hundred^ ^tM consequently b.ut a very small part, of his
poems, since^ besides the four books of Love,/ and three
books of Miscellaneous Elegies, there are twelve Eclogues
pi his. printed in octavo, in 1^49, in the collection of thirty-
eight Bucolic Poets, published by Oporinus." The death
of Andrelini is placed under* the year 1518. The letters
which he wrote in proverbs have been thought worth a new
edition at Helnistadt in 1662, according to that of Cologn
of 1509. The manner of life of this author was not very
exemplary; yet. he was so fortunate, says Erasmus, that
though he took the liberty of rallying the divines, he was
"never brought into trouble about it. *
"^ ANDREW (surnamed of Crete, because he was bishop
of Aleria in that isle ; or the Jerusalemjte, frorpi hia
having retired to a monastery at Jerusalem), was of Da-^
" ■ - .»
A N' » K K MT- £09
tuascitf^ and died in the year 720} or, according to others,
iQ'723« He has left commentaries on some books of scrip-
ture, and sermons. Pere Conibesis gave an edition of
them, with a Latia translation, a!nd nbtes, together with the
works of St. AmphiloGus and Methodicos, Paris, 1644,
folio. »
■ ANDREW, or more properly ANDREA PISANO, an
eminent sculptor and architect, was born at Pisa in 1270,
at)L time when Arnolfo di Lapo, John de Pisa, and others,
following the designs of Cimabue and Giotto, had renounced
the Gothic style, and were introducing those purer models,
which promised a revolution in architecture, sculpture,
and painting. Andrea, entering into their ideas, had
some peculiar circumstances in his favour, as at that time
his countrymen, who were powerful at sea, traded with
Greece, and brought thence ancient statues, bas-reliefs,
and valuable marbles, which they employed in the orna-
ment or construction of their public edifices, particularly
the cathedral and the Campo Santo. By studying these,
Andrea acquired a portion of that taste which was after*
wards so conspicuous in Donatello, Brunelleschi, and Ghi-
berti. His first attempts were so favourably received, that
he was invited to Florence to execute, from the designs of
Giotto, the sculptures on the facade of St. Marie del Fiore,
the most magnificent edifice of that time. He began with
the statue of Boniface VHI. the protector of the Florentines,
which he followed by those of St. Peter, St. Paul, and
other saints. In 1586, when it was determined to repair
this fayade upon a more modern plan, these were all re-
moved, and when that design was not approved of, they
were put up in the church and in other places, and some
were deposited in the Poggio imperiale, a country-house
belonging to the grand dukes of Tuscany. There was also
a Madona and two angels in the church of the Misericordia,
which are said to have been executed by Andrea at the
same time. On the death of Arnolfo di Lapo, the re-
public of Florence employed Andrea in all the great works
constructing in their territories* As an engineer, he built
the fortifications round Florence, wd the strong castle of
Scarperia. During more peaceable times, he employed
himself in making figures in bronze ; and the Florentines,
who were ambitious of rivalling the magnificence of the
Vu II. P
«i« A N ]> K^ E \r,
wcifttU in dwr templet, eoqriojred bkn to •meMte ^
£<»^ture lof lihe gatCB of the bAptistery, from 4esigtt8 hj
<ji«ttQ. T/Kse gates imir juxocdiiigly ccMiieited «ri£ ti&s<^
cetieffi, refn'eseotijig dae ivfcole history of Jkitm «he Baptist.
The cQfnfiQsitiosi is escellewt, «uid the mttitudels of the
figures natural and expressive, although with some degree
of stilfeasBy Ibuft die inint^te part& are e^?0cuted mth great
9iM. These gaAes, svlucb ^eve begim in ISSl, were
fifiisbedy poUriied, and gilt in' eight years^ 'and at first
ti^are fiiioed at the principal ««itniiK;e, but 4^ey were after*
wands neisuyed to ooe &i the eiAe entranees, where they
now are, and the admiinble gates of Laurent Ghiberti
mbstitoiked in their room. Andrea aiso execula^ inlHronze
the tabernacle of San Giovanm, the bas retieft, and statues
beiongiog to the campanile of St. Marie del Fiore, atid
{»any others. At Venioe, his works we, the sculpture on
the &9ade of the chuncfa &i St. Mark ; the model of the
h^Tt$tiery of Pistoia, executed in 13S7 ; «id the tomb of
Cioo d^Angibolgi ; and he was employed in many fertifi-
catbns by Gaukier de Brtenne, duke ef Athens, during
his usmnpation at Florence ; bat Andrea did not suffer by
tbe duke's disgrace tit 1S43 ; «an4 <l3ie Flerentities, who
looked ooly to his merit, admitted bm a ckhsen of Florence^
wfaeoe be died iii 1345^ aod was b«nried in St. Marie del
f^o«e. His son Nino, also a acvlptor ef ^^msidefvible note,
epecAed a monument to his memory. ^
AN3>«EW, or more property ANDREA DEL SAKTO,
so called frasn Aria fiufaer^s U-adle, chat of a tailor, but whose
fatnily oame w&s V&NUCCI, was bom at Florence in
14^B, aad at fimt ifistirttcl?ed in fats airt by Barile, a mean
painter, with whom be apetit thpee years, at the end of
which Bartte placed him with Peter Cosily, then ac-
QOUAted (Hse of the best painters in Italy. Under farm, he
mode astoniahiiig pvofioieaey, and liis abilities .began to be
adknowledged, but Ccmeaofs morose temper obliged him
to leavie him, and secik im^tniction in the works oif otber
artists. As he had, while with Cosimo, employed himself
in dksignioig after Viiict, Raphael, and Buonaroti, to whose
works he had aecess art PJorence, be persisted in i3ie same
practice, formed an adfmirable taste, and excelled his
young rivals at ikome or a;broad, in cortectati^ss, coburitig,
adid kaowledipe «f his art. fiav-ing contracted a fiiendshtp
1 9i^, IMwrtcde.
^^ VtBJMi6i60 Blgio, thiej determined to li^e together^
aod paiatcd a great many works in the churches and con«>
vents of FJoveace, jointly, but Audrea*tl reputation began
lx> predonuHatey aad seemed fixed by hi« representation
ii£ the preaching of St. Johni executed for the Carmelites
at Florence, Sooie time after this, he went to Rome to
Atudy the models of art in that city, but it is thought he
did not remain there long enough to reap all the benefit
which be might. The excellence of his pencU, and his
power of imitation, were remarkably displayed in the copy
be made of Leo X. between cardinal Medici and cardinal
Kofli, the head and hands by Raphael, and the draperies
by Julio Roamio* The imitation was so exact, that Julio^
after the most minute inspection, and being told that it
w€m a copy, could not distinguish it from the original*
Hifr superior talents might have raised him to opulence^ if
his imprudence had not reduced him to shame and po«
veity* The French king, Francis I. who was. extremely
partial to his works, invited him to his court, defrayed the
expeooes of his journey, and made him many valuable
presents* For a portrait, only^ of the Dauphin, an infant,
he rec^red tl^ee hundred crowns of gold, and he piunted
many other pictures for the court and nobility, for ^ich
he wm UberaHy rewardedL While employed oti a picture
of St. Jerome, f^r the queea dowager, he received letters
from his wife, soliciting his return to Florence, and, to
indulge her, of whom he was excessively fond, he asked^
and obtained a £ftw months absence. It Was on this occa*
fion that the king, crnifiding in his integrity, made him
several prineely presents, and intrusted him with large
sums of money to purchase statues, paintiags, &c. ; but
AfidfM inafcead of executing his comtnission, squandered
away not only his own, but the money intrusted to him,
Vccame poor, and despised, and at last died of the plague,
ia bis forty^secoad year, abandoned by his wife, and by
ali tliose friends who had partaken of bis extravagance.
Hia principal vForks were ait Florence, but there were for*
eierly apecimens in many of the palaces and churches ijit
ItaAy wd France. AU the biographers and critics of
painters^ except perhaps BeMiiracci, have been lavish in
Aeir praises of Andrea. Mr. Fuseli, in his much improved
edition of Filkington, observes, that, on .companng the
merits of his works, they seem to have obtained their full
share of justice. As a Tuscan, says that judicious critic,
p 2
,
212 ANDREW.
the suavity of hii tone, and facility of practice^ contrast
more strikingly with the general austerity and elaborate
pedantry of that school*, and gain him greater praise than
they would, had he been a Bolognese or Lombard. It
cannot, however, be denied, that his sweetness sometimes
borders on insipidity ; the modesty, or rather pusillanimity
of his character,, checked the full exertion of his powers 5
his faults are of the negative kind, and defects rather than
blemishes. He had no notions of nature beyond the models
and concentrated all female beauty in his Lucrezia (his
wife), and if it be true that he sacrificed his fortune and
Francis I. to her charms, she must at least have equalled
in form and feature his celebrated Madonna del Sacco;^
hence it was not unnatural that ,the prop<»rtto«s of Albert
Durer should attract him more than those of Michael An*
gelo. His design and his conceptions, which seldom rose
above the sphere of common or domestic life, kept pace
with each other y here his observation was acute, and his
ear open to every whisper of social intercourse or emotion.
The great peculiarity, perhaps the great prerogative, of
Andrea appears to be that parallelism of composition, which
distinguishes the.best of his historical works, seemingly as
natural, obvious, aad easy, as inimitable. In solemn
effects, in alternate balance of action and repose, he excels
all the moderns, and if he was often unable to conceive
the actors themselves, he gives them probability and im-
portance, by place and posture. Of costume he was- ig»
norant,. but none ever excelled, and few approached him
in breadth, form, and style of that drapery which ought
to distinguish solemn, grave, or religious subjects. *
ANDREW, or ANDREAS (Tobias), professor of his-
tory and Greek at Groningen, was born at Braunfels, in
the county of Solms, August lOth, 1604. His father was
minister to count de Solms-Braunfels, and Inspector of
the churches which belong to that county, and his mother^
daughter to John Piscator, a famous professor of divinity
at Herborn, in the county of Nassau. He performed his
faumanity^atudies at Herborn, and then studied philosophy
at the same place, under Alstedius and Piscator, after
which he went to Bremen, where he lived seven years.
He was one of the most constant auditors of Gerard de
Neuville, a physician and a philosopher ; and, as he had
S FUkin^on. «-*y atari ~Abreg4 des Vies d«8 Peiatrts, toL I|-^&c.
A N D.R E W. 213
4
a desire to attain a public professorship^ he prepared
himself for it by several lectures which he read in phi-
losophy* He returned to his own countr}^ in 1628, where he
did not cpntinue long, but went to Groningen, on the,
invitation of his kind patron, Henry Alting. He read
there, for iiome time, lectures upon all parts of philosophy,
after which Alting made him tutor to his sons, and when
they had no longer occasion for his instruction, he procured
him the same employment with a prince Palatine, which
lasted for three years ; part of which he spent at Leyden,
and part at the Hague, at the court of the prince of
Orange. He was called to Groningen in 1634, to succeed
Janus Gebhardus, who had been professor of history and
Greek. He filled that chair with great assiduity and re-
putation till his death, which happened October 17, 1676.
He was library-keeper to the university, and a great friend
to Mr. Des Cartes, which he shewed both during the life
and after the death of that illustrious philosopher. He
married the daughter of a Swede, famous,, among other
things, for charity towards those who suffered for the sake
of religion.
His friendship for Des Cartes was occasioned by the
law-suit against Martin Schoockius, professor of philosophy
at Groningen. This professor was prosecuted by Mr. Des
Cartes, for having accused him publicly of Atheism.
Though Mr. Des Cartes had never seen our Andreas but
once in his life, yet he recommended tlus affair to him,
from the attachment which he professed. Mr. De la
Thuillerie, ambassador of France, and the friends of Mr.
Dts Cartes^ exerted themselves on one side, and the ene-
mies of Voetius at Groningen on the other ; and by this
means Mr. Des Cartes obtained justice. His accuser
acknowledged him to be innocent of his charge, but was
allowed to escape without punishment. He also wrote in
defence of him against a professor of Leyden, whose name
was Revius, and published a vigorous answer to him in
1653, entitled ^^ Methodi Cartesian-de Assertio, opposita
Jjgicobi Revii, Praef. Methodi Cartesianae considerationi
Theolcgicae." The second part of this answer appeared
the year following. Rewrote, likewise, in 1653, in de-*
fence of the remarks of Mr. Des Cartes upon a Programma,
which contained an explication of the human mind. He
taught the Cartesian philosophy in his own house, though
his professorship did not oblige him to that, and even whea
. «»
914 ANDREW.
hit «ge bad quite weakened him. Sudi weft Ae prei*
judicei of tk^t age» timt De» MareU, who acquMM
us with these particuUrv, mentiona a Swisa student,
who dared not veuture to attend upoa Ibe |ihik>9ophyeal
lectures of Tobiaa Aiicbreas, for fear it should be known in
)ua own country, and be an obstacle to his promotion to
the ministry. ^ .
ANDR£W» orANDREE (YvcsMaby), aFreneh Je*
in^t, born May 2S, 1615^ at Cb&teaabn in the coiote do
CoruouaiUesi the countiy which produced tbe pere
Ardoiiin, and p^e Bougeamt, and like them was vecaeived
Into the ordef of Jesoita. He settled himself at Caen, in
the chair of professor regins of the mathematicsy wbieli
be filled from 1700 to MSB; when, having attained
the age of eigfai^^-foiiry he found it neeeasary to seek rer
Sose. His laborkius I^ was terminated Feb. B€, 1764^
[ature had endowed him with a happy constitution, and
be preseryed iit unimpaired by the regularity of his Kfe,
and the gaiety of bis temper, No qiecies of literaftwre
W<ia foreign to him; be snccieeded in tbe a»atbematiea|
chair, and be wrote lively and elegant verses ; but be ia
ebie&f known by *^ Essai sur le Beau/' of which a i>ew
edition was given in tbe collection of bis wovka in 1766,
$ vols* 12m0v edited by the abb6 Guyot. ' It is com*
posed with order and taste, has noveky in its suiagect, ^^
Bjuty in its slyle, and force enough in its argument. Muek
psteem ia bestowed on bis <^ Traite sur PHomme,*' in wllick
be pbiloflopbises concerning the union of tbe soul witb the
bodyv in a manner which made bim be suspected ef an
ina^virattng iq^irit. He was a great admirer of Matlebranebe^
atid cerreaponded witis bim for many yeafc. ^
ANDREWS (Jamis Pettit), a miscellaneous writer ef
aensiderable learning and talents, was tbe younger sen ef
Joseph Andrews, esq. of Shaw-bouse, near Newbury^
Berks, and was bpm therein 1737. He was educated by
a pirivate tutor^ die rev. Mr. Matthews, rector qf Shaw,^
to Barks, and early distinguished himself by bis appliea-
tion IQ li^rature and the fine arts. At the age of eighteei^
or Aineteen, he went inte tbe Berkshire militia, on tbe
fifnt calUug^ out of that body of men, and held tbe rank ef
lieulieoaut mwtil tbe regiment was disbanded.
His ficatpublscat^oa^ was a work of unoprnmon plMsamtry
sM bnoBQwr, It waa entitled ^* Anecdotes ancient awl
I Oen. Diet— Moreri. $ Biog, UmTenellc.— Diet Hist
A N D R £ W Si »n
iMd9i% ivitb oliterralaQM,'* 1789^ Svo^ and «^ tfuppfo^
mei»t to it^ 1790. Tfaia tviem rafiidlf dMnoogh stn^eMfl
6dkioai»<; pfeiixtfd ia a portorMe, bearing mnm ftstinbta«i<se
Ifl bimedf,, of ar msjt disbtlliii^ anecdotea from an nkemlMe.
Ttm waa dcwigKd hy Mr. AadraxM, dramnn by Grinmy aiMl
aBg^vied by Maoby. Tbe yolttme k inacribtd no kk
brother, sir Joseph Andrews, and he ackoacvAcdgaa ISMMimg
iteeiired aisistanvi} from Mr. Pye, ite* pment lacn^t,
d^taaiBi Grwey and advert, in th& Maassyem he i« said^^
bat vro- belkte wkboiit aathovitjr, ti» ha«e wntten; a sifittH
paaa^lc^ eotMed. ^ Adsviee tia tbr Prince of Wale^'*
Hid ^ext worii waa entitled. *^ The Hiaiorj of Gaeaa Britain,
eoiiBeetedi wkir tbe CbeoRologj of Extiope ;. with notes-,
&c. containing anecdotes of the times, lives of tAM
laarnod^ and ipeciaiens of thek aiorbf, toK I. from
Cttaar'a mvasion to die dcposltiont and daaib of RtabMsdi II.'*
1794y 4tiOL in diia wosk he proved Umsetf a nerf MeiBt*
rate and indiisttrious coUaotor of facti, the saanlt of a long
canraa of diligent leftdiAg. Thromghant the* paai of tbe
wofb wbieb ia sudctiy bistorieal^ the bbnorres* of England
and. of tbe rest of Earopff- axe eavried. on eoHaterally, a
caatain portioii of tbe former being grven ia ooa page,- ai^
a corresponding portion of the latter on the opposite page;
The Engitab story ia coticisely teld, with a careful attention
to the inaeation of minute cireaantancea. The ^^rre-
spooding page of general cbvonology ia extended^ to com-*
IMPebend tbe annala of every European^ siate^ bat aefctboi
waadara into odier paat& ef tbe globe, except when led
by eireomatanees eloseLy connected ^vith the affiuvs'of Eu^
rope. In order to condense as much matter a». possible
into his 'vohime, he carefully avoida unneceasairy am^bfiu
catioiiy and expreaaes himself with a happy,, yet forcible
brevity. The netea coutaia a greait vaviety of otuious^and
aauiaing particulars net imraediatelf^ comiected witb die
tnain sixMpy. To tbe bistloncal uarrajtive are addady at proper
intervals, appendixes of tmo' kinda; the firsts containing
a^ttcma of auchi incidente aa could not properly be* thrown
inter tbe notes, and biogBapbieal sketches of diatinguished!
Baitiah writers, widi speciaena of poetieal productions ;<
tbe second presenting an< analysia of the times, under the
reapectlve heads of religion,, government, inanaers, arts,
sciences^ binguage^ conuneme, &c. There ave^ oth^r ar*
nngvments auio|£eAby the aotbor,. which render the work
not less useful for reference^ than< for continued reading;
ia 1795^ be puUithed a second volume, or radier a ae*
21S A N DREW S/
cond part to to]. I. continuing his plan from *^ Tbe depo«
^ition and death of Richard II. to the accession of Edward
VI.^' It is much to be regretted that he did not live to
complete this plan. It may^ indeed, be undertaken by
another, but there is always a certain portion of enthu-
siasm in the original contriver of a scheme, which it is im-
possible to impart
Mr. Andrews appears to have been for a time diverted
from his own work, by being engaged to continue Henry^s
-History of Great Britain, which was published accordingly,
in 1796, in one volume 4to, and 2 vols. 8vo, and formed
an useful supplement to the labours of the Scotch his-
torian, but one more corresponding to Henry^s plan is yet
wanting.
Besides these elaborate works, Mr. Andrews displayed
his antiquarian knowledge in <' An account of Saxon Coips
found in Kintbury church-pyard, Berks,^' which was printed
in the 7th volume of the ^chaeologia ; ^^ The account of
Shaw,'* in Mr. Mores's Berkshire Collections. He translated
also ** The Savages of Europe,'* a populstr F^nch novel,
illustrated with prints from his own designs. To the Gen-
tleman's Magazine he was a very liberal and intelligent
contributor.
On the institution of the new system of London police,
Mn Andrews was appointed one of the commissioners for
the district of Queen's square and St. Margaret's West-
minster, and discharged the duties of that office with great
industry and integrity, until his death, which happened
at his bouse in London, August 6, 1797, in his sixtieth
year, He was buried at Hampstead. He marrried Miss
Anne Penrose, daughter of the rev. Mr. Penrose, late
rector of Newbury. By this lady, whom he survived
' twenty years, he had two spns and a daughter : one of
the former is dead ; th^ other in 1800 succeeded to the
title and estates of his uncle, sir Joseph Andrews, bart
a man of a most amiable and exalted character.
Since writing the above, we learn from Mr. Lysons's
Supplement to bis " Environs," that Mr. Andrews's first
publication was a humane pamphlet in behalf of the chim-
ney-sweepers'apprentices, in 1788, which led to the act
of parliament, passed not long afterwards, for the purpose
of meliorating their condition, Mr. Andrews had a large
circle of literary acquaintance, who frequently met at his
hospitable table, at Brompton-row, in the parish of Ken-
sington, where he resided many years ; and he had the
A N B n E W S. dif
happiness of being able to enjoy his friends and his library^
which contained a very valuable and entertaining collection
of books, almost to the last moment of his existence^ ^
ANDEEWS (Lancelot), an eminent divine, and bishop
of Winchester in the reigns of James I. and Charles I. waa
born at London, in 1555, in the parish of AUhallowa
Barking, being descended from the ancient family of the
Andrews in Suffolk. He had his education in grammar-
learning, first in the Coopers' free-school at Ratcliff uader
Mr. Ward, and afterwards in Merchant Taylors^ school at
London, under Mr. Mulcaster. Here he made such a pro«
ficiency in the learned languages, that Dr. Watts, resident
tiary of St PauPs, and archdeacon of Middlesex, who about
that time had founded some scholarships at Pembroke hall
in Cambridge, sent him to that college, and bestowed on
him the first of those exhibitions. After he had beea
three years in the university, his custom was to come up
to London once a year, about Easter, to visit his father
and mother, with whom he usually stayed a month ; during
which time, with the assistance of a master, he applied
himself to the attaining some language or art, to ^hich he
was before a stranger : and by this means, in a few yeajr%
he had laid the foundation of all the arts and sciences, and
acquired a competent skill in most of the modern lan«
guages. Having taken the degree of bachelor of arts, he
was, upon a vacancy, chosen fellow of his college, in pre-
ference upon trial to Mr. Dove, afterwards bishop of Peter-
borough. In the mean time Hugh Price, having founded
Jesus college in Oxford^ and hearing much of the fame of
young Mr. Andrews, appointed him one of his first, or
honorary fellows on that foundation. Having taken the
degree of master of arts, he applied himself to the study
of divinity, in the kuowledge of which he so greatly ex-
celled, that being chosen catechist in the college, and hav-»
ing undertaken to read a lecture on the Ten Commaud^
ments every Saturday and Sunday at three o'clock in the
Itfternoon, great numbers out of the other colleges of the
university, and even out of the country, duly resorted to
Pembroke chapel, as to a divinity lecture. At the same
time, he was esteemed so profound a casuist; that he was
often consulted in the nicest and most difficult cases of
conscience ; and his reputation being established, Heniy,
earl of Huntingtouj^ prevailed upon him to accompany him
> Gent. Mag. 1797 and 1801.*— Lysons^s Sapplement to KoTiroDS, 1811.
OTS A >r D R E W ».
kvio the Kortk, of which he was president ; Inhere, by his
^igent preaching, and pmate conferences, in which he
used a due mixtiife of zeal and moderation, he converted
■everal ? ecusaDts, priests, as well as others, to the prates-
taAt reUgion. From that time be began to be taken notice
of by sir Franeis^ .Walsittgham, secretary of state to queen
Efizabesh. Thai minister, who was unwtUiiTg so flne a
geniutf should be buried in the obsetirity of a country bene^
fiee> bis intent being to make him reader of controversies
in the university of Cambridge, assignerd him for his m^n.*
tenance the lease of the parsonage of Alton in Hampshire,
and afterwards procured for btra the vicarage of St. Giles's,
Cripplegate, in London. Afterwards he was chosen a pre-
bendary and residentiary of St. PanPs, aff also pilebendary
of the collegiate church of Sontbwell. Betng thus pre-
ferred to his own contentment, he distinguished hhnself as
a diligent and excellent preacher, acnd read divinity lectures
three times a week at St Paul's, in term time. Upon the
death of Dr. Fulke, he was chosen master of Pfembroke-
ball, of which he had been scholar and fellow^ a place of
more hononr than profit, as he spent more upon it than he
reeeived from it, and was a considerable benefactor to that
c^lege. He was appointed one of the chaplains in ordi-
nary to queen Elizabeth, who took such delight in his
preaching, that she first made him a prebendary of West-
minfiter, in the room of Dr. Richard Bancroft promoted to
the see of London ; and afterwards dean of that church, in
the room of Dr. Gabriel Goodman deceased. But he re-
fused to accept of any bishopric in this reign, because hcs
wo^ld not basely submit to an alienation of the episcopal
f^evenwe *. Dr. Andrews soon grew into far greater esteem
ivitb her successor king James I. who not only gave him
the preference to all other divines as a preacher, but like-
wise made choice of him to vindixrate his sovereignty
against the virulent pens of his enremtes. His majesty
halving, in his ^^ Defence of the rights of Kings,** asserted
the authority of Christian princes over causes and persons
fleclesiastieaU cardinal Bellarmin, under the name of Mat-
thew Tortus^ attacked him with great vehemence. The
king requested bishop Aifdrews tp answer die cardinal,
whi^h he did with ffent spirit and judgment, in a piece
f 6e« Ml' aiK««r to a letter writteii! and the Mvewiti theno(, 4tD pam^
at Oxford, and superscribed to Dr. phiet, paf e 33. Cranger, rolume I,
Samael Turner, coocerains tM (burdi page 347.
A N DILE W a. 819
enddeA m ToftiBra Torii : st?e, ad MatdiflBi Torti librviin
yespoiwio^ qui nuper editus contra .A^iokigiMn •tfenissiaii
potentiflBimique priocifns Jacobiy Dei gratia Maglftv Bri*
p^nmf Franei», & Hiberaise Regu» pro jurainetito fide*
litatis/' It was printed at London by Hoger Barker, the
thing's printer^ in 1609, in (jitarto, contaiiiing 402 pages;
and dedicated to the king. The aubMuice of what the
biflhop advances in this treatise, with great strength of rea^
flOB and evidence, is, thai kings have power both to caH
synods and confirin them ; and to do all other tlmgs, which
the eiajperoBs heretofore diligently perforoied^ and which
the bishops of those times willingly acknowledged of right
to belong to them. Casanbon gives this work the charac-
ter of being written with great accuracy and research; That
kiAg nesLt prooaoted bin to the bishopric of Cbsohester, to
whieh he was consecrate^ November 3, 160iS. At the
same time he made him hia lord aknoner, in whioh place
0f gteat trust he behaived with singular fidefety, disposing
0f the royal bcsievolence in the most disinterested mann^
and not availicig himself even of those advantages that he
might legally aod fairly have taken. Upoathe vacancy of
the bishopric o£ Eiy^ he was advanced to that see, and
aonsecvaled SeptesG^ber 2fi, 1609. He was also nominated
OBO of bis majesty's privy coansellors of England; and
^terwards of Scottaad, when he attended the King in hiv
jotttfoey to that kingdom. After he had sat nine years in
that see, he waa advanced to the bishopric of Winchester^
and deanery of the king's chapel, February 18, 1618;
viiieh two last jproferments he held till his deaths This
great prelate was in no less reputation and esteem with,
hioff Charles L than he had been with his predecessors.
At length he departed this life^ at Winchester*house in
Seuthwatk, Septendier 25, 1626, in the seventy-first year
af his age ; and was buried in the parish cbutch of St. Sa^
ittQar% Sottthwarii ; where hia enecutovs erected to him ^
vefy fitiir monument of marble and alabaster, on which is
aa elegant I^atiA ioscriptioo, written by one of his chap-
lains *•
The chaivicter of bishop Andrews, both in public and
private bfe» was in every respect great aad singular. Hi»
jBoatempoBariea and biographers celebrate, in particnktr,
* Not nauy y«ari ago, hit bones and hit tilktn cap, were taand vmi^s
«cre dispersed, to maMe rooni for cayed in the remains of bis coffin,
I GorpMi J apd lie Mr of biabaard.
t29 ANDREWS.
bis ardent zeal and piety, demonstrated not only in his
private and secret devotions between God and bimseif, in
wbich tbose, who attended hini) perceived, tbat he daily
spent many hours ; but likewise in bis public prayers with
his family in his chapel, wherein he behaved so humbly,
devoutly, and reverently, that it could not but excite others
to follow his example. His charity was remarkable even
before he came to great preferments ; for, while he con-
tinued in a private station of life, he relieved his' poor
parishioners, and assisted the prisoners, besides his con-
stant Sunday alms at bis parish of St. Giles, Cripplegate.
But when his fortune increased, his charity increased in pro-
portion, and he released many prisoners of all sorts, who were
detained either for small debts or the keeper*s fees. In all
his charities, he gave strict charge to his servants, whom
he intrusted with the distribution of them, that they should
not acknowledge whence this relief came ; but directed,
tbat th^ acquittance, which they took from the persons
who received such -relief, should be taken in the name of
a benefactor unknown. Other large sums he bestowed
yearly, and oftener, in clothing the poor and naked, in
relieving the necessitous, and assisting families in the time
of, the infection,, besides his alms to poor housekeepers at
his gate. 80 that his private alms in his last six years, over
and above his public, amounted to above thirteen hundred
pounds. He left in his will four thousand pounds to pur-
chase two hundred pounds per amium in land for ever, to
be distributed by fifty pounds quarterly in the following
manner : To aged poor men, fifty pounds ; to poor widows,
the wives of one husband, fifty pounds ; to the binding of
poor orphans apprentices, fifty pounds ; and to the relief
of poor prisoners, fifty pounds. Besides he left to be di^
tributed inunediately after his decease among maid-ser-
vants of a good character, and who had seiTed one master
or mistress seven years, two hundred pounds ; and a great
part of his estate, after his funeral and legacies were dis-
charged, among his poor servants. To this virtue of his
we may add his hospitality. From the first time of his
preferment to the last moments of his life, he was always
most liberal in the entertainment of persons who deserved,
respect, especially scholars and strangers, bis table being
constantly furnished with provisions and attendance answer-
aUe. He shewed himself so generous in his entertain-
ments^and so gravely facetious, that his guiests would oft^
ANDREWS.
221
' profess, that they never came to any maif s table, where
they received more satisfaction in all respects. He was at
a prodigious expence in entertaining all sorts of people in
Scotland, when he attended king James thither; and it
cost him three thousand pounds in the space of three days,
wh^n that king came to visit him at Faniham castle^ the
principal seat belonging to the bishopric of Winchester.
He was unblemished both in his ordinary transactions, and
in the discharge of his spiritual and temporal offices. He
was always careful to keep in good repair the houses of all
his ecclesiastical preferments, particularly ^he vicarage-*
house of St. Giles, Cripplegate, the prebend's and dean's
bouses of Westminster, and the residentiary's house of
St. Paul's. He spent four hundred and twenty pounds
upon the palaces belonging to the bishopric of Chichester ;
above two thousand four hundred and forty pounds upon
that of Ely ; and two thousand pounds upon those of Win««
Chester, besides a pension of four hundred pounds per an^
numy from which he freed that see at his own charge*
With regard to his pastoral and episcopal charge, he was
the most exact in the execution of it, promoting, as far as
he could judge, none but men of character and abilities to
the livings and preferments within his gift. For which
purpose he took care beforehand to enquire what promising
young men there were in the university ; and directed his
chaplains to inform him of such persons, whom he encou-
raged in the most liberal manner. iHe used to send for
men of eminent learning, who wanted preferment, though
they had no dependance upon him, nor interest in him,
and entertain them in his house, and confer preferment
upon them, and likewise defray their charges of a dispensa^
tio!^ or faculty, and even of their journey. If we consider
him in those temporal affairs, with which he was intrusted,
we shall find hioi no less faithful and just. He disposed of
very considerable sums, which were sent him to be distri-
buted among poor scholars and others at his discretion,
with the utmost care, and exactly agreeable to the donor's
intent* Of his integrity in managing those places, ic^
which be was intrusted for others jointly with himself,
Pembroke*hall, and the church of Westminster, were suf*
ficient evidences. For when he became master of the
fomier, he found it in debt, having then but a small en-
dowment; but by his care he left above eleven hundred
t^ouads in the treasury of that college. And wheu he was
£22 AKDE£WS.
dean of the lattisr, he left it free itmn all ddbU (ncl 0»»
firoachflEientsr; and took saoh caureof tke sckool, that the
Bchoixn were much improFed not onljr by ius direction and
supmntendance, but even by his personal laboura among
tbeai« And at by Tirtue of his deanery of Weslniin«t«r|
kirn mastevship of Pembioke-hali^ and hit bishopric of Ely,
the election of scholars into Westaiinflter«school, and fvom
thence into the two anivemtids, and of many fi<iK>lar6 and
isllows iBto Pembrohe-liali; some in Peter-bouse, and some
in Jesus coUefie) nvere in his pofter and disposal^ he was
always so just, that he waved all letters from great per-*
sonages fior insuftcient seholaiSy and <ttv<ested himself of ail
partudity, and cfaoae only soch as he thought bad most
merit. Beings likewise often desited to assist at the elec-^
tion of scholars from the Free-schools of MercboTit TViy*
Ion, St. Panl's, and the Mereer's, and peiuei^ing £a?rdur
and interest soaaetimes overbadancing merit with diose to
wimm the choiee beiongedy and that divers good schohnrs
were omitted, and others prefenped, he freqm^dy took
care of soch as wsens negleeted, and sent them to the uni»
versity, where he bestowed preferment upon them. Nor
was he less diiftinguished for his fideMty ki dtat great place
of trust, the ahnonersbip. He never would suffer any part
of what arose to him from that place to be mingled with
his own rents or revenues, and was extremely exact in dis^
posing of it. When he found a surplus over and above the
ordinary chaifres, he distributed it in t^e relief Of the ixK
digent and distressed; tlu^ugh it was in had power to have
applied this to his own use (his patent being ^tue com*
puiojj and no person could have questioned him concern^
ing it. He gave a neat many noble instanees of his gfa*
titade to those who had befriernded trim when yeung. -He
bestowed upon Dr. Ward, son to bis first schooknasteVi
the living of Waitbam in Hampshire. He iftiewed the
greatest regard for Mr. Muleaster, his other scbool^master,
in all compaaiesi and always pkeed him at the «pper end
of his taUe, and after bis death caused his^ picture (though
he had but few others in his house) to be set over his stu^
door. Besides these external marks of gratitude he sup-
plied his necessities privately in a very tiheral manner, and
left his son a valuable legacy. He inquired very careftMy
after the kif^red of Dr. Watts, who, sis already notided^
had eent him to Pembroke- haH, and having found out one,
he conferred upon him preferments in that college. Nor
A N D & S W 8. 22S
did laud finget hid p»tfon Dr. WaUs ip hb will; fcr lienor*
dered there, that oui of the scholarships of hts foondbitioiiy
the two fellowships, which himself had founded iu diat
coUege^. shouUl be suppliedi if the candidates should be
fit for tbemu T^ omit the legacies which he left to the
parish of i^. Giles, Chpplegate, St. Maitia, Lndgmte, where
he had lived, St. Andrew's, Holbom, St. iSavioiir's, Sooth-
warl^ Allhallows, Barkiag, wheve he wi» bora, and oAers;
he gave to Peaibi;oJke-hAll one thouasad pocinds to pur-
chase lauds for two fellowships, and for other uses in that
college, expressed in his will ; besides three hundred such
folio books of hid owu as were ncH in the librarj there,
with sevecsl other valuable gifts. His huaiaaiiy extended
to every person who conversed with htm ; so that he was
admired Bot only by the men of learokig and others in this
kiiig4oiQ, but even by foreigners of ihe greatest eminence,
particuliu;ly Coisaubon, Cluverius, Yossius, who cornespond^
^d w'Uh huaai by letters^ Gretius, Peter ^u JVtouUn, Barclay,
the author of the Argtmif and Eqpeniust to .whom he of*
f^ed an aanual stipend to read lectures at Gambndge in
the oriieotal tongues, the professors of which he encouraged
very liberaUy, and particularly Mr. Bedwell, to whem he
Lve the vicaragie of Totrerfiam in Middlesex. His mo-
^sty was m remiurkable, that though the whole Christian
world admired his profound learning, and particideirly hia
knowledge of the es^tem languages, Greek, Latin, and
many modera languages, he was ae far from being elated
with the opinion of it, that be often complained of his de-
fects 9 aoid when he w«ts pref^red io febe bishopric of Chi-
chesty, amd • urged )m own insufficiency for mieh a charge,
be caused these words of St. Paul, Et idAtfc qme idonms f
i. 0. ^^ And who is s^ificient for these things f" to be en«
gi:aven abwt his episcopal seal. One imstanoe of his mo^
de;sty uMJ(ed with his humanity may be added, that afber
bds ohaplains had preached in bis chapel birfwe him, he
would aQmetimes privately request them, that he might
have a sight of their notes, and encourage them in the
kindest tenns imaginable^
Nor did he in the highest dftgnitaes, wUch he posaetsed^
r^mit of hi^ applioation to aUidy. Eneu in tbese dag^s,
when it aoiif bt hat^e been ««q>pofed that he wooU have ee-
laxod fromh^s former dihgence^ yietirom the hour hoTOio
(his prin^ale devotaons being finiahed) to the time Jie w«»
c^d t» 4iskv^g which^ by hb onm order, iwas not
M I
S24 A N D It £ W S,
twelvie at noon at the soonest, he continued at his studie9|
and would not be interrupted by any who came to speak
to him, or upon any occasion, public prayer excepted So
that he would be displeased with scholars, who attempted
to speak with him in the morning, and said^ that he doubt-
ed they were no true scholars who came to speak with
hvax before noon. After dinner for two or three hours
space he would willingly pass the time, either in discourse
with his guests or other friends, or in dispatch of his own
temporal aifairs, or of those who by reason of his episco*
pal jurisdiction attended him. Haying discharged which,
he returned to his study, where he spent the rest of the
fiftemoon, till bed-time, except some friend engaged him
to Supper, and then he ate but sparingly.
He had a particular aversion to all public rices, but es^*
pecially to usury, simony, and sacrilege. He was so far
from the first, that when his friends had occasion for such
a sum of money as he could assist them with, he lent it to
them freely, without expecting any thing in return but the
principal. Simony was so detestable to him, that by re-
fusing to admit several persons, whom he suspected to be
simoniacally preferred, he suffered much by law-suits,
choosing rather to be compelled to admit them bylaw,
than voluntarily to ^ do that which his conscience made a
scruple of. With regard to the livings and other prefer-^^
ments which fell in his own gifts, he always bestowed them
freely, as we observed above, upon men of merit, without
any solicitation. It was no small compliment that kin^
James had so great an awe and veneration for him, as ia
his presence to refrain from that mirth and levity in which
he indulged himself at other times. What opinion lord
Clarendon had of him appears from hence, that, in men*
tioniug the death of Dr. Bancroft, archbishop of Canter-
bury, he remarks, that ^^ if he had been succeeded by
bishop Andrews, or any man who understood and loved
the church, that infection would easily have been kept out
which could not afterwards be so- easily expelled.'* Our
great poet Milton thought him worthy of his pen, and
wrote a Latin elegy on his death.
In conversation, bishop Andrews discovered a fatetiou^
turn, which was not more agreeable to his private friends
than to his royal master James, who frequently conversed
very freely widi the learned men of his court. In all pre-
vious accounts of the bishopi a story to this purpose has
fllNDHirW& S!25
beett t0M> ftam die life of Waller^ wUch we ihM imii aiifS-
|»rcfs8, although tbe Isltter pshrt of it is Imt a sorry rtpartee
4IH the part of the monarch.':— Mr. Walter bating been^
iciiteeii into the last parliament of king ivme^ I. in which
he ietved as burgess for AgmondeshacB in Buc^ngfaam-
lAlire, and that^ pai'tkbrient being dissalved, on tbe day df
its dissodation ke went out of curiosity or respect to see the
Ung sit dinner^ with vrhom Were our bisbop of Winehest^^^
and Dr. N^al, bishop of Darbam, statiding behind tUe.
kmg's obaifi There happened something tiery ex^raor^
dinary in the eehversation which those prelates had with
the l&ing, on wbieh Mr. Waller often reflected. We shali
relate it a» it is represented in his hfe^ His majesty
ashed tbe btsbops, *' My lords, cannot I take my subject^
money when I want it, withont ail this formality in parlia*
JDent?*^ Tbe bishop of Dm'beim readily answered^ ^^ Ood
foii>fd, 1^, but you shasld; you are the breetth q£ oifr-
nostriW*^ Whefe^opon the king turned, and said tetiie
lisfaop of Wincbestet, " Wdl, my lord, what saj yen ?*T
** Siry ' replied tbe bishop, " I have nof skiU to judge of
pftiUdistet^i^ oases.' ^ The king an^swered^ '< No pu<Mxfis^
my lord ^ afiswer me p^esetitly." ^^ Tbeny sir," said he^
** I think k lawful fcft you tor take my brother NeaPs
money, for he offers it." Mr. Waller said the company
itras pteeteied with tbis answer^ and the wit of it seemed to
afieot the hitigi For a eertain lord coteing iw so«>r a^bei^
kM mage^ty etiei out, *^ O nfiy lord, they say you Lia with
my lady.'* **No, sir," says his lordship ih confusion, " bojt
I like her o^ntp&fSy because she has so much wit." '* Why
thc^'* says the king, ^^^ do not ^ou liq vi^itb niy lord of
Wkichen ter there ?' '
The works of this leanaed prelate, which afe tKm best
lMewi», are, I. *^A yolMiie of ^rmotis," Londpn, 16^29^
9mA \eil^ folio, consksthig of fi^inety-si^, upon the fteMr^
iis^ralsy #r M tbe ftiove impe^ts^nft doctrines of Ghri^
tiiteiity. d>. ** The Moi^^ Law eKpO'Mdedf,^ or Lectcnres on
tbe Ten Commandments, with nineteen S^itiM^ oh
prayier/' 1649, M. S. ^* Collection of posthtvmous and
alrpmm LeetMiresi deKvet^d m St. Paul's and St. Gite#s,*'V
LoAde\iy 1657^ M. These were the mostpof^bu; of adl
his productions, and although very exceptionable in point
of style, accorcUng to the modern criteria of style, they
aiMNind in leaf ned' and acute Remarks, and are by no mea^
so full bf putt dfnd (juibbfe, as some writers, from a super-^
Vol. IL Q
226 ANDRE
wi
ficial Yxeif of them, have reported. His other works wer^
his " Manual of Devotions," Gr. and Lat. often reprinted^
and translated by dean Stanhope, 12mo; and several Con*
ciones ad Clerum, or other occasional sermons preached
before the university, and at court — " Responsio ad Apo«>
logiam CaBdinalis Bellarmini, &c." 1610, 4to. — "Theolo-
gical determinations on Usury, Ty thes." — " Rcsponsiones ad
Petri Molina'.i Epistolas tres." — " Stricturae, or a brief
Answer to the eighteenth chapter of the first booke of car*
dinall Perron's Reply, written in- French to king James his
Answer written by Mr. Casaubon in Latine." — " An Answer to
the twentieth chapter of the fifth book of cardinal Perron's
Reply, written in French to king James his Answer, writ-
ten by Mr. Cass^bon to the cardinall in Latine." — " A Speech
delivered in the Starr-chamber against the two Judaicall opi-
nions of Mr. Traske.'* The two Judaical opinions advanced
by Mr. Traske were, 1 . That Christians are bound to ab-
stain from those meats, which the Jews were forbidden in
Leviticus.. 2. That they are bound to observe the Jewish
Sabbath. — " A Speech delivered in the Starr-Chamber con-
cerning Vowes, in thecountesseof Shrewesburiescase.'* This
lady was convicted of disobedience, for refusing to answer
or be examined, (though she had promised to do it befote),
alleging, that she had made a solemn vow to the contrary.
The design of > the bishop's speech is to shew, that such
vows ^ere unlawful, and consequently of no force or obli»
gation upon her. These pieces were printed after the
author's death at London by Felix Kyngston, in 1629, 4to,
and dedicated to king Charles L by Dr. William Laud
bishop of London, and Dr. John Buckridge bishop of Ely.*
ANDROMACHUS, a native of the island of Crete, and
physician to the emperor Nero, A. D. 65, has been handed
down to posterity, as the inventor of a medicine named
theriaca, which is now deemed of little use. It however
set aside the mithridate^ which till then had been held in
great esteem. Andromachus wrote the description of his
antidote in elegiac verse, which he dedicated to Nero*.
His son, of the same name, wrote this description in prose.
Damocrates turned it into Iambic verse in a poem, which
he wrote upon Antidotes. Galen informs us that Andro^
Unea Cunotdy voi II. p. 19, ^0, &c.-<-Coie'i MS Athens ia Brit Mus.
0
N^ R O
M A C H U S. 227
machus the father wrote a treatise '^ De Medicamentis
Compositis ad afFectus externos,'* and that he was a man of
great learning and eloquence. Erotion dedicated his
Lexicon to him, and some writers say he was a good astro-
loger. He was the first who bore the title of archiater. '
ANDRONICUS, of Rhodes, a peripatetic philosopher,
lived at Rome in the time of Cicero, 69 years before the
Christian sra. He was the first who made the works of
Aristotle known at Rome, which Sylla had brought thither.
He had formerly been a professor of philosophy at Athens,
but quitted it when the taste for philosophy departed from
that city. There is a work, of doubtful authority, ascribed
to him, entitled " Andronici Rhodii et Ethicorum Nicho-
macheorum Paraphrasis,'^ Greek iand Latin, Cambridge,
1679, 8vo, a very scarce book, and one of the authors
" cum notis variorum?^ There is, however, a Leyden
edition of 1 6 1 7, which is reckoned more correct. St. Croix",
in his " Examen des Historiens d' Alexandre," says that
there is a manuscript in the imperial library of Paris, which
ascribes this work to Heliodorus of Pruza, *
ANDRONICUS, of Thessalonica, was one of the Greek
refugees who brought learning into the West in the fif-
teenth century. He was considered as the ablest pro-
fessor next to Theodorus Gaza, and, perhaps, he exceeded
him in the knowledge of the Greek tongue, for he had read
all the authors in that language, and was well skilled in
Aristotle's philosophy. He taught at Rome, and lived with
cardinal Bessarion.. The stipend which was given him was
lio small, that be was obliged by poverty to depart fronv
Rome; upon this he went to Florence, where he was a
professor a long time, and had a vast number of auditors,
but upon the expectation of meeting with more generous
encouragement in France, he took a journey thither, where
.he died in 1478, in a very advanced age.'
ANDRONICUS, of Cyresthes, a Greek architect, is
celebrated for having constructed at Athens the Tower of
die Winds, an octagon building, on each of the sides of
which was a figure, in sculpture, representing one of the
winds. He named them Solanus, Eurus, Auster, Africa^
iius^, Favonius, Corns, Septentrio, and Aquilo. On the
top of this tower was a small pyramid of marble, which
^ Haller Bibl Med. Pract.— Gen. Diet.
> Gen. D1ct^— Biog. UDiTerseHe.-<^Faliric. Bibl. Gr.-*Saxli Oapmasticon.
» Ibid.
a 2 -
228 andbonicIjs.
supported a pie^e of meehanism somewhat like the modem
weathercock. It conaif ted of a brass Triton, wbieh tufoed
on a pivot, and pointed with its rod to the side of the tower
on which was represented the wind that then happened to
blow. From the bad style of the architecture oi the figure^
it is supposed to have been ccmstructed posterior to the
time of Pericles. Being built of large blocks of marble it
has withstood the ravages of time, and the upper part only
is destroyed, but the whole has sunk about twelve feet.
As each of the sides had a sort of dial, it is cosjecla»ed
that it formerly contained a clypsedra, or water-clock.
The roof was of marble, shaped in the form of tiles, a mode
which was invented by Byzes, of Naxos, in 580 B. G. It
BOW serves as a mosc^ue to some dervises. Spon,« Wheeler,
l.ei^i, and Stuart, have given amf4e descriptions of this an-
cient structure. *
ANDfiONl'CUS LIVIUS is said to have been the first
who wrote theatrical pieces, or what were called regular
j^ys, for the Roman stage, abont the year 240 B. C. It
is also said^that be was a slave, of Greek ortgiu, and that
he received his name from Livius SaUnator^ whose children
he- taught, and who at length gave him bia liberty. His
(bramatic productions were probably rude both in plan, and
style. Livy, the histonon^ ascribes to him the barboKMis
invention of dividing the deciaraation and gestares^ or
8f>eaking and acting, between two persons, which was
never thought of by the Greeks. Andrenicus^ who was a
player as well as a writev, it is supposed,, adopted it to save
InmsesH' the fetigue of singing io his €>wn piece, to which
ke^ bke other authors of his time, had been aecustomedl
But being often encored, and hoarse with repeating his
eai^tic'le or song^ he obtained pennission to transfer the
vocal psdTt to a young performer, retaining to faimsdfi eirlj
the acting : Ducfosy however, and after him Dr. Barney, ave
iaclined to think that the words of the historian mean' no
move than that the singing W9» separated froaii the dancing
a thing credible enoi^fav but absurd in the highest degree^
wheu applied to sp^^ng and aetiog* Aiidronicus also
composed hymns in honoinr of the gods. There^are frag-
ments of his versesy collected from the gramnaarians and
critics, in the ''Comaci Latani,." the ^^ CfMrpua p6Ctara[%'*
and the " Collectio Pisaurensis." *
^ Biog". tTnirerscHfe, and authors mentione<f in the text.
« Voisius de Poet. Latin.— Fabr. Bibl. Lat.— Barney's Hist, of Music, Tol. I.
— Biog. Univ«rrsdle.— -JMoreri.
ANDROUET. M9
4
' ANDROUET-DU-CERCEAU (James), ah emioent
French architect, was born at Orleans, or, according td
some, at Paris, in the sixteenth century. Cardinal d'Ar-*
magnac was among the first who patronised hira, and fur-
nished bim with money for the expenoes of his studies in
Italy, The triumphal arch, which still remains at Pola in
Istria, was so much admired by him, dnat he introduced
an imitation of it in all bis arches. He began 4hePoii€
Neuf, at Paris, May 30, 1 57^, by order of Henry IIL bHt
the civil wars prevented bis finishing that great work, which
was reserved for William Marchand, in fhe reign df Henry
IV. 1604. Androuet, however, built the hotels of Car*
navalet, Fermes, Bretonvilliers, 8ulty, Mayenne, and otbeil
palaces in Paris. In 1596, he was employed by Henry IV.
to continue the gallery of the Louvre, which had been be«
gun by order of Charles XI. but this work he was obliged
to quit on account of his religion. He was a zealots prH>f
testant, of the Calvinistic church, and when the perse^U-*
tion arose he left France, and died in some foreign coun«>
try, but where or when is not known. Androuet is not
more distinguished for the practice, than the theory of his
art. He wrote, 1. " Livre d' Architecture, contenant les
plans et dessins de cinquante Batiments, toiis differents,'*
1559, fol. reprinted 1611. 2. ** Second livre d*ArcbitectiiTe,**
a continuation of the former, 1561,fol. S. << Les plus exceU.
lents Batiments de France," 1576, I607,fol. 4. "Livred' Ar-
chitecture anquel sont contenues diverses ordonnanees de
plans et elevations de Batiments pour seigneurs et autres
qui voudront batir ^ux champs," 1582, fol. 5. *' Les Edi-
fices Romains," a collection of engravings of the anti-
quities of Rome, firom designs made on the spot, 15S3, fol.
i. ** Lemons de Perspective,*' 1576, fol. He was also bis
own engraver, and etched his plates in a correct but s:ome-
what coarse style. '
ANDRY (Nicholas), sumamed BaT9-RE6AKD,a French'
physician and medical writer, was born at Lyons in 1658^
and came to Paris without any provision, but defrayed the
expenses of bis philosophical studies in the college of
the Grassins by teaching a few pupils. He was at length
a professor in that college; and, in 1687, became first
known to the literary world by a translation of Pacatus*
panegyric on Theodosius tl^ Great. Quitting theology;
1 Morf f l-p-Biof, UmTerieUe.*»4Stn|U*f piclipnaiy. ^
13Q A N D R Y;
however, to which he had hitherto applied, he turned t^
the study of medicine, received his doctor's degree at
Rheims, and in 1697 was admitted of the faculty at Paris.
Some share of merit, and a. turn for intrigue, contributed
greatly to .his success, and he became professor of the
Royal College, censor, and a pontributor to the Journal
des Savants ; and, although there were strong prejudices
against him. on account. of the manner in which he contrived
to rise, and his satirical humour, which spared neither
friend or foe, he was in 1 724, chosen dean of the facnlty*
His first measures in this o£5ice w^re entitled to praise ;
convinced of the superiority of talent which the practice of
physic requires, he reserved to the faculty that right of
inspecting the practice of surgery, which they had always
enjoyed, and made a law that no surgeon should perform
the operation of lithotomy, unless in the presence of a
physician. After this he wished to domineer over the fa-
culty itself, and endeavoured to appoint his friend Hel-
vetius to be first physicie^n tq the king, and protector of
the faculty. But these and oth^r ambitious attempts were
defeated in 1726^ when it was degided, that all the decrees,
of the faculty should be signed by a majority, and not be
liable to any alteration by the; dean. After this he was
perpetually engaged in disputes with some of the members,
particularly Hecquet, Lemery, and Petit, and many abusive
pamphlets arose from these contests. Andry, however,
was not re-elected dean, and had only to comfort himself
l>y somQ libels against his successor Geoifroy, for which,
and his general turbulent character, cardinal Fleury
would no longer listen to him, but took the part of the
university and the faculty. Andry died May 13, 1742,
aged eighty-fpur. His worksi were very numerous, and
many of them valuable : 1. " Traite de la generation des
Vers dans le corps de Thomme," 1710, often reprihted, and
translated into most languages. It was severely attacked
by LeI^ery in the Journal de Trevoux, in revenge for
Andry's attack on his ** Traite des Aliments ;" and by
Valisnieri, who fixed on him the nickname otHonio vermis
^ulostiSj ^s be pretended to find worms at the bottom of
every disorder. Andry answered these attacks in a publi-^
cation entitlfid ^* Eclaircissements sur le livre de genera-
tion, 2cc.'' 2. ^^ Remarques de medicine sur differents
0ujets, principalement siir ce qui regarde la Saign6e et la
Purgation,*' Paris, 1710, i2mo. 3. ^f Le Regime du Ca-*
A N D R Y. 231
ireme,** Paris, 1740, 12mo, reprinted 1713, 2 vols, and
cifterwards in three, in answer to the opinions of Hecquet.
4. ** Th6 de PEurope, ou les proprietes de la veronique,'*
Paris, 1712, 12mo. 5. " Examen de ' difFeretits points
d*Anatomie, &c," Paris, 1723, 8vo, a violent attack oii
Petit's excellent treatise on the diseases of the bones.
6. " Remarques de chemie touchant la preparation de cer-
tains remedes," Paris, 1735, 12mo, another professional
and personal attack on Malouin's " Chimie medicale.'*!
7. ^^ Cleon a Eudoxe, touchant la pre-eminence de la
Medicine sur la Chirurgie.'* Paris, 1738, 12mo. 8. " Gr-
th(^edie i ou Tart de prevenir et de corriger, dans les
enfonts,* les DifFormites du corps," Paris, 1741, 2 vols.
fie published also some theses, and his son-in-law, Dionis,
published a ti*eatise on the plague, which he drew up by
^rder of the regent. *
ANEAU, in Latin ANULUS (Bartholomew), a man
of eminent learning in the sixteenth century, was born at
Bourges in France, and educated under Melchior Volmar,
a very able instructor of youth. He made great advances
under him in polite literature, and imbibed the principles
of the protestant religion, which Volmar professed, and
Aneau afterwards embraced. The great reputation which
he soon gained by. his skill in the Latin and Greek lan-
guages^ and poetry, induced some of the magistrates of
Lyons, who were his countrymen, to offer him a professor-
ship in rhetoric in the college which they were going to
erect in that city. Aneau accepted this offer with pleasure,
and went thither to take possession of his place, which he
kept above thirty years till his death. He discharged his
professorship with such applause, that, in 1542, he was
chosen principal of the college. - In this situation he pro-
pagated the doctrines of the reformation among his scholars,
which was done secretly for a long time, and either was not
perceived, or was overlooked ; but an accident which hap-
pened on the festival of the sacranaent in 1565, put a
period to all his attempts in favour of protestantism by a
very fatal catastrophe. Upon that day, 21st of June, as
the procession was passing on towards the college, ther^
was a large stone thrown from one of the windows upon the
host and the priest who carried it. Whether Aneau wa«
the author of this insult or not, is not certain, but the
I Bioip. Universelle.-^HalUr BiM. Med. Praot.
\
m A N E A U.
people^ being ^ori^cfd at it^ brobe inta |he icollf ge ia f
body, aifd assassinated bim ^ tbe gif ilty person, and tbf
college itself was sbut^ up the next day by ocder of tb^ aity.
Aueau wrot!^ a gre^t many verses in Latin and GrjB^
9.nd other wor]is ; this prinicipal of wbicb are, 1. ^^ Chant fifi^T
tal/* containing the mystery pf the nativity, Ly^Rs, 1539,
4 to, and 1559, with the title ^^Qisnetbliac musical et hi^
torical de la Co^cfiption et Nativite de J. C." ^. ^* Lyon
marchand/' a French satire, or drapua qf tb^ hi^tpriqi^
l(:ind> 1^42, 4to. 3. '^ Alciati's emblems tr«^nsl^te4,'' Lyoi\%
.1549, 8vo, 155$, 16B1P. 4. ^^ Picta poesis/' (l^yder), IM9$
8vo, a collection of embl^oys, witb Gree^ and t^atin wf^m*
5. J^ translation of {(ir Thomas Mpre's ^ U^opim'' ¥'W§
andi Lyons. 6. '^ Jl^lectox ; on le Coq," ^ fy\}nloij^ h}9l^y»
pret^ndedly from a Greek fragment, Lypns, 15^0. >
ANELLO (Thomas), commonly called A^a^s^niello, quo
of the names introduced in biographical collections, aU
tbougb more prpperly belonging to history, if as ^ fisiievn
man qf Naples, ^nd the author of ^, teniporary fevolulioq^
lybich ended as such tumultuous measur^a generally mkd^
i^ithout meliorating the state of the peqpl^ vtrbo h^^ve be^ii
induced to take ap aptiv^ part in them. In ^6^3, ivbeii
tbis map wail bom, the kingdom of Naples w^ siil^^ot Uk
th^ house of Austria, and governed by a viqerpy. TllA
Neapolitans had supported the government in this bqvif
with great loyalty and liberality, and submitted then^aielve^
to many voluntary impos^ions and burthenso^np laiPpes hsL
support of it But; in 1646, the necessities of (bfi J^ng-
requiring it, e^ new dpnative was projeiBted, and a djdsigti
was formed to lay a fresh tax upqn fruits, ^mpreb^ding
all sorts, dry or greeq, s^t far ^ mulberries girape^ figs,
appleSj^ pears, ^.c. The people, being thus deprived of
their ordinary subsistence^ took i^ resolution to disburden
t^mselveSi not only of thi^^ but of all other inciuppi^rtj^hte
exactions forn^erly imposed. They made their grieviineet
known to the viceroy by the public orias aind ^^n^ent^ti^m
ojt women and children, as he passed through the mark^
pl^ce, and petitioned him, by mf ans qf the carditial F^o«
marinp, tbe archbishop, and oth^rs^ to taj^e o(F the said tax,
He promised to redress the grievance, and ^nveaed pr«T
per persons to find out some n[)ethod to ta^e off the tax qb
ip^tfi. But the farmers, be^^se i| w^pr^udicial lo theitf
A N E t L D; t^S
jift^^ti fmm^ fiptnfi Aircret mAins io irustnrte iiis «tideiu-
v^)irfl, sm4 dl)ipii«id«4 bim from perfofmiBg his promisa t#
tb^ peQpi^ ; r^reBefllipg to biin> that all the cbnnoitr wof
loiM^ by 0. wr^cbed rabble onIy> aot woilii rdgarding.
T^PIPP^ An^Iloi or Maasaiikrlb, now in the 24th y^ar of
bis nge^ 4w^lt i» A eonier of the great market-place at
K#|^le8. {if» wa9 atoiity el* a good eountenance^ and a
191(141^ 9tiat|iY0« He wore iinen slops, a blqe waistcoat, and
W§0^ balRdfQ^t, with a mariner's oap. His profemoQ waa
to Wgle lor little fish with a cane, hook, and line, as als^
tp bpy fiih and to retail tfae«. Thi3 man, having observed
the iSlirmnring^ up and down the city, wept one day very
angry towards his house, and met with the famous Bandito
J^rroiie ^nd bisjeompanion, as he passi^d by a church where
thf y had fit^ f^r refuge. They asked him, what ailed hioi*
Q«) answered in gr^at wrath, ^^ I will be bound to be
bifti^ed» but I wiU vi^bt this oity.'^ They laughed at hia
WQIidft saying) ^^ A proper squire to right the city of
Nip^ !" Masaauiello replied, ^^ Do not laugh : I swear
^ G^, if I bad two &c three of my humour, you should
9^t wb«t I eould do. Will you join with me?" Tb^Y
^fi^w^red, " Yea.'* ♦♦ Plight Hie then your faith :*' whicll
th#y having done, be departed. A little after, when his
fiib w^ taken from him by some of the court, because be
kft4 QK>( P^id the tax, be resolved to avail himself of the
mwmurings of the people againat the tax on fruit. He
Vifpt stmong the fruit*shops tbat were in that quarter, ad-
yising them that the neKt day diey should come a)! united
t^ PW^ket, with a resolutimi to tell die country fruiterers
thftt tb^y would buy no mere taxed fruit.
A nUAiber of boys u^ed to assemble in die marketplace
t^ pi^k up web fruit as fieU. Afeu»anieiio got among these^^
IjKlHgjh^ ibem some cries and clarno^trs suit^ to his purpose,
ly^ e^roUed such a numher of them between J 5 and 17
ywm of age, that they came to be 500, and at last 2t)00,
Of tbb militia be made htnMielf general, giving every one
of tbec) iu their hands a Uttle weak cane. The shoo*
keepers observii^ bis instvuetions, there happened the
next day a gi^at tumuk between them and the fruiterers,
wjiicb the regent of the oily sent Anaclerio, the elect of
the people, to quieil. Among the fruiterers was a eousify
of Mafaaniella's, who, according to the instructions given
him, began more than w^yto inflame the people. He sttw
tbftt.h^ eould sell his fruit but ^t a low priee^ whiebi wb^fi
M^ A N E L L L 0/
the tax was paid^ would not quit cost. He pretended t#
listll into a great rage, ttirew- two large baskets on the
ground, and cried out, ^^ God gives plenty, and tiie bad
government a dearth : I care not a straw for this fruit, let
every one take of .it." While the boys eagerly ran to ga-
iher and eat the fruit, Massanieilo rushed in among them^
crying, ^^ No tax ! no tax !" and when Anaclerio threaten-
ed him with whipping and ):he gailies, not only the iruit**
erers, but all the people, threw figs, apples, and other
fruits with great fury in his face. Massanieilo hit 'him on
the breast with a stone, and encouraged his militia of boys
to do the same, which obliged Anaclerio to save his life
by flight.
Upon this success, the people flocked in great numbers
tp the market-place, exclaiming aloud ' against the into*
lerable grievances under which they groaned, and pro-»
testing their resolutioil to' submit no longer to them. The
fury still increasing, Massanieilo leaped Upon the highest
table that was among the fruiterers, and harangued the
crowd ; comparing himself to Moses, who delivered -the
Egyptians from the rbd of Pharaoh ; to Peter, who was a
fisherman as well as himself, yet rescued Rome and the
world from the slavery of Satan; promising them a like
deliverance from their oppressions by his means, and pro-
testing his readiness to lay down his life in such a glorious
cause. Massanieilo repeated these and such like words
until he had inflamed the n^inds of the people, who were
soon disposed to co-operate with him to this purpose.
. To begin the work, fire was put to the house next the
toll-house for fruit, both which were burnt to the ground,
with all the books and accounts, and goods and furniture.
This done, every one shut up his shop, and, the numbers
increasing, many thousand people uniting themselves went
to other parts of the city, where all the other toll-heuses
were: them they plundered of all their writings and books,
great quautities of money, with many rich moveables ; all
which they threw, into a great fire of straw, and burnt to
ashes in the streets. The people, meeting with no resist-,
ance, assumed more boldness, and made towards the palace-
of the viceroy. The first militia of Massanieilo, consisting
of 2000 boys, marched on, every one lifting up his cane
with a piece of black cloth on the top, and with loud cries
excited the compassion, and entreated the assistance of •
their fe^ow- citizens. Being come before the ps^aoe, th^
A N E L L O. S3S
tried out that they would not be freed of the fruit*tar
oidy, but of all others, especially that of corn. At last
they entered the palace and rifled it, notwithstanding the
resistance of the guards, whom they disarmed. The vice-i
roy got into his coach to secure ^himself within the church
of St. Lewis, but the people, spying kim, stopped the
coach, and with naked swords on each side of it threatened
him, unless he would take off the taxes. . With fair pro-
mises, and assurances of redress, and by throwing money
among the multitude, which they were greedy to pick up,
he got at last safe into the church, and ordered the doors
to be shut. The people applied to the prince of Bisignano,
who was much beloved by them, to be their defender and
intercessor. He promised to obtain what they desired ; but
finding himself unable, after much labour and fatigue, to
restrain their licentiousness, or quell their fury, he took
the first opportunity of retiring from the popular tumult.
Afi:er the retirement of the prince, the people, finding
themselves without a head, called out for Massaniello to
be their leader and conductor, which charge he accepted.
They appointed Genoino, a priest of approved knowledge,
temper, and abilities, to attend his person ; and to him thej
added for a companion the famous Bandito^Perrone. Mas-
saniello^ by his spirit, good sense, and bravery, won the.
hearts of all the people, insomuch that they became willing
to transfer unto him solemnly the supreme command, and
to obey him accordingly. A stage was erected in the mid-
dle of the market-place, where, clothed in white like a
mariner, he with his counsellors gave public audience, re-
ceived petitions, and gave sentence in all causes both civil
and criminal.' He had no less than 150,000 men under his
command. An incredible multitude of women also appeared
with arms of various sorts, like so many Amazons. A lis^
was made of above 60 persons, who bad farmed the taxes,
or been some way concerned in the custom-houses ; and,
as it was said they had enriched themselves with the blood
of the people, and ought to be made examples to future
ages, an order was issued, that their houses and goods
should be burnt ; which was executed accordingly, and
with &o much regularity, . that no one was suffered to carry
away the smallest article. — Many, for stealing mere trifles
from the flames, were hanged by the public executioner in
|he market-place, by the command of Massaniello.
. While these horrid tragedies were actipg, the viceroy
f3«' A N E L L O/ 4
dsRi^ of eterj method to appease the people^ nni ^n^
^01 to aaftcoaininodation. He applied to tbe archbishops
ef whose attachment to tbe goi^rnment be waa weil as^*
sored, and of whose paternal-eare and affection far tbem
the people bad no doubt. He gave him the original char-
ter of Charles V. (which exen^pted them from all taxes^
and upon which they had all along insisted) ronfirmad by
lawful authority, and Ukewise an indulgence or pardon for
a{i offences whatsoever committed. The bishop found
Hieans tp induce Maosaniello to convoke all the es^itaina
atid chief commanders of tbe people together, and g^eat
bopes were conceived that an happy accommodation would
ensue. In the mean time 500 banditti, all armed on boT8e>*
btock, entered the city, under pretence that they came
fcr the service of the people, but in reality to destroy
Bf assaniello, as it appeared afterwards ; fur they discharged
several shot at him^ some of which very nairowiy missed
Ikim. Thia put a stop to the whole business, and it was
SKSspected that the viceroy had some hand in tbe conapiracy.
The streets were immediately barricaded, and orders were
given that the aqueduct leading to the castle, in which
were the viceroy and family, and all the principal offioera
of state, should be cut off, and that no proviaions^ except
wostne few roots and herbs, should be carried thither. The
viceroy applied again to the ajrcbbishop, to assure the
fteople of his sincere good intentions towards theni, Ina
abhorrence of the designs of the banditti, axid his reeoiit*
tioD to use all his authority to bring them to due punish*
nent* Thus the treaty was again renewed, and sogn eom<«
pleted ; which being done> it was thought proper that Msa«
aaniello should go to the palaoe to (visit tixe viceroy. Sm
gave orders that all the streets leading to it should be cleiA
swept, and that all masters of fsunities should bang their
windows and balconies with their richest silks mkA ta-
pestries. He threw off .his mariner^s habit, and dressed
himself in eloth of silver, with a fine piunie of feathers in
hia bait ; and mounted up6n a prancing steed, with a dvawfi
sword iu his hand, he went attended by 50,000 of. tbe
j^eople-
While he was in eonferenee with the viceroy in a bal**
oony, he gave him siurprising proofs of tbe ready obedience
of the people. Whatever ery he gave out, it was imofee^
diately echoed ; when he put his finger upon his motitb,
there wassuch a profound umversid sileoce, that acarcea maa
A M C L L O. nn
was bdftrd to brealhe. At last h^ ordered that tibey riioiddl
aU r^tix^e^i which was punctually and preseutly obeyod^ as
if they had all vanished away. On the Sunday follawing
the ca|^i4:ulation9 were signed and solemnly sworn to in. tkm
cathedral church to be observed for ever. Masisauieilo de^
clared^ that now, having accomplished his honest designs^
be would retiirn again to his former occupation. If be bad
kept this resolution^ he might, perhaps^ have been ranked
among the benefactors of his country ; but either tbrougk
the instigations of his wife and kindred, through fear^ or
allured by the tasted sweets of rule and power, he sttU con-
tinued bis authority : and exercised it in such a capricious
and tyrannical manner, that his best friends began to be
afraid of him.
He seems indeed to have fallen into a frensy, whicb
might naturally enough be occasioned by his sudden eie*
vation^ hts care asid vigilance (for he setdom either ate or
slept during the whole transaction), and by his imaiodeiMr
drinking of strong wine, wbicb excess he gave into oti ttifs
happy event. Four persons took ttn opportunity of, assaak-
sinattng him. As he fell, he only cried out, *^ Ungrateful
traitors!'* His head was thrown into ovse ditch, and hjs
body into another. The tumult, however, did not subside
until the Nea{)oiitan8 were entirely fireed from the yojie of
Spain. ^
ANF09SI (Pascal), an emhsent Italian maisiciany wsts
bom about the year ]73€, and studied bis art at Naples
under the greatest masters. In 1771, Piceini, who had a
£fiendship for him, procured him an engagemeot as cena^
poseif for the theatre delta Danoe, at Rooie; Hefre Im first
attempts were not very successful; yet he persisted, and in
ll'iB, esfcabUshed bis reputastion ctooopl^tely fay kis '* In*
conrnoe persecutes ;'' ^ La Finta Gdardiniera j" and " II
Gebso in cimento >" the merit of all vrtiieh operas was
amply acknowledged. The foidtnre^ howereir, of his ^ Olya^^
ptside/' and sosae other unpleasant circumstanees^ deter^
mined fahu to tnwrel. A^ecordingly, be visited the prio-*
cipul citites of Italy, and caine to Pasis, with tbe title of
mswter of the conservaitory at Venice. He presented to
tbe royal academy o£ mussehis ** Iwconnue persecut^e,"
adapted to French words,, but it had net tbe same succeas
ai in iuly. In; 17»2 ki^ came ta London^ te cake tkt»
. • I ^^Mkrii U«i«9ri(it Uimryr ^^ XXV.
S38 A N F O S S t
direction of the opera : but, as Dr. Bumey observes, he
arrived at an unfavourable time ; for as Sacchini had pre-"-
ceded him, and as the winter following was only rendered
memorable at the opera-house by misfortunes, disgrace,
and bankruptcy, his reputation was rather dinunished than
increased in this kingdom. In 1787, he finally settled at
Home, where his reputation was at its height, and con«
tinued unabated to the day of his death in 1795. Besides
bis operas, he composed some oratorios from words se-
lected by Metastasio. *
ANGE DE St. Joseph (le Pere), a barefoot carmelite
of Toulouse, whose real name was La Brosse, lived a long
while in Persia in, quality of apostolic missionary : the li-
terty he enjoyed in that country, gave him an opportunity
to acquire the language. He was also provincial of &is
order in Languedoc, and died at Perpignan in 1697. The
knowledge he had acquired in the East, induced him to
undertake a Latin translation of the Persian Pharmacopoeia,
inrhich appeared at Paris in 1681, 8vo. There is also by
bim, ** Gazophyfacium linguae Persarum," Arast. 1684, foL
He there explains the terms in Latin, in French, and in
Italian, in order, that his book hiay be of service to the en-
lightened nations of Europe in general. His reputation as
a Persian scholar was considerably great in his own country,
until our learned Dr. Hyde published his " Castigatio in
Angelum a St. Joseph, alias dictum de la Brosse." The
reason of this castigation was, that La Brosse had attacked
the Persian gospels in the English Poly^t, and the Latin
version of them by Dr. Samuel Clarke. Dn Hyde imme-
diately vnrote a letter to him, in which he expostulated with
him, and pointed out his mistakes, but received no answer.
At length, in 1688, La Brosse came over to England, went
to Oxford, and procured an introduction to Dr. Hyde,
without letting him know who he was, although he after-
wards owned his. name to be La Brosse, and that be came
over to justify what he had advanced. After a short dis-
pute, which he carried on in Latin, he began to speak the
Persian language, in which he was surprised to find Dr.
Hyde more fluent than himself. Finding, however, that
he could not defend what he had asserted, he took his leave
with a promise to return, and either defend it, or acknow-
ledge his error; but, as he performed neither. Dr. Hyde
A Biog. Universelle.— Barney's Hist, of Music, tqU IV*
A N G E. 23*
]|lublished the '^ Castigatio.'' In this he first states La,
Brosse's objections, then shews them to be weak anti trifling,
and arising from his ignoiunce of the true idiom of the iPer-
sian tongue. As to his ^^ Pharmacopoeia,'' Hyde proves
that it was really translated by father Matthieu, whose
name La Brosse suppressed, and yet had not the courage
.to place his own, unless in Persian characters, on the title*
-This appears to have sunk his reputation very considerably
in France. ^
ANGE D£ St£ Rosalie, a barefoot Augustine, and a
learned genealogist, whose family name was Francis Haf-
.fard, was born atBlois in 1655, and died at Paris in 1726.
He was preparing a new edition of the History of the Royal
Family of France, and of the great Officers of the Crown ;
b<^un by pere Anselm, the first edition of which appeared
in 1672, 2 vols. 4to, and the second in 1712, improved by
M. de Foumi. But he was suddenly seized by death, leaving
behind him the memory of a laborious scholar ; le pere
Simplicion, his associate in this work, published it in 9 vols.
foL Pere Ange also composed " TEtat de la France," in
5 vols.^ 12mo, and republished in 17^6, in 6 vols, a very
rCurious and useful work on what may now be termed the
ancient history and constitution of France. *
, ANGEL (John), an English clergyman and nonconform
iQEiist, was bcHrn about the latter, end of the sixteenth cen*
.tury, in, Gloucestershire, and admitted of Magdalen halh,
Oxford, in 1610. After taking bis degrees in arts, he went
into the church, and became a frequent and popular
preacher. Ip 1630 he preached a lecture at Leicester^
but, in 1634^ was suspended by the dean of the arches for
preaching without a licence. In 1650, the Independents,
who then were predominant, obliged him to leave Leicester,
because he refused to subscribe to their engagement. On
this the Mercers^ company chose him lecturer of Grantham
in Lincolnshire, where he remained until his death in 1655,
an event which was deeply lai^ented by his Hock. He
wrote " The right government of the Thoughts," London,
1659, 8vo, and " Four Sermons," ibid. 8vo. ^
. ANGELI (Bonaventure), an Italian historian of some
reputation, was born at Ferrara in the sixteenth century.
lie was an able lawyer, and had the management of the
J Diet Hislorique. — Biog; Uaiverselle.— Bio^. Britannica, art. Hyd«,
< JBioy. tlnittncUe,"— Moreri. , ^ Ath, Ox, vol. 11,
940 A N G E L L
affaira of the duket of FiKrrafa. Bd afterwso^ secdM St
Parmfty and became tbe kistoKiaa of the placOi GkmeHty
i» his '' JUbiiotheqne curieuse^" informs nay that itevj^cii
iMiTtog oollecced materials from aotaat ^bservatioB vibpMa-
ktg tbe gNegpraphy of Italy^ Wttb » view to cormot A^ «i^
. Tars of PtoloBacy^ PKny, and the modern gmigft^ber^ took
Paroia in his waj, and was reqoa»teid to write its btecofy.
For this puf pose Erasmus Vietto, tbe booksetier, aeeommd-
dated him with his library, and the history Wsts finished
within six monlbsf^ but was no€ pabli^hed liifitil afiei^ his
death, if be died in 1576, as is assei*ted by Baruflbldiy id
the supplement to his history of the Hfiiversity of VevftM,
and by Mazzucbelfi in his ^^ ScrittMi UatiatYi" Tbe woric
was emided " Istoria dertla eitta d» Fiairmae dkescrizi^fie del
Fiume Parma, lib. Yill." PaRrma^ \59\^4t0. Eadb book
ist dedicated to some ode of the principal lords of Parmsy
whose pedigree and kdstory i9 included in the de€Hdtili<^tL
7he copies- are mm beeoiae scarce^ aad espeeially tboi^
which happen to -contain, ^me passives respecting P< L.
Fatnese,. which were cancelled in tbe i^estof the i«tspressi<^tf.
The year before, a work by the same author Wiis^ puMistf €9d
which ought to be joined with bis^ history, tfn^^e* She ti^
<^ Descrizione di Pasaia, svKvi JE^'iiiini, e larger terrttorid^" H^
wrote abo the <^ Ltfe of LadoTico Catti/"^ ajawyer,' 1^4,
and some other tireadses^ ** De nOK sepeiieffdi^ itfortais f
*^ Gli dogi degb eves Estentd^" mA *^ Oi^corAl kiio#M
rorigine de Gardiimli,'' 1505.'
/ ANGELiCO (Fra GicrrAKVPf), ^ Fiesdlor ^ ciO^
fKHA the place vdnere he was h^f in 1387. H^#te tti
first the diseiple of Giotftiao, but afteriMrA b€k:»aie s( Do^
aoamcaii friar, and in that station. wa# as mu>6hadtfiii^ for
bts: piety ass fads paintings His devout mafihfi^ ftbttfteA
him the iiaane of Aagelico, e« tbe an^Ue pstbilir, Ai^ it
18 said that he never took ap bis petioil witbotil a fnrayei^
and had h» eyes Medwith Kfeifs wfaeo re|Svei^6li€ifig tM
sufferings of our Satiow^. Niebotas V. empfoiyed h^ lift
.bia chapel, to paint hissoricadi sublets Oiif a l»rg^ sdA\dyit§A
prevailed on him soon after to deeoriMe several b<Mc4s ^kk '
Boriniatore paiintingiK Altbeugh there are^ itf ki:^ &<69t psAn th-
ings considerable de&c«s, yet be was a sriost skillel Hi#mie-
tor, and bis aoviabte temp«ir ptfeca^ed binl' ttMinf s#llM«M
He always painted religious subjects^ and it is given as a
1 Biog.
A>I GEL I b O. Ul
IHibof bt bis €»itni€hrdiRary humiUty, that be refused the
uaithkb&pnc of Florence when tendered to him by Nicholas
V. ad Kbe ireward of his talents. With respect to the ob-
jections iiHide to his pictures, we are farther told, that he
purposely left some great faiilt in them, lest his self-love
might be too mueh flattered by the praises that would have
been beslowed ; a practice, however absurd in an artist, not
tiBsfiitable to monkish ideas of mortification. He died in
ANGELIERI (Bonav£NTURE), a writer of the seveta-
feenth oentury, was a monk of the order of the minorites
of St« Francis, and a native of Marsalla in Sicily. He was
ilso viear*general of his order at Madrid, and became af-
terwards one of the fathers of the Observance. He was
Uvitig in 1707, as in that year Mongitore speaks of him,
among living authors, in his ** Bibl. Sicula.*' I'his monk
published two volumes, the nature of which may be judged
from the titles : the first was called '< Lux magica, &;c.
ocblestiura, terrestrium, et inferprum origo, ordo, et subor-
dinatioeunctorum, quoad esse, fieri, etoperari, viginti qua-
tuor voluminibus divisa,^^ Venice, 1685, 4to. This he
published under the assumed name of Livio Betani, but;
prefixed his name to the second, entitled " Lux magica
aoademioa, pars secunda, primordia rerun) naturalium, sa-
nabilium, infirmarum et inourafailium continens,*' Venice,
1987, 4to. These, as appears by the first, were to be fol-
lowed by twenty^two more volumes on the same subjects.*
ANGEUO, or DEGLI ANGELI (Pet«), an eminent
ttiJtati scholar and Latin poet, was bom in 1517, ^t Barga
in Tuscany, and thence surnamed, in Italian, Bakoeo, and
in Latin, BhHQMVS. He received hi^ early education un-
der an unde, an able linguist, and was mad^ acquainted
with Greek and Latin when only ten years old. It was at
first intended that he should study law at Bolp^ia^ but his
taste for ttteralore was decided, and when h^fouiia that hi^
unetes'woald not maintain him there, if he oontinued to
Mttdy the belles lettres, he sold his law books, and jub-
ilated OH what they produced, until |t rich iBolognese, 6f
the family of Pepolt, offered to defray the expence of his
edttoatioA. Ht» poetical turn soon appeared, and while at
the university, he formed the plan of his celebrated poetp
on the ehise, but having written soi^e satirical vetses at the*
1 PilkiDgton.-«I>ict. Htit. « Bnp. V^tmllt^
Vol. IL R
a^t A N O E L 1 ©^
request of a noble lady, with whom he was in love^ Ii^
dreaded the consequences of being known as the autho?^
and quitted Bologna. At Venice, whither he now repaired>>
he found an asylum with the French an^bassador, who en**
tertained him in his house for three years, and employed
him to correct the Greek manuscripts, which Francis I. had
ordered to be copied for the. royal library at Paris, He
afterwards accompanied another French ambassador to
Constantinople, and with him made the tour of all the
places in Asia Minor and Greece that are noticed in the
works of the classics. In 1543 he was on board the Aee%
sent by the jgrand seignior to ^e environs of Nice, against
the emperor, and commanded by the famous Barbarossa ^
and he was with the above ambassador at the siege of Nice
by the French. After encountering other hardships of war^
and fighting a duel, for which he was obliged to fly, he found
means to return to Tuscany. At Florence he was attacked
with a tertian ague, and thinking he could enjoy health
and repose at Milan, to which place Alphonso Davalps had
invited him, he was preparing to set^ut, when he received
news of the death of that illustrious Maece^ias.
He now endeavoured to console himself by cultivating
his poetical talent, an employment which had been long in*
terrupted, and resumed his poem on the chase, for whichk
he had collected a great many notes and observations ii>
the East and in France. In 1546, the inhabitants of {leg*
gio chose him public professor of Greek and Latin, with a
handsome allowance, and the rights of citizenship. In this
office he continued about three years, after which the grand
duke, Cosmo I. invited him to be professor of the belles-
lettres at Pisa. After filling this chair for seventeen years,
he exchanged it for that of moral and political science, and
lectured on Aristotle's two celebrated treatises on these sub-
jects. Such was his attachment to that universi^, and to
the grand duke, that during the war of Sienna, when Cos*-*
mo was obliged to suspend payment of the professors' sala*
ries, Angelio pawned his furniture and books, that he
might be enabled to remain at his po»t, while his brethren
fled. And when the Siennese army, commanded by PeteY
Strozzi, approached Pisa, which had no troops for its de-»
fence, our professor put arms into the hands of the stu-?
dents of the university, trained and disciplined them, and
with their assistance defended the city until the grand duke
was able to send them assistance.
A N G E L- 1 O. 243
0
- In 1575,' the ictirdinal Fei»dinflnd de Medicis^ who watf
afterwards grand duke, took Angelio to Rome with him^
settled a large piension on him^ and by other princely marks
of farour, induced him to reside there, and encouraged
him to complete a poem, which he had begun thirty years
before, on the conquest of Syria and Palestine by the
Christians. Aiigelio caused all his poems to be reprinted
^ Rome in 1585, and dedicated to this cardinal^ who re-
warded him by a present of two thousand florins of gold;
When he became grand duke, Angelio followed him to
Florence, and there at length published his " Syrias/^
He was now enriched by other pensions, and was enabled
to pass his declining years, mostly at Pisa, in opulence and
ease. He died Feb. 29, 1596, in his seventy-ninth year,
and was interred in the Campo Santo, with great pomp ;
and a funeral oration was read in the academy of Florence^
and, what was still a higher honour, as he was not a mem-'
ber, in that of Delia Crusca.
• Angelio's published works are, 1. Three •* Funeral
Orations," in Latin, one on Henry II. of France, read at
Florence in 1559, the second on the grand duke Cosmo, at
Pisa in 1 574, and the third on the grand duke Ferdinand,
his libeml patron, at Florence, 1587. 2. " De ordine le-^
gendi scriptores Historiee RotnansB,'' twice printed sepa-
rately, and inserted in Grotius ^^ De studiis instituendis.'*
3» " Poemata varia, diligenter ab ipso reoognita,'* Rome,
1585, 4to. This collection, the greater part of which had
been printed separately, contains the poem on which hia
reputation is chiefly founded, the ** Cynegeticon," or the
Chase, in six books ; and the ** Syrias," in twelve books,
on the same subject as Tasso's " Jerusalem delivered.**
4^. ** De |)rivatorum "publicorumque urbis Romse eversori-
bus epistola,'* Florence,* 1589, 4to, printed since in the
4th volume of the " Thesaurus antiquitatum Romanarum.'*
B, " Poesie Toscane,** published with a translation of the
CEdipus of Sophocles, Florence, 1589, 8vo. 6. Letters in
Latin and Italian in various collections. 7. ^^ Memoirs of
bid life," written by himself, and published by Salvini in
the " Fasti Consolari" of the academy of Florence, sftid
abridged in the present article. *
ANGELIS (DoMiNico de), author of several pieces
relating to the history of literature, was born the 14th of
} Bioj. Uniyersellc.«-»Mw.cri.
a 2
/
944 A N Q EL I 6.
October X^lSf 9X Leecey tiy^ cslpit4 of Oferanto in the
kingdom of Naples^ of one of the noblest and most con<*
aiderable families in that city. He began his studies al
Lecee, aiKl at seventeen years of age went to finish tbem aft
Naples, where he ^plied very closely to the Greek lan-^
guage and geometfy* He went afterwards to Maoerata^
where be was admitted LL. D* His desire of improvement
induced him also to travel into France and Spain, wbene
be acquired great reputation. Several academies of I^y
were ambitious of procuring him as a member, in oonse*
queiice of which we find his name not only amongst thos0
of the Transformati and Spioni pf Lecce, but also in that
of the Investiganti of Naples, in^the academy of Florence,
and in that of the Arcadians at Rome, into the last of which
be was admitted the 8th of August 1698. He went into
orders very early, and was afterwards canon and grand pe-
nitentiary of the church of Lecce, vicar general of Viesti,
Gallipoli, and Gragnano, first chaplain of the troops of the
kingdom of Naples and of the pope, auditor of M. Nicho-
las Negroni, and afterwards of the cardinal his uncle.
Whilst Philip V. of Spain was master of the kingdom of
Naples, he was honoured with the title of principal histo-
riographer, which had likewise been given him when he
was in France, by Louis XIV. ; and he afterwards became
secretary to the duke of Gravina. He died at Lecce the
^th of August 1719, and was interred in the cathedral of
that city ; or, acoording to another authori^, Aug. 7, 1718.
His works are, i. *' Dissertazione interna alia patria di
Ennio,'' Jlome, 1701, Florence in the title,, but really at
Naples, 1712. In this he endeavours to prove that Eonius
was born at Rudia, two miles from Lecce^ and not Rudia
near Tarento. 2. ^ Vita di monsignor Roberto Caracciolo
vescovo d' Aquino e di Lecce, 170S.*' 3. ^^ Delia vita di
Scipione Ammirato, patrizio Leccese, libri tre,*' Lecce,
1706. 4. " Vita di Antonio Caraccio da Nardo." 5. " ViU
di Andrea Pescbiulli da Corigliano.*' These two are not
printed separately, but in a collection entitled ^' Vite de^
Letterati Salentini.*' 6. *^ Vita di GiacoB»o Antonio Fer-
rtiri,** Lecce, 1715. 7. <' Vita di Giorgio Baglivo^'* Lec-
cese. 8. '^ Lettera discorsiva al March. Giovani Gio-
seffio Orsi, dove si tratto deir origine e progressi de signori
s^ccademici Spioni, e delle varie lorb lodevoli applicazioni,"
Lecce, 1705, 8vo. 9. ^^ Discorso historico, in cui si tratta
deir origine e delle fondazione della citta di Lecce e d'Al-
A N G E L I & jiM
cmme nigfiori e piu prineipati ncniMe 4i cii^Mty*' Lecee,
1 705. 1 0. '< Le Vite de letterati Salentini^ ftLtte V The
lives of lAitt learned men of Terra d^Otranto, part I. Flo-
renee in the title^ but really Naples^ 17 lO. The seceiMl
part was publislied ait Naples, 17 13, in 4te. II. *' Ora-
akme funel>re recitata in occasione della morte delP imp^**
radore Giuseppe- nel vescofval donoo 4i Gallipoli/' Nap4eS|
i7t6. 12. ^ Scritto istorieo legs^ sopra le ragieni detU
suspensieiH del' interdetto locale generate della chiefa di
Leece e sua dioeesi/' Rome, 17 19. 1 S. ^ Tre lettere le-
gtie.^ These thi^e letters were vrntten ill ^lefenoe of the
right of the^ovcti ^f Leece. 14. He wrote likewise se*
iverat poeniS) portiGularly seven sonriets, vrincti are published
ill die sdcottd part-of the ^ Rtmo 9celte del «ign. Barto*
lommeo Lippi,** printed ait Looca, 1 7 1 9. *
ANGELJS (]|^t£(i), apaintet^ of considerable note in
die last oenttiry, was born ait Donfaii^ in I^S, and visiting
Ftaaders and Gemiaiiy in cbe coarse of his ^Indies, made
the longest stay kt Dusseldorpe, enchanted v^h tWe trea<*
snres of painting in thateicy. -He came to England abcwt
the year 1712, and soon became a favourite painter; but
in the year I^S4, 4ie set oot for Italy, where he «pem three
years. At Rome his pictures gave greet sertisfaction, l^nt
being of a reseived temper,' and ^ol ostentations of -his
merit, he dii^^led several hy the reJ'Actance with wtnA
be exhibited Ms works; hi)» itndious and sober tenvper 4ii*
dining him mot>e'to the pcHisnit of his art than tie the -ad^
iBantage of his fortune. Yetiiis attention to the laitter
prevented his Tetami ng to CwgVand, as be intended ^ ^oi^
stopping-at) Rennes ¥11 Brelagne, a rich and pai4ia«ienttS!rf
town, be was so immediately ^overwhehnecl with empley^
mrnit theve,^ ihat^be settled 9Htb«it cky, arM died therein*
short time, ih 1784, when he %vas not alnyve f\9rty^niifie
yea^rs of age. He eKecH^tied <v)nversations and lands^T^apei
wHh small '%nres, which he was iond of enriehi^ng with pe«-
pvesentations of frnit and iish. His manner was a mi?ctuf^
of Teniers and Wattean, wi^ more grace than 4be formeri
and moi>e natnre than the latter. His pencil was ea^^
bright, and flowing, bat his colouring too faint »ad newe^
less.. He afterwards adopted the habits of R'cd^eAs and
Vandyeh, more pictaresqne indeed, bnt 'not so pi^er'lo
< ■ - .
1 Gen. Diet.— Biograpl^ie eniverselle.
24S A N G E L I S.
improve his pi*o.duclions in what their chief beauty consist*
ed^ familiar life. ^ . , ^
. ANGELIS (Stephen de), an Italian mathematician^
was educated under BonavenUire Cavalieri, the most emi<«
nent Italiaii scholar in that, science in the seventeenth cen«
tuiy. He was at first a Jesuit, but that order being
suppressed in 1668, he applied closely to the study <^ ma*
tbematics, and taught at Padua with great success, pub-^
Jishing various works, and carrying on a controversy on ther
opinions of Copernicus with; Ricqioli and others. Moreri^
from a manuscript account of the learned men^ of Italy^
written by father Ppissop, gives a nifuuerous list of his
publications, some of which were an Latin, and some in
Italian. We have only seen his ^^ MisceUaneum hyperbo-r
licum et parabolicum,'\Venice> 16B,9, 4to, and "Delia
gravitadeir Aria e Fluids, DialogiV." Padua, 1671-^2,
4to. His controversy on Copernicus wa,j5.'beiguB in " Con-^
fiiderazioni sopra la forza d'alcune cagioni fisicbe; matema-"
tiche addote dal Pad. Ricoioli, &c." Venice, i667, 4to,
and continued in a second,. third» and fourth part, 1668 — 9^
ANGELO. See BUONAROTI — CARAVAGIO^^
CAMPIDQGUO.
ANGEILO, ANGELICO, or ANGIOU (Jamss), a Flo-
feutin^ writer of the fourteenth and fifteeath centuries, waa
bom ^ Scarperia, in the valley of MugeUc^ and. studied
Koder John de Ravenna, Yargerius, Scala^^ P^ggio, and
other learned v^n* After studying math0mMicii for some
time, hp wept to Con^jtantiuople, whe?i$;;he resided nine
years, and whence h^ sent a great number o£. letters to
£mmanuel Cbrysoioras at Florence.. Ji^re likewise he had
im oppprtunity of studying tb$ Greek language, and ac-,
quired such an accurate knowledge of it as tp attempt va-*
rious translation^. On bis return he went to Rome, and
was a candidate fpr the place pf the pope^3 secretary, which
^t that time Leonard d'^ez;?o obtained, but Angelo ap«
pears to have held the oifipe in; 1410, from this time we
)iave no account of him, except that be is said to have died
in the prime of life. He translated from Greek into Latin^
1. " Cosmogjraphi^ PtQjomaei, lib. VUL" 2. ** Ptolo-^
nisei quadripartiti^m." 3. *^ Ciceronis vita,*' from Plutarch,
4* The lives of Pompey, Brutus, Marius, and Julius Csesari
I Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting,
f Morex'U'9f'B9jvo?9 3ii>Uoteca Itali^ip^.
\
A N G EL O. 247
^o' trom Plutarch, but not printed. There is likewise a
work entitled ** Jacobi Angeli historica narratio de vita,
i^busque gestis M. Tullii Ciceronis,'* Wirtemberg, 1564,
Berlin, 1581 and 1587, which Fabricius, in his BibL Lat,
Med. ^v. says is a diflPerent work from the translation from
Plutarch. *
ANGELONI (Francis), a learned antiquary of the
seventeenth 'century, was born at Terni, in the duchy of
Spalatto, and became secretary to the cardinal Hippolito
Aldobrandini, and apostolic prothonotary. He was also a
member of the academy of the Insensati at Perugia, and
made so extensive a collection of curiosities of art of every
kind, that it was thought worthy of the name of the Roipan
museum. ' The marquis Viticenzo Giustiniani engaged An-
geloni to publish his series of imperial medals, which ac-
cordingly appeared under the title ** L*Istoria Augusta da
Giulio Cesare Costatino il magno," Rome, 1641, dedi-
cated to Loui^ XIII. As he was considerably advanced
in age, when he undertook this work, many defects were
found, and pointed out with some severity, which in-
duced him to prepare a new, enlarged, and corrected
edition, but this be did not live to finish, dying Nov*
29, J 6 52, It was at length published by J. P. Bellori, his
maternal nephew, in 1685, fol. Rome, enriched with addi-
tional plates and ttie reverses of the medals which Angeloni
bad neglected, and which, his own collection being now
^old and dispersed, were taken from the museum of Chris-
tina, queen of Sweden. Angeloni published also the his-
tory of his native country, " Storia di Terni,** Rome, 1646,
4to, and 1685, with a portrait of the author; and wrote
9ome letters and dramatic pieces, not in m^ich estimation.*
• ANGELUCCI (Th^dore), in Latin Angelutius, an
Italian poet and physJHan, who flourished about the end
of the sixteenth century, was bom at Belforte, a castle
near Tolentino, in the march of Ancona. He was a phV--
sician by profession, and, on account of his successiul
practice, was chosen a citizen of Trevisa, and some other
towns. He acquired also considerable reputation by a li-
terary controversy with Francis Patrizi, respecting Aristotle.
Some writers infoi^m us that he had been one of the profes-
sors of Padua, but Riccoboni, Tomasini, and Papadopoliy
|be historians of that university, make no mention of hifOU
I Marchand Diet. Hist— Biog. UDiyerieUe.«*Saxii OaoiustictOt
II Biog. Universelle.— Diet UlsU
243 A N G £ L U C C I.
We learn from himself, in one of his dedicatjwasi that lift
resided for some time at Bx)me9 and that in 4593 he wa& at
Venice, an exile from his country, and in great distres<| but
he says nothing of a residence in France, whierei, if acoMrd-*
ing to somey he had been educated, we cannot suppose he
Would have omitted so remarkable a circumstance in Ipi^
history. He was a member of the academy of Venice, and
died in l&OO, at Montagnana, where he was the principal
physician, and from which his corpse was brought for intM*-;
ment at Trevisa, He k the authov of, l . << Seateoda
quod Metapbysica sit eadem que Physica,'^ . Venice^ 15$4^
4to. This is a defence of Aristotle against PatrUi, whoi
preferred Plato. Patrizi answered it, and Aogelucci fe}*
lowed with, 2. ^^ Exercitatioaum cum Patricio liberi" Ve*
nice, 15S5, 4to. 3. ^' Ars Medica, ex Hippocnatas et Gale^
ni thesauris potissimum deprompta," Yeoice, li^93, 4to>
4. '* ^e natura et ouratione maligass Febris,'' Veaicf^
1593, ito. This was severely attacked by DonateHi 4#
Castiglione, to whom Ang^cci replied, in the same ye^fi
in a tract entitled ^^ Bactria, quibus rudens quidam ac £4-t
sus criminator valide repercutitur.'' 5. ^^ Deus, ^aDaonl^
spirituale di Celio ntagno, &c. con di^e Lezioni di T> Au-^
gelucci/' Venice, 1597, 4to. $^ ^^ Capitolo in ledf deUa
paszia^^^ inserted by Garsoni, to whom it was addressed
in his hospital of fools, << Oaipitale de pazzi/' Venice, ISM
and 1601. 7. ^' lEneide di Virgilio, tradotto in v&tMO sci-»
plto,** Naples, 1649, 12mo. This, which is the only edi^
tion, is very scarce^ and highly praised-by the Italian critics^
but «ome have attributed it to father Ignatio Ang^ucci, a
Jesuit ; others are of opinion that tgnatio left no woork whieb
can ipduce us to believe him capable of »ucb a translaticMi,. ^
ANGELUS (Chri$toph£k), a learnedGreek ef the seven-
teenth century, author of several learned and curious work^
was born at F^ofponnesus in Greece, and obliged by th#
Turks to abandon his country on account of ^ TeUgioui
fot which he suffered a variety of torments. He -came af<*
terwards to England, where he was supported by the bishop
of Norwich and several of the clergy. Qy this prelate's
reaommendation, he went to Cambridge, and studied about
three yeara in Trinity college. In Whitsuntide 1610, faf
lemoved to Oxford, and studied at Baliol college, where
lie did great service to the young scholars of the umversi^^
. « mag. Itehrmctta^^^lMer ek Manfet. BiM. Mel.
A M Q S L V 9. t4t
^y intlxii^ftii^ tbem im A^ Greok Ungm^ ; in iifbicb ami**
nor ^Q Bii|ploy«4 hkit^f uQ bid dMdi» whtob iMqppMied on
A^ m of F^Uroitty i«sa. He wii$ buried iti :8U £bbe*»
chviKdi or ch«rcb*y«r4» Oxfoidr
. To libis brief Accovnt from Wood's Atfaeineiy we Me vom
enabled to add mstoy p^vtieuUYs, gtea^od fivom bis wfnkm
by • loora^d oaireaiKaJadeAt of tbe GentlMnn's MagMine.
It appt^w^^at be W99 a Craek Gbiisdan^ a naUfe of Pe-^
lojpooaoMV^ that be travelkid throng Oreooe io qitett ^f
seligioiis tru^ and instmction ^ and dmt ivbea be came to
Atibeii% tbo Turkiib gOTernor thvew him into priioii| said
inflac^d 4be «ev«reat ennriues U|MHi biiii» beonuae be wonld
not «]^)«re CMstiMicy,, m^ impeacb tbe Atbeniaii iBeis
obant% wbo tbea trafficked widi Veoto^, of baving sent
bi«^ P9 betray Athena to die Spaniards ; an ii!ipeacbn»nt
sdki^ed for the purpose of throwing odium on the Athe^
liiaa CbnstiaiMSy md of enabling tbe governor to arenge
bips^ fer oertain oamplBiBts tbey bad preferred against
bioi W ^ .««ibUne Parte. These cu^uolties be anrvived)
and haying been lete^sed £rom pnaon on tbe iotenccssion
of fiOm^ men of tank and influence^ be escaped by tbe
first €0fiiFe}Wiee ^ £iig)aiid« He lat«ded at Yarmootfa m
1608^ %iMi fmn <A|e bishop (Dr. Jegoo) luid tleip^of Nor*
fqlk^ vmbo cwtribnted liberally to his telief^.be reoeirad
letiofs of ^oaiftmendatsoR to the beirds of tbe university ,of
Daoibfidge^ After a year's residenoe there^ be ramoFod
for .4ibe >ake of bis heallb /to Oldbrd, wbeiie, in 1617, be
IHibi^EAifefd ibia story of bis. perseootion at Adieos, and of bis
kiM receplioii in EngVsnr4> to wbioh oouatry and its inba^
biNwta be SD^i^oieed. a sihort address of panegyric This
workf^bicfe is in Qreek ai>d £T>g(tsb, As entitled *^ Of tbe
many stripes and tofsoeals inilioted on him by the Tucks,
fw tbe. faith w bicb be bad in Jesus Cbcrist"
Wff^ 0;rfoFd nest year be seems to hanre ffetnmed «a
Cambndge, as ia \€19 he published <^ An Eacomion of
tbe faiHko^s kii^dom of Gsreat Britaine, and of the ttm
flourisbiqg sister universities of Cambridge and Oxford,^
pjiso GreSfi and £nglirii. The Greek in tibia, aa in Us
otb^r w]QHing$» tbou^ not perfectly chaste, is elegant and
perspicuous, c^nd the ^n^ of compositiQii faecening tjhe
genius of Oieeoe^ except pecbaps in certain byperhotes of
panegyric, which seem, however,* to have sprung from tbe
generous ardour of gratitude rather than from tbe base ser*
vility of adulation. His next work^ tbe same year as tbe
450 A N O E L U S.
above, and from th^ tiniTersitj«^pres8, is a curious account of
the rites and ceremonies of the Greek church. This is in
Greek and Latin. " Enchiridion de institutis Grifecorum.**
Of this there were afterwards two editions by Fehlavius,
Francfort, 1655, i2mo, and Leipsic, 1676, 4to. The for-
mer appears to (lave been the Latin only.
His fourth work, published atLondon, 1624, Sti Gr. and
Lat. is entitled ** Labor C. A', de Apostasia Eccl^i®, et
dc Homine peccati, scilicet AntichristOj &c.'* The' object
is, in the first insuince, to establish a distinctioh "^betwixt
the apostacy and iAie man of sin in 2 Thess. ii.' 3 ; to prove
that the apostacy, predicted as necessary to take place be-
fore the coming of Antichrist, was fulfilled inthe^tirrender
of the temporal powers to pope Boniface by the emperor
Phocas, and that * Mahomet; who appeared within eleven
years after, was the Antichrist; and lastly, to demonstratei
by somev ingenious calculations, which are also applied to
6ther subjects of prophecy, that the destruction of the last
of the Mahomets, to all of whom he attaches the title of
Antichrist, will happen in the year 1876,* ^
ANGERIANO (Girolamo), was an Italian poet of the
sixteenth century, of whose history we have nb particulars.
His poems, which are in Latin, were printed for the first
thne at Naples, 1 520, 8vo, under the title of " De obitii
Lyd^ ; de vero poeta ; de Parthenope.'* His Efc^iiFmymp,
which is a collection of love verses, dedicated notwithstand-
ing to the archbishop of Bari, was reprinted at Paris in
I5i2j 12mo, 'with the poetry of MartiUus and Johannes
Secundus, to both of whom, however, he is inferior. There
was another edition in 1582, 12mo. Many of his works
are also inserted in the ** Carm. illust. Poet. Italdrum.***
ANGERVILE. See AUNGERVILLE.
ANGHIERA (Peter Martyr d'), an Italian scholar,
was born in 1455, at Arona, on the Lake Major. 'His fami-
ly, one of the most illustrious in Milan, took the name of
Anghiera, from the same lake, which is partly in the county
of Anghieca. In l477, he went to Rome, and entered
into the service of the cardinal Ascanio Sforza Visconti,
and afterwards into that of the archbishop of Mildn.
During a residence there of ten< years, he formed an ac^
quaintance with the most eminent literary men of his time,
(■ .
1 Wood's Athenae, vol. I. — Gent. Mag. vol, I^XIV.
tBtog. UiiiTer8«Ue.«->Roscoe's Leo.
A N 6 H I E R A. SSI
and anumg odiers, with Pomponio Leto. In 1487, he
went into Spain in the suite of the ambassador of that
court, who was returning home. By him he was presented
to Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen, and served in
two campaigns, but quitted the army for the church, and
was appointed by the queen to teach the belles iettres to
the youD^ men of the court, in which employment he con«^
tinued for some time. Having on various occasions shown
a capacity for political .business, Ferdinand, in ISOl, em-
ployed him on an errand of considerable delicacy, to the
sultan of £g3rpt, in which he acquitted himself greatly to
his majesty^s satis&ction. While engaged in this businesi^,'
he took the opportunity of visiting some part of Egypt,*
particularly the pyramids, and returned to Spain in the
month of August 1502. . From this time he became vlU
tached to the cour*t, and was appointed a member of the
fdouncil for the aflairs of India. IHie pope, at the king*^
request, made him apostolical prothonotary, and in ISaSy
prior of the church of Grenada, with a valuable benefice*
After the death of Ferdinand, Anghiera remained as ihncfa
in favour with the new king, and he also waii presented
by Charles V. to a rich abbey. He died at Grenada ini
1526, leaving several histcMdcal works, which are often
quoted by the name of Peter Martyr, aa if that were his
femily name; and in the Diet. Hist, he is recorded under
Martyr. His principal works are, 1. <^ Opus Epistolarum
Petri Martyris Anglerii, Mediolanensis,** 1530, foL re-
printed mbre correctly in Holland by Elzevir, 1670, fol.
with the letters and other works, Latin and Spanish, of
Ferdinand de Pulgar. This work, which is much esteemed,
is divided into thirty^eight books, comprehending the whole
of his political life from 1488 to 1525, and contains many cu-
riousUifitoricalparticularsnot to be found elsewhere. 2. ^ De
rebus Oceanicis et orbe novo Decades," a history of the dis-
covery of the New World, compiled from the manuscripts of
Columbus, and the accounts he sent to Spain to the India
council, of which our author was a member. These Decades
were at first printed separately : the first edition of the whole
is that of Paris, 1536, fol. which has been often reprinted.
3.. '^ De iosulis nuper inventis et incoiarum moribus,'' Ba-
sil, 1521, 4to, 15^3, fol. 4. ^< De legatione Babyloi^ica,
Jibri tres,*' printed with the Decades, which contains an ac-
PQunt of his embassy to the sultan of Egypt. Some other
tn A N G H 1 E B A.
I
works, but rathar oh .dovd^fal autharitj, h^reimnatM*
bated to bim. '
ANGILBERT (St.), abbot of Centula, or St. Riguwr,
in the oiatii centoryi was descended from a oobie family of
Ne^stria. He wa$ educated at the court of Cbariemagne,
where he studied the languages with that prinoe and tiie
otb^ courtiers, under the learned Alcuiuus, who sfterwards
^nsidered him. as bis son. Charieiuagne, having caused
bis son Pepin to be crowned king of Italy, made Angilbert
that prinoe^s first ikiinister : he then went with iiira iolo
Italy, and returned some yeais afber to Fr^ce, wbca
C!hMrleiiiagnit ^te him his daughter Berdia in marriage ;
^ttt «ome historians say that this marriage was rendeicd ne*
oeBsary by ^ lady's being delivered previously of
Whatever truth may be in this, An^lhert, being how
in-law to Charlemagne, was made duke or govexmor of the
coast of France from the Scheldt (to the Seine, and the kiog
also made him his secretary and prime niinister; .fant Al^
owniis, abbot of Coibie, prevailed on him to tiecome a
monk in the monastery of Centula,. or St. Ricpiicir, with the
Moaent bo|h of his wife and the king. Notwithstanding
his lovie of soh^ude, he was frequently obliged to leave the
monastery, and attend to the aiEairs of the diunchand ataie,
and was three flimes seat to the court of Rome; he also
acoompafiicd Cfaariemagtie thither, in the year iftOO,. when
that prince was cnown^fd in that city emperor of the West,
lie died on the ISth of February 814. Angiibevt liad micli
a luste ibr poetry, that Charlemagne called him has Hcmier.
There are but £aw of his works remaiiung, exe^t s bistory
pf faismonastevy, which Mabiltonhas inserted in his ^Ayh-
nidiea de Ttirdne de St Benoit." As to the ^ flisteire de
premieres expediticms de Charlemagne pendant sajcuoesse
ttavavit soQ regne,^ 1741, 8vOy with the title nf ficxner,
given htm by Chaclemagne, either because bm delighted in
ihat fwet, or because he was himself a poet ; it is. in fact a
vomanoe waritleB by Dufresne de Francheville.*
ANGIOLELLO (John Maaio), wlm was iborn at Vi*
MAZa, composed in Italian and the Turkish iaftigiiage the
^^ History of Mahomet 11/* which he dedicated to him. ~ It
waa ytry kindly received by that haughty suItaB, who, bje*
1 Biog. UDkerselle. — Diet. Hist, iioder Martyr.— Cave, tqI. Xi,-^abziGii BiM.
IM. Med. — '"Saxn Onomaeticon. — Chaufepie, under Martyr.
« Amv* «]MwrMUe.**-«ci. Kit..
A N G r O L i: L L O. ' Srss
•ides file civilities which he shewed to AogioleUp, bestowed
on him Tery considerable proofs of his liberality. The
author had been an eye-witness of what he related ; for^
being one of the slaves of the young sultan Mustapha, h<r
followed him in the expedition to Persia in 1473, which
Mahomet carried on in person with almost 200,000 soldiers
into the dominions of Ussun*Cadsan. It is somewhat sur«
prising that Angiolellp, who knewjvvithout doubt the haughty
disposition df ^is emperor of the Turks, should venture to
repeat the abusive terms, which Ussuii-Cassan used in re-i*
proaching him with his illegitimate birth, when he viewed
the army of the enemies from a' hill upon the bank of the
Euphrates. It is certain, however, that Angiolello^s book
was not the less kindly received, or the less amply rewarded*
There was printed at Venice in 1553 a piece of 6to v. Mario
Angkilello, ** Delia vita et fatti di Re di Persia;*' and be
wrote also '* Relatione della vita e de' fatti del signor
Ussun-Cassan," inserted in the second volume of Ramusio'tf
Voyage, 1559, fol. By this it appears that he was living in
1524, and probably old, as this was fifty-<one years after the
battle on the Euphrates, at which he was present.^
ANGLIC US (GILBERTUS), aVy as Bale, PiUs, and Tan-,
ner, call him^ Gilbertus LsotBUS, was priiysician to Hu-
bert, archbishop of Canterbury, in the time of king John»
or towards the year 1210. Leland makes him flourish
later ; and from some passages in his works, he must have
lived towards the end of the thirteenth century. The me-
moirs of this medical writer are very scanty: Dr. Freind
has commented with much impartiality upon his Compeu'*
dium of Pbysicy which is still extant, and appears to be the
earliest remaining writing on the practice of medicine
among our countrymen. That elegant writer allows him a
ibare of the superstitious and empirical, although this will
not make him inferior to the medical writers of the age in
which he lived. His ^^ Compendium'* was published at
Lyons, 1610, 4to, and at Geneva, 1608.*
ANGLICUS, RICHARD. See RICHARD.
ANGLUS, THOMAS. See WHITE.
ANG08CI0LA, or ANGUSSOLA (Sophonisba), an
eminent Italian paintress, was born at Cremona in 1533, of
1 Oen. Diet.— >M«rtri.<*-Biog. Uaif ertdle.
* Leland, PitU» Taaner.-^Freind't Hist. rol. II.— •Mailer Bibt. Med.-^Aikia'^^
Bio;. MMiQirff d# Mc^icini.
I
2S4 A N G O S C r O L A.
a distinguished family. The author of the Museum tto*
rentinumis guilty of a very remarkable anachronism, ii|
regard to Sophonisba; for he fixes her birth in 1559, inr
which year it is absolutely impossible she could have beeit
born. This appears incontestably from Vasari, who tell^
MS, that she paitited the ^portrait of the queen of Spain, by
order of Pope Paul IV. in 1561 ; and to prove this fact, he
inserts the letter which she sent along with the picture to
the Pope, and also the Pope's answer, both dated in 1561 j
Sophonisba's from Madrid the 16th of September, and the
Pope's from Rome the 1 5th of October ; at which time, ac-
cording to the Museum Florentinum, she could have been
only two years old, if born in 1559. The first instructor of
this eminent paintress was Bernardini Campo of Cremona ;
but she learnred colouring and perspective from Bernardo
Gatti, called Soiaro. One of her first performances was
the portrait of her father, placed between his two children,
with such strong characters of life and nature, with a pen**
cil so free and firm, and so lively a turn of colour, that hex
work was universally applauded, and she was acknowledged
an incomparable painter of portraits. Through eveiy part
of Italy she is distinguished by no other name than that of
Sophonisba. But although portraits engrossed the greatest
part of her time, yet she designed several historical subjects^
with figures of a small size, touched with abundance of
spirit, and with attitudes easy, natural, and graceful. By
continual application to her profession she lost her sight }
and it is recorded that Yandyck, having had an opportunity
of conversingjwith Sophonisba, used to say, that he*receive<(
more beneficial knowledge of the two principles of his ar^
from one blind woman, tha^i by studying all the works o£
the greatest masters of Italy. At Lord Spencer's, atWim-*
bledon, there is a portrait of Sophonisba, playing on the
harpsichord, painted by herself; an old woiiian appears as
ber attendant; and on the picture is written, Jussu Patris^
And at Wilton, in the Pembroke collection, is the marriago
of St. Catherine, painted by Sophonisba. One of her sis-* .
ters, named Lucia Angusciola, painted portraits, and
gained by her performances a reputation not inferior to
Sophonisba, as well in regard to the truth and delicacy of
her colouring, as the justness of the resemblance. And
another of her sisters, named Europa Angusciola, fronj
her infancy manifested an extraordinaiy turn for paintingi
A NO O S C I O t A. 9SS
gnd shewed such tast^ and elegance in her manner of de-
sign, as to procure a degree of applause almost equal to
Lucia or Sophonisba.
A portrait of .one of these sisters, by Sophonisba, a circle
in pannel, was sold in 1801, at the sale of Sir William Ha-
milton's pictures. An engraving of Sophonisba was given
in the Gentleman^s Magazine for October 180], from a
miniature in Mr. Gough^s possession, painted by*herself.
Round the monogram is this inscription, ^' Sophonisba
Angussola, virgo, ipsius manu ex speculo depicta Cre-
monae." *
ANGOULEME (Charles de Valois duke d'), the na-
tural son of Charles IX. and Maria Touchet, was bom
April 28, 1575, and distinguished himself by his bravery
during the reign of five kings. Being intended from his
infancy for the order of Malta, he was, in 1587, presented
to the abbey of Chaise-Dieu, and, in 1589, was made
grand prior of France. Catherine de Medicis having be-
queathed him the estates of Auvergne and Lauraguais, he
quitted the order of Malta, with a dispensation to marry;
^nd accordingly in 1591, married Charlotte, daughter of
the constable Henry of Montmorenci. In 1606, Margaret
de Valois applied to parliament,' and set aside the will of
Catherine of Medicis, and the estates were given to the
jdauphin, aftery^rards Louis XIII. Charles, however, con-
tinued to take the title of count d' Auvergne, until 16] 9,
when the king bestowed on him the duchy of Angouleme.
He was one of the first to acknowledge Henry IV. at St.
Cloud, and obtained great reputation for his services in the
battles of Arques, Ivry, &c. In 1602, being implicated in
Biron's conspiracy, he was sent to the Bastille, but obtained
his pardon. Being, hoyirever, afterwards convicted of a
treasonable attempt in concert with the marchioness de
Verneuil, his uterine sister, he was arrested a second time
in 1604, and next year condemned to lose Kis head, which
Henry IV» commuted for perpetual imprisonment; but in
1616, we find him again at large, and, in 1617, at the siege
of Soissons. Being appointed colonel of the light cavalry
of France, and created a knight by order of the king, he
was, in 1620, sent as t£e principal of an embassy to the
emperor Ferdinand II. the result of which was printed in
1667, undex the title of " Ambassade de M. le due d*An-
^ PHkingt9B's Dlct.^i-Gent. Mag. laoi.-^iog. Univereeile.
». ■ ■ •
s5« A N G o i; L £ M e:
gooleme, &c.^ fol. The narrative i* 9cHi)6wiiat dry, fciit it
tontains tiiany particulars of considerable interest in the
history of that time. In 1 628^ the duke opened the famouii
and cruel siege of Rocheile, where be had the chief com*
matid until the arrival of the king. He also bore a part io
liie war of Langaedoc, Germany, and Flanders. He dietl
at Paris, Sept 24, 1650. Frangoise de Nargonne, whoni
lie married for his second wife, In 1644, died one hundred
and forty-one years after her father-in-law Charles IX.
on the 10th of August 1715, aged ninety-two. The duke
d^AngouIeme wrote, 1. " Memoires tres-particuliers du
due d'Angouleme, pour servir a l*histoire des regnes de
Henri III. et Henri IV.'* ie6«, l2mo, Bineau, the editor
of this work, has added to it a journal of the^negociations
for the peace of Vervins,- in 1598. The duke^s meiiioirs
also form tiie first volume of the ^* Memoires pafticuliers
pour servir iTHistoirede France," 1756, 4 vols. 12mo, and
the third volume of ** Pieces fugitive* pour servir, &c.**
published by theinarquis d*Aubais et Menard, 175S^, 3 vols.
4to. 2. ^* Les^ harangues prononcees en Fa^semblie de
M. M. les princes Protestants d*Allemagn^," 1620, Svq.
8. ** Le ffcnerale et fidele relation de tout ce <jui s*est
pass6 en r Isle de Re, &c.'' 1627, Svo. 4. A translation of
Diego de Torres* history of the kingdoms of Morocco, Pet,
&c: Besides these, Bouthillier, bishop of Troyes in th6
beginning of the eighteenth century, hsiid a folio volume of
manuscript letters, written by the duke d*Angouleme, from
1633 to 1643, and another collection by his son, Lo^is
jEmmanuel de Valois, count d'Alais, and, after his father'^
death, duke d*Angouleme, who died in 1653.*
ANGRIANI, or AYGNANI, or AIGNAN <MiCHAEt)^
commonly called Michael of Bologna, a Romish divine
of distiiiguished learning in the fourtcienth century, was
bom at Bologna in Italy, where he entered of the order of
the Carmelites; but studied afterwards in the university- of
Paris, and there received the degree of doctor. In the
general chapter of his order, which was held at Ferrara
in 1354, in that of Bourdeaux in 185S, and in that of
Treves in 1362, he was named regent of the convent at
Paris. After arriving at other honours in the Romish church,
he fell under the displeasure of the pope Urban VP. and
retired to the coirvent of Bologna, where he wrote a great
> Bkiv- UaiverseHf ,**History of f^faoce.
A N G R I A N I. ^57
many tiooklB, «id where he died Nov. 16, 1400, aecord-
iug to fiitber Lewis de Sainte Terese ; or Dec. 1, 1416,
according to Trithemius and Du Pin. The editors of the
General Dictionary, incline to' the 'former date. Of bis
works, there were published, ^ Super Sententias libri IV.**
Milan, 1510; and Venice, 16S2, fol. << Commentaria in
Psalmos,** which was first published at Alcala in 1524^
tinder the name of Ignotus, as the author was not then
known ; and republished in the same manner at Lyons in
ljf88 and 1603. These and commentaries by him on
other parts of the holy scriptures were afterwards pub«p
lished with his name, fifst at Venice, in3vols. 4to; and
at Paris in 1626, in two vols, folio ; and at Lyons in 1652
and 1673, in the same form. The manuscripts he left be-
sides are very numerous, and were preserved with great
care. One of them was a dictionary of the words occur-
ring in the Bible, which was unfinished.*
ANGUIER (Francis and Michael), the sons of a me-
chanic in the town of Eu in Normandy, became very emi-
nent for their skill in sculpture; and after pursuing their
studies at Rome, embellished Paris with many of their best
works. Of these, Francis executed the altar of Val de
Grace, the fine marble crucifix of the high altar of the
Sorbonne, the mausoleum of cardinal de BeruUe in the
church of St. Honorius; and ^specially that of the duke of
Montmorenci at Moulins, and the four figures on the tomb
of the diike de Longueville at Paris ; the figure of Pra«
dence is esteemed a ^hef-d'ouvre ' of graceful expression*
This artist is said to have exercised bis art in Endand^
but we do not find him noticed by Walpole. He died at
Paris in 1699, in the 95th year of his age. Michael, who
was the younger brother, born in 1612, executed the tomb
of the grand prior of Souvre, the ornaments on the gate of
St. Dennis, the figures on the front gate of Val'-de-grace,
Amphitrite, &c. He assisted his brother likewise in some of
his works, and died in 1686, aged 74. They were both
buried at St. Roch, where they are honoured with an epi-
taph.'
ANGUILLARA (John Andrew de), one of the most
celebrated Italian poets of the sixteenth century, was bom
about 1517, at Sutri in Tuscany, of viery poor parents.
Afiber feceiving such education as he could afford, he came
* Oen. Diet, « Bhg. Univcndlle.—Dict. Hist.— Moreri.
Vol. IL S
25S • A N G U I L L A R A.
to Rome, and engaged hilnself as a aorrector of the preM ^
but an intrigue with his master's wife, in which he was de-
tected, obliged him to leave Rome,^,witb a little money and
a few cioatbS) of which be was stripped by robbers. He
then begged his way to Vienna, and there got immediate
employment from Francescbi, . the bookseller ; and, while
with him, wrote his translation of Ovid, and some of his
original works. He then returned to Rome, which his re-
putation as a poet had reached, but his misfortunes also
followed hini ; and after having lived for some time oh the
sale of his cloaths and books, he died partly of hunger, and
partly of a diseas6 contracted by his imprudent conduct,
in an inn near Torre de Nona. The exact date of his
death is not known, but it appears by a letter addressed to
him by Annibal Caro, that he was' alive in 1564. His
translation of the Metamorphoses still enjoys a high repu-
tation in Italy, and V^archi and some other critics chuse to
prefer it to the paginal. This is exaggerated praise, but •
undoubtedly the poetry and style are easy and elegant ;
although from the many, liberties he has taken witK the
text, it ought rather to be called an imitation than a trans-
lation. The editions have been numerous, but the best is
that of the Giunti, Venice, 1584, 4to, with engravings by
Franco^ and notes and arguments by Orologi and Turchi.
He also began the iEneid, but one book only was printed,
1564, 4to ; soon after which period it is supposed be died.
His other works are: 1. " CEdipo," a tragedy, partly ori-
ginal and parUy from Sophocles. It had great success in
representation, and was played, in a magnificent temporary
theatre built for the purpose by Palladio in 1565. 2.
** Canzoni," addressed to the dukes of Florence and Fer-
rara. 3. " Poetical arguments for all the cantos of Orlando
Furloso. 4. Four " Capitoli," or satires, printed in vari-
ous collections of that description. It appears by these
last that he was gay and thoughtless in the midst of all his
misfortunes. *
ANGUILLARA (Loujs or Aloysio), a learned Italian
physician and botanist in the sixteenth century, was born -
. at Auguillara, a s1n9.ll town in the ecclesiastical states, from
. which he took his namp. The republic of Venice, in con-
, sideration of the character be acquired during bis travels,
bestowed on faiiu the title of.Simplicista, or chief botanist,
1 Bip^. -UniverseHe.
A N O U- 1 L L A R A. * 25$
and appointed hinu director of the botanidsil garden of
Padua. This office he appears to have held from 1540 to
1561; when, disgusted by some intrigues formed against
him^ he retired to Florence! and died there in 1570. We
have very few particulars of his private history, except
what can be gleaned froca the only work that has appeared
with his name. His studies, facilitated by a knowledge .of
the ancient languages, were principally directed to bo«
tany ; in pursuit of which science he travelled through
Italy, Turkey, the islands in the Mediterranean, Crete,
Cyprus, Corsica, Sardinia, and part of Swisserland and
France. The knowledge he acquired in these journies
occasioned his being consulted by the most eminent bo-
tanists of his time ; and a collection of his letters on botani-
cal subjects was published, with his consent, by Marinello,
under the title of " Semplici dell' eccelente M. Anguillara,
li quali^in piu pareri a diversi nobili nomini scritti appajouo
et nuovamente da M« Giovanni Marinello mandati in luce,'*
Venice, 1561, 8vo. In the same year a second edition
was printed, which is preferred on account of its contain-
ing two plates of plants not in the first. This work, al-
though far from voluminous, scfemed to establish his repu-
tation, and is particularly valuable on account of his
learned researches into the ancient names of plants. ^
ANICH (P£T£r), astronomer, geopietriciafl, and me-
chanic, was the son of a labourer employed in agriculture.
He was born Feb« 22, 1723, at Oberperfuss^ a village
about 12 miles from Inspruck, and died Sept. 1, 1766.
While engaged in the menial employments of labourer
and shepherd, he f^lt an irresistible impulse towards astro-
nomy and geometry. Pere Hill, a Jesuit, professor in the
university of Inspruck, discovered his talepts, and enabled
him to cultivate them with such success, that in a short
time he became an able astronomer, and one of the best
mechanics in Europe. He made a pair of globes for the
university of Inspruck, which are acknowledged to be
masterpieces in their kind* He constructed and completed
a great variety of mathematical instruments, and drew
maps and charts of admirable accuracy and neatness.
JSnatched away in the flower of hi9 age from the arts and
scieaces, he was deservedly lamented by persons of real
knowledge^ . . The empress-queen, whose subject he was.
26b A N X. C H".
and who had granted him a pension pf 200 florins, wfatcb
he enjoyed hut two months, settled a pension of 50 florinai
on bis sister, to testify her consideration for the deceased.
The maps which he left were puhlished at Vienna in 1774,
'^ Tyrolis chorographia ddineata e Petro Anich et Blasio
Hueber, curante Ign. Weinhart.'* Hi» life was published:
in German, at Munich, 1767, with a portrait. '
ANICHINI (Lewis), a Venetian engraver, is said to
have acquired s& much precision and delicacy in executing
small objects, that Michael Angelo, in whose time he ap-
pears to have flourished, considered him as having attained
the very perfection of his art : he principally engraved
medals ; and his engravings of the medals of Henry II.
ling of France, and of pope Paul III. which has on the
reverse, Alexander the Great kneeling before the high
priest of Jerusalem, are greatly valued by connoisseurs*
Strutt mentions another Anichinv, an Italian artist, who
Nourished about 1655, who appears to have been an en-
graver of some note ;: but we have no account of his life.'
ANISIO. SeeANYSIUS.
ANNA-COMNENA, a lady of extraordinary talents in
an age of barbarism, was the daughter of the emperor
Alexius Comnenu's I. and after his death in 1118, con-
spired to dethrone his brother John, and {dace the crown^
on the head of ber husband Nicephorus Briennius; but
while she displayed the spirit and intrigue of the most po«
litre of the male sex, her designs were baffled by the want
of vigour, and the efieminacy of her husband. She ap*
plied hei*self, however, to such studies as could be prose*
cuted in that age, and associated much with the learned
men of Constantinople, whose fame she endeavoured ta
rival by the " Alexiad," or **Tbe life of the emperor Alex-
ius Comnenns,'' her father, which she wrote in a style
that was much admired. It i& divided into fifteen bodks ;;
and, making some allowance for the flattering portrait
given of her father, her frequent digressions, and inaccvi-
racy as to dates, contains a very curious assemblage of
facts, and many spirited remarics on the Roman pontiff^
whose pretensions to spiritual sovereignty she treats with
very little respect; iidr does she ever mention the French
nation but as a barbarous pec^le, whose name would de-»
file the beauty and elegance of history. The prestdefit
' Diet. H1«t.— Biog. Umrewelle.
t I^id»«-FelibieD lur let Vitt d«i Peii|tre8,<-Mor€ri.— Strutt'i DieU
\
\
4. N N.A-e Q M N.E N A. 261
Cousin* however, published a very correct and elegant
French translatiqu of the life of Alexius, which is in the 4th
rolume of the Byzantine historians. There was also an
edition printed at the Louvre, with the learqed notes of
David Hoeschelius, 1651,fol. Her husband died in 1137 ;
but th«( time of her own death has not been ascertained. ^
ANNiEUS. See CORNUTUS.
ANNAND (WuLLiAM), dean of Edinburgh in Scotland,
the son of W>lliam Annand, minister of Air, in Airshire,
was born in that town in 1633.. Five years after, his father
was obliged to quit Scotland with hi^ family, on account of
their loyalty to the king, and adherence to the episcopal
government establi^d by law in that country. In 1^51,
young Annand was admitted a scholar ia Vniversity-coU
I^gGy Ojcford ; and though he was put under the care of a
Ptesbyteriaa tutor, }ret he took all occasions to be present
at the sermons preached by the loyal divines in and near
Oxford. In 1656, being then bachelor of arts, he re-
ceived holy, orders from the hands of Dr, Thomas Fulwar,
bishop of Ardifert, or Kerry in Ireland ; and was appointed
preacher at Weston on the Green, near Bicester, in Oxf
fordshire ; where he met with great encouragement from
air Francis Norris, lord of that nianor. After he had taken
his degree of M. A. he was presented to the vicarage of
Leighton^Buzzard, in Bedfordshire; where he distinguished
himself by his edifying manner of preaching, till .1662, when
be went into Scotland, as chaplain to John earl of Mid-
dleton, the king's high commissioner to the church of that
kingdom. In the latter end of 1663, he was instituted to
the Tolbooth church, at Edinburgh; and from thence was
removed some years after to the Trone church of that
city, which was likewise a prebend. In April 1676, he was
nominated by the king to the deanery of Edinburgh ; and
in 1685 he commenced D. D. in tike university of St. An-
drews. He died June 13, 1689, and was honourably in«
tei*red in the Grey-friars church at Edinburgh. As his
life wai$ pious and devout, so hia sickness and death af-
forded great consolation to those who attended him in his
)a$t moments.
His works are : ^^ Fides Catholica, or the doctrine of the
4CathoUc,church, &c." Lond. 1661 — 2, 4to. ** PanemQuo-
tidianum/' in defence ofset forms and of the book of Com*
1 (Sen. Dict.«-«M«r«ri.«-Sa3LU OnomasticoiL
J62 A N N A N D.
mon-prayer/' 1661, 4to. ^^ Pater Noster,^^ a treatise on the
Lord*8-prayer, Lond. 1670, 8vo. " Mysterium Pietatis," or
the mystery of godliness, &c. Lond. 1672, 8vo. " Doxo*
logia," or the Doxology reduced to glorifying the Trinity,
Lond. 1672, Syo. ^^ Dnalitas,** a two-fold subject, on
the honour, &c. of Magistracy, Edin. 1674, 4to. ^
ANNAT (Francis), confessor to Lewis XIV. was born
EtRouergne, in 1590. He became a Jesuit in 1607^ and
professed the fourth vow in 1 624. He taught philosophy at
Toulouse six years, and divinity seven ; and having dis-
charged his duty in each of these capacities with great
applause, he was invited to Rome, to act as censor-gene-
ral of the books published by the Jesuits, and theologist to
the general of the society. Upon his return to his own
province, he was appointed rector of the colleges of ,Mont-
V pellier and of Toulouse. He assisted as deputy of his
^ province at the eighth congregation-general of the Jesuits
held at Rome in 1645, where he distinguished himself in
such a manner, that father Vincent Caraffa, general of the
Jesuits, thought no person more fit to discharge the office
of assbtant of France, which had been vacant for som^
time. The ninth congregation gave him the same post,
tinder Francis Picolimini, general of the society, upon
whose death he was made provincial of the province of
France. Whilst he was engaged in this employment, he
lyas chosen confessor to the king 1654; and after having
discharged this office 16 years, he was obliged to solicit
his dismission ; his great age having much impaired his
hearing. Father Sotueil, from whom these particulars are
taken, gives him the character of a person of great virtues,
perfect disinterestedness, modesty, and humility ; exact in
practising the observances and discipline of his order ; ex«'
tremely cautious in using his interest for his own advan-
tage, or that of his family ; and of uncommon zeal for re-
ligion. ^^ He was the hammer of heretics," says he,
^^ and attacked particularly, with incredible zeal, the new
heresy of the Jansenists. He strenuously endeavoured to
get it condemned by the pope, and re-strained by the au-
thority of the king. Besides which, he confuted it with
such strength of argument, that his adversaries had no-
thing solid to reply to him.*' There are many (says Mr.
Bayle) whom father Sotueil will never convince in this last
1 Atb. Ox. yolf IL — Bipgraphia Britanntca.
A N N A T. 263:;
point ; but he seems to agree with him in the character of
disinterestedness which he gives to Annat, who stirred so
littte for the advancement of his family, that the king is
reported to have said, he knew not whether father Annat
bad any relations.
Father Annat wrote several books, some in Latin, which
were collected and published in three vols; 4to, Paris,
r666 ; and others in bad French, mostly upon the disputes
between the Jesuits and Jansenists. lie died at Paris in
1670.*
ANNE. See BOLEYNE, CLEVES, &c.
* ANNESLEY ' (Arthuh), earl of Anglesey, and lord
privy seal in the reign of Charles II. was born July 10,
J 6 14, at Dublin, and continued in Ireland till he was ten
years old, when he was sent to England! At sixteen he.
was entered fellow commoner at Magdalen college, Ox-
ford, where he pursued his studies about three or four
years. In 1634 he removed to Lincoln^s Inn, where he,
studied the law with great assiduity till his father sent him*
to travel. He made the tour of Europe, and continued
^ome time at Rome, whence he returned to England in-
i640, and was elected knight of the shire for the county of
Radnor, in the parliament which sat at Westminster in No-
vember of the same year ; but the election being contested,
he lost his seat by a vote of the house, that Charles Price,
esq. was duly elected. In the beginning of the civil' war,
Mr. Annesley inclined to the royal cause, and sat in the
parliament held at Oxford in 1643 ; but afterwards recon-
ciled himself so effectually to the parliament, that he was
taken into their confidence, and appointed to go as a com-
missioner to Ulster in 1645. There he managed affair^
with so much dexterity and judgment, that the famous
Owen Roe O'Neil was disappointed in his designs ; and the
popish archbishop of Tuam, who was the great support of hi4
party, and whose counsels had been hitherto very success-
ful, was not only taken prisoner, but his papers werd
Seized, and his foreign correspondence discovered, whereby
vast advantages accrued to the protestaut interest. The
parliament had sent commissioners to the duke of Ormond,
for the delivery of Dublin, but without success ; and the
state of aflairs making it necessary to renew their corre-
spondence with him, they made choice of a second com-
^ Gen. Diot— 'Moreri.
264 A N N E S L E Y.
TX&tteef and Mr. Annesley was placed at the head of this
commission. The commissioners landed at Dubhu the 7th
of June 1647 ; and they proved so successful in their ne-
gotiations, that in a few days a treaty ,was concluded with
the lord lieutenant, which was signed on the 19 th of that
month, and Dublin was put into the hands of the parlia«
ment. When the commissioners had got supreme power^
they were guilty of many irregularities : Mr, Annesley dis-
approved of their conduct, but cpuld not hinder then) from
doing many things contrary to his judgment : being there-
fore displeased with his situation, he returned speedily to
England, where be found all things in. confusion. After
the death of Cromwell, Mr. Annesley, though he doubted
whether the parliament was not dissolved by the death of
the king, resolved to get into the hou^' if possible; and
h^ behaved in many respects in such, a manner as shewed
what his real sentiments were^ and how much he had the
resettling of the constitution at heart. In the confusiou
which followed he had little or no share, being trusted
neither by the parliament nor army. $ut when things
began to take a different turn, by restoring the secluded
members to their seats, Feb. 21, 1660, Mr. Annesley was
chosen president of the council of state, having at that
time opened 'a correspondence with Charles II. then iir
exile.
Soon after the restoration, Mr, Annesley was created
earl of Anglesey ; in the preamble of the patent notice is
taken of the signal services rendered by him in the king's
restoration. He had always a considerable share in the
Iiing's favour, and was heard with great attention both at
council and in the house of lords. In 1667 be was made
treasurer of the navy ; and on the 4th of February 1 6 7f ,
his majesty in council was pleased to appoint the duke of
Buckingham, the earl of Anglesey, the lord Holies, the
Jowl Ashley Cooper, and Mr. secretary Trevor, to be a
committee, to peruse and revise all the papers and writings
concerning the settlement of Ireland, from thq first to the
last ; and to make an abstract thereof in writing. Ac-
cordingly, on the 12tb of June 1672, they wade their
report at large, which was the foundation of a commission^
dat^d the 1st of August 1672, to prince Kupert> the dukes
of Buckingham and Lauderdale, earl of Anglesey, lords
Ashley and Holies, sir John Trevor, and sir Thomas
jChicheley, to inspect the settlements of Ireland^ and all
▲ N N £ S t £ T. 265
procetdings thereunto. lii I6'}3, the earl of Anglesey
bad the office of lord ptiVy seal conferred upon him. tot
October 1680, his lordship was charged by one Dangers-
field in ah information delivered upon oath;^ at the' bar of
the house of commons, with endeavouring to stifle evU
dence concerning the popish plot, and to promote the
belief of a presby teriaii one. The uneasiness he received
from this attack, did not hinder him from speaking his
opinion freely of those matters in the house of lords, par*
ticularlyin regard to the Irish plot. In 1680, the earl of
Castlehaven wrote Memoirs concerning the affairs of Ire-
iand, wherein he was at some pains to represent the ge*
neral rebellion in Ireland in the lightest colours possible,
as if it had been at first far from being universal, and at
last rendered so by the measured pursued by such a^ ought
to have suppressed the insurrection. The earl of Anglesey
having received thede memoirs from their author, thought
fit to write some animadvoniohs upon ilhem, in a letter t6
the earl of Castlehaven,' Whereih he delivered his opinion
freely in respect to the duke of Ormond and his manage-
ment in Ireland. The duke expostulated with the lord
privy seal on the s^ubject,' by letter, to- Which the earl re-
plied. In 1682, the earl drew up i.very particular remon-
strance, and presented it to king Charles II. It was very
warm and loyal, yet it was far from being well receivedl
This memorial was entitled. The account of Arthur earl of
Anglesey, lord privy seal to your most excellent majesty,
of the true state of your majesty*s government and king-
doms, April 27, 1682. In one part whereof he says, "the
fatal cause of all our mistiUipfs, present or apprehended^
and which may raise a fir&, which may burn and consume
us to' the very foundation's,' is the unfeappy perversion of
the duke of York (the nekt heir to the^fcrowii) in one point
of religion ; which Tlaturaliy raises jealqusy of the power,
designs, and practices, of the old enemies of our religrbn
mid liberties, and undermines and emasculates the courage
and constancy even of tho^e and their posterity, who have
been as faithful to, and suffered $ls much for the prown,
1^ any the most pleased or contented in our impending
miseries can pretend to have dooe.'^ He concludes with
these words: "Though your majesty is in your own person
above the reach of the law, and sovereign of all your
people, yet the law is. your master and instructor how to
govern i and that your subjects assure themselves you wilt
S€6 A N N E 8 L E Y. .
never attempt th^ enervating that law by which you are
king, and which you have not only by frequent declara-
tions, but by a solemn oath lipon your throne, .been
obliged,, in a most glorious presence of your people, to
the maintenance of; and that therefore you will look upon
any that shall pi^opose or advise to the contrary, as unfit
persons to be near you ; and on those who shall persuade
you it is lawful, as sordid flatterers, and the worst and
most dangerous enemies you and your kingdoms have*
What I set before your majesty, I have written freely,
and like a sworn faithful counsellor; perhaps not like a yirise
man, with regard to myself, as they stand : bv\t I have
discharged my duty, and will account it a^ fewftr(r,.if your
majesty vouchsafe to read what I durst i^^t but write^ ^nd
which I beseech God to give a blessij^ to.*'
It was not however thought pt^op^f to temove him from
bis hiffh office on this account;: butrtbe duke of Ormond
was prevailed upon to exhil}|(,a charge against him, on
account of his reflectiQi^;.qn jttie. earl of Castlehayen's
Memoirs. This product a. sharp .contest betwixt tliese
two peers; which ended in the earl of Anglesey's losing
his place of lord privy seal, tliougb his enemies were
forced to confess thjf,t he was. hardly and unjustly treated.
After this disgrace, be remalnei^ pretty much at his
country seat at Blechingdonuin Oxfordshire, where he de-
voted his time to his studies, and meddled very little with
public affairs. However, he got into favour again in the
reign of James II. audit is generally believed hp would
have been appointed lord cbanpellor of England, if not
prevented by bis de^^h, which happened April 6, 1686,
in the 73d year of his .^ge. He was perfectly versed in the
Qreek and iloman history, and well acquainted with the
spirit and policy of those nations. He had studied the
laws of bis country with such diligence, as to be esteemed
a great lawyer. ^ His writings which are extant, are proofs
of his learning and abilities ; but the largest and most
valuable of all his. works was lost, or, as some say, de*
stroyed. This was " A History of the Troubles in Ireland
from 1641 to 1660.^* He was one of the firsf English
peers who distinguished himself by collecting a fine library^
which he did with great care, and at a Urge expence*
But after his decease, all his books were exposed to sale.
At this sale the discovery was made of the earrs famous
memorandum, ip the blank leaf of an EfK^yBa^ixucn; ac-«
ANNESLEY. 267
tprdhg to which/ it was not Charles I. but bishop Gauden^
ii4io was author of this performance. This produced a
loo^ contcoyersy^ which will be noticed in the life of that
prelate^
The eail of Anglesey has been very variously characterised;
Anthony Wood represents him as an artful time-server ^
by principle, a Calvinist; by policy, a favourer of the
Papists, Burnet paints him as a tedious and ungraceful
orator, and as a grave, abandoned, and corrupt man, whom
no party would trust. Our account is taken from the
Biog. Britannica, which steers an impartial course. Lord
Orford, iii his '^ Noble Authors," is disposed to unite the
severities of Wood and Burnet, but what he asserts is ra^
ther flippant than convincing.
His lordship published in his life-time the following
pieces: 1. *^ Truth unveiled, in behalf of the Church of
England ; being a vindication of Mr. John Standish^s ser^
mon, preached before the king, and published by his
majefity^s command,^' 16769 4to. To which is added, <<A
short treatise on the subject of Transubstantiation.'' 9,4
^^ A letter from a person of honour in the country, written
to thet<earl of Castleha%n ; being observations and re«
flections on his lordship's. memoirs isoucerning the Warft of
Ireland," 1681, 8vo. 3. '^ A true account of the whole
proceedings between James duke of OrnSond, and Arthur
earl of Anglesey^ before the king and his council, &c."
1682, fol. 4. " A letter of remarks upon Jovian," 1683,
4to. Besides these, he rwrote many other things, some of
which were published after bis decease ; as 5. <* The Pri-
vileges of the House of Lords and Commons, argued and
stated in two conferences between both houses, April
19 and. 22, 1671. To which is added, A discourse,
wherein the Rights of the House of Lords are truly as-
serted ; with learned remarks on the seeming arguments
jand pretended precedents offered at that time against their
lordships." 6. ^* The King's right of Indulgence in Spi-
ritual matters, with the equity thereof, asserted," 168S,
4to. 7. ^' Memoirs, intermixt with moral, political, and
historical Observations, by way of discourse, in a letter
to sfar Peter Pett," 1693, 8vo. *
, 1 Biog. Bnt^Ath. Ox» rol 11.— Bonnet's Own Times.i^Orford'i Royal and
Koblii Anfhort, hj P»rk, vol. IIT,
Mi A N N E S L E y.
ANNESLEY, or ANELEY (SamuAl), a rery aniMfil
nonconformist minister, was the son of John Aneiey> of
Hare ley, in Warwickshire, where his family were pes*
sessed of a good estate, and was bom about the year 16170.
In 1635 he was admitted a student in Queen's college, Ox-
ford, where he took his bachelor^s and master's degrees.
At the university he was distinguished by extreme fjem-^
perance and industry. His inclination leading him to the
church, he feceived holy orders, but it is uncertain whe-»
ther from the hands of a bishop, or according to the Pres-
byterian way ;' Wood inclines to the former, and Cakmy
to the latter. In 1 644, however, he became chaplain to
the earl of Warwick, then admiral of the parliament's fleet^
and afterwards succeeded to a church at Cliffe, in Kent,
by the ejectnaent, for loyalty, of Dr. Griffidi Higges, who
was much beloved by his parishioners. On July 26, 1648,
he preached the fast sermon before the bouse of cbmmons,
which, as usual, wa^ ordered to be printed. About this
time, also, he was honoured with the title of LL. D. by
the university of Oxford, or rather by the peremptory
command of Philip earl of Pembroke, chancellor of the
university,, who acted there with boundless authority^
The same year, he went to sea with the carl of Warwick,
who was employed in giving chase to that part of the
English navy which went over to the then prince, after-
wards king Charles II. Some time after this, he resigned
his Kentish living, although he had now become popular
there, in consequence of a promise he made to his pa-
rishioners to '^ resiorn it when he had fittied them for the
reception of a better minister.'* In 1657, he was nomi-
nated by Cromwell, lecturer at St. Paul's; and in 1658
was presented by Richard, the protector, to the vicarage
of St. Giles's, Cripplegate. But this presentation be-*
coming soon useless, he, in 1660, procured another frond
the trustees for the approbation and admission 6f ministers
of the gospel, after the Presbyterian manner. His second
presentation growing out of date as the first, he obtained,
in the same year, a third, of a more legal stamp, from
Charles II. ; but in 1662, he was ejected for nonconfor-
mity. He was offered considerable preferment, if he
would conform, but refused it, and continued to preach
privately during that and the following reign. He died
in 1696, with a high reputation for piety, charity, and
popular talents. His works, which are enumerated, ^y
A N N E S L E Y. ' 26d
C^Aamy, cotisist of occasional sermons, and some funeral
sern^ions^ with biographical memoirs. He was the prin-^
cipal suppcMTt, if not the institutor, of the morning lecture,
or course of sermons preached at seven o* clock in the
morning, at vartous churches^ during the usurpation, and
afterwards at meeting-bouses, by the most learned and
able nonconformists. Of these several volumes have been
printed, and of late years have risen very much in price.
Collectors inform us^that a complete set should consist of
six volumes.'
ANNICERIS, a Greek philosopher of the Cyrenaic
sect, and who gave the name of Annicerians to his dis-
ciples, was born at Cyrene, and scholar to Paraebates.
When Plato, by the command of Dionysius the tyrant of
l^icily, was sold as a slave at uSgina, our philosopher hap-
pened to be present, and redeiemed him .tort twenty, or,
according to others, thirty minoe, and sent him to Athens
to his fnends, who immediately returned the money to
Anniceris ; but he Irefused it, saying, that they were not
the only persons who deserved to take care of Plato. He
was particularly emineiit for bis skill in chariot-racing, of
which be one day gave a proof before Plato, and drove
many courses round the academy so exactly, that his
idieeis never went out of the track, to the admiration of
all who were present, except Plato, who reproved him for
bis too great attention to such affairs, telling him, that it
was not possible but that he, who employed so much pains
about things of no value, must neglect those of greater
. importance. He had. a brother who was named Nicoteles^
a philosopher, and the famous Posidonius was his scholar.
The Annicerians, as well as the rest of the Cyrenaic phi-
losophers, placed all good in pleasure, and conceived
virtue to be only commendable so far as it produced plea-
sure. They agreed in all respects with the Hegesians^
except that they did not abolish friendship, benevolence,
duty to parents, and love to one's country. They held,
that though a wise man suiFer trouble for those. things,
yet he will lead a life not the less happy, though he enjoy
but few pleasures. That the felicity of a friend is not de-
sirable in itself; for to agree in judgment with another,
or to be raised abov6 and fortified against the general
» Bio^. Brit.— Ath, 0«. yoI. H.-rCalamy.— Walker's Sufferinss.— Duaton't
tiltf, p. 330. DuAton was bis lon-in-law.
t70 A N N I C E R I S.
opinion, is not sufficient to satisfy reason ; but we mu^
accustom ourselves to the best things, on account of our
innate vicious inclinations. That a friend is not to be
entertained only for useful or necessary ends, nor when
such ends fail, to be cast off, but out of an intrinsic good
will ; for which we ought likewise to expose ourselves to
trouble and inconvenience. Although these philosophers,
like the rest of that sect, placed the chief end and good
of mankind in • pleasure, and professed that they were
grieved at the loss of it, yet they affirmed, that we ought
voluntarily to subject ourselves to pain and trouble out of
regard to our friends. *
ANNIUS, or according to his epitaph, which Bayle
follows, NANNIUS (John), commonly called Annius of
Viterbo, where he was born about 1432, was a Dominican
friar, and highly respected among his brethren for his
extensive knowledge of Greek, Listtin^ and the oriental
languages. He was also a zealous preacher, and his re-
putation having reached Rome, he was invited . thither,
and received with great respect by the members of the
sacred college, and the popes' Sixtus IV. and Alexander
VI. This last conferred upon him in 1499, the honour-
able situation of master of the sacred palace, vacant by
the promotion of Paul Moneglia to the bishopric of Chios:
Annius, however, had some difficulty in preserving the
favour of characters so profligate as Alexander,^ and his
son Csesar Borgia ; but the duchess de Valentinois, wife
ta CsBsar, and as virtuous as he was abandoned, rendered
Annius every service in her power. Her husband, pro«
bably on this account, and tired with the advice and re-
monstrances presented to him either by her or by Annius,
determined to get rid of the latter, and, it is thought,
.procured him to be poisoned. Whatever may be in this
report, Annius died Nov. 13, 1502, in his seventieth
year.
Annius left a great many works, two of which were
thought valuable ; the one, *^ A treatise on the Empire of
the Turks,*' and the oth<&r, /* De fiituris Christianorum
triumphis in Turcas et Saracenos, at Xystum IV. et omnes
principes Christianos,*' Genes, 1480, 4to, a commentary
on the book of the Revelations, part of which had been
the subject of some sermons he preached in 1471. He
> Qen. Dwt.— Staoley's Lives pf the Plinotophen,^-Bnicker. ■
A N N I U S. 271
published also ** Super mutuo Judaico et civili et dtvino,**
1492) 4to, without place or printer^s name ; and the Har-
leian catalogue ascribes to him a commentary on Catullus,
TibuUus, and Propertius, Paris, 1604. But the work
which has rendered/him best known in the literary world,
is the collection of antiquities which he published at Rome
in 149^, entitled ^* Antiquitatum variarum volumiha XVII.
cum commentariis fr. Joannis Annii Viterbensis," foL
reprinted the same year at Venice, and afterwards several
times at Paris, Basil, Antwerp, Lyons, &c. sometimes with,
and sometimes without his commentaries. In this collec-
tion Annius pretends to give the original works of several
historians of the highest antiquity, as : ** Arcbilochi de
temporibus Epitome lib. I. — Xenophontis de iEquivocis
lib. I. — Berosi Babylonici de Antiquitatibus Italiae ac totius
orbis lib. V. — Manethonis ^gyptii supplementa ad Be-
rosum lib. I. — Metasthenis Persae, de judicio temporum,
. & Annalibus Persarum lib. I. — Philonis Hebrsei de tem*
poribus lib. II. — ^Joannis Annii de primis temporibus, &
quatuor ac viginti regibus Hispaniae, & ejus antiquitate
lib. I. — Ejusdem de antiquitate & rebus Ethruriae lib. I.--^
Ejusdem Commentariorum in Propertium de Vertumno
sive Jano lib. I. — Qi. Fabii Pictoris de aureo seeculo, &
origine urbis Romie lib. II. — Myrsili Lesbii de origine
Italiee, ac TurrhenisB lib. I. — M. Catonis fragmenta de
originibus lib. I. — Antonini Pii Csesaris Augusti Itinera-
rium lib. I. — C. Sempronii de chorographia sive descrip-
tione Italic lib. I. — Joannis Annii de Ethrusca simul !l
Italica Chronographia lib. I. — Ejusdem Quaestiones de
Thuscialib. I. — ^Cl. Marii Aretii, Patricii Syracusani, de
situ insulae Siciliae lib. L— Ejusdem Dialogus in quo His-
pania describitur.^' The author dedicated these books to
Ferdinand and Isabella, because they had been found
when their majesties were conquering the k|n{Tdom of
. Granada, He pretends, that be met with them at Mantua,
whilst he was there with his patron Paul de Campio Ful-
goso, cardinal of St. Sixtus. But they had not been
published long, before doubts began to be entertained of
their authenticity. This provoked a controversy, in the
. course of which it was very clearly proved that they are
entitled to. lijttle credit, but the precise share Annius had
in the imposture was a point long undetermined. The
*«cContehdihg writers on the subject may be divided into four
classes. The one of opinion that Annius really got pos*
it2 A N N. I U 8.
possession of certain fragments of the ancient authors, but
that he added to these a nuiuber of fables and traditioDS.
Another class think that the whole coUection is. a forgery^
but that Annius was himself deceived^ and published what
he really thought to be genuine. A tliird class are be-
lievers in the authenticity of the %vhole> and oooie of these
were themselves men of credit and reputation, aa Ber*
nardino Bakli, William Postel, Albert Krant2, Sigonius,
Leander Aiberti, (see vol. I. p. 3:^0), and some others.
Alberti is said td have discovered his error, and ,to have
deeply regretted that he admitted into his description of
Italy, the fables which he found in Annitis. A. fourth
class of critics on this work attribute the whole to the
imagination of the editor ; and among these we find tlie
names of Anthony Agostini, or Augustine, Isaac Casaubotl>
Mariana, in his Spanish history, Ferrari, Martin Hanckius>
Fabricius, Fontanini, &c. The learned Italiails,'&lso, wko
were contemporaries with Annius, were the first to detect
the fraud ; as Marcus Antonius Sabellicus, Peter Crinitos^
Volterre, &c. ; and Pignoria and Maffd were of the «ame
opinion. In the sixteenth century^ Mazsa, a dominican^
revived the dispute, by publishing at Verona, in 1623, fol.
a work entitled " Apologia pro fratre Giovaani Annio Vi-
terbese.^' His chief design is to prove, that if there be
any fraud, Anniuis must not be charged with it But he
goes farther, and asserts, that these works are genuine^
and endeavours to answer all the objections urged against
them. This apology having been censured, father Ma-
cedo rose against the censurer, not indeed with a design
to assert that the Berosus, &c. published by Annius was
the genuine Berosus, but to shew that Annius did not forge
those manuscripts, A more, modern apologist pretends
both. He calls himself Didin^us Rapaligerus Livianus«
He published at Verona in the year 1678, a work in folk),
entitled ** I Gothi illustrati, overo IstoriA de i Gothi an-*
tichi,'^ in which he brings together all the arguments he
can think of, to shew that the writings published by Anniua
are genuine ; and that this dominican did not forge them*
The question is now universally given against Annius,
while we are left to wonder at the perseverance which con-
ducted him through a fraud of such magnitude. '
1 Gen. Diet— Moreri.— Ginguene Hist, Litteraire dUtalM^ vol. UL p. 40j>.
«4ios* VmTerMlle.«-8aiii On<piutic»a.
A N Q U E T I L. 273
ANQUETIL (L&wis-Peter), a French historian, and
political writer, was born at Paris, Jan. 21, 1723. Hayings
in his seventeenth year entered the congregation of St Ge«-
nevieve, he distinguished himself by the ability with which
he afterwards discharged the office of teacher in theology
and literature. His residence at Rheims, as director of
the academy, seetns to have suggested to him the first
idea of writing the history of that city. In 1759, he was
appointed prior of the abbey de la Roe, in Anjou, and
soon after, director of the college of 'Senlis, where he
composed his work entitled *' L* Esprit de la Ligue." In
1766 he obtained the curacy or priory of Chateau -Renard,
near Montargis, which, about the beginning of the revolu-
tion, be exchanged for the curacy of La Villette, near Paris.
During the revolutionary phrenzy, he was imprisoned at St.
Lazare, and wrote there part of his ^* Histoire universelle.'*
When the Institute was formed, he wa^ chosen a member of
the second class, and was soon after taken into the office of
the minister for foreign affairs, whom he thought to oblige
by his ** Motifs de$ traites de Paix." Enjoying a strong
constitution, the fruit of a placid and equal temper, ana
aversion to the luxuries of the table, he was enabled to
study ten hours a day ; and undertook, without fear or
scruple, literary undertakings of the most laborious kind.
Even in his eightieth year, he was projecting some new
works of considerable size, and was apparently without
a complaint, when he died, Sept. 6, 1808, in the eighty-
fourth year of his age. On this occasion he said to one of
his friends, *^ come and see a man die who is full of life.'*
His principal writings are ! 1. '* Histoire civile et po-
litique de la ville de Reims," 1756 — 7, 3 vols. 12mo;
a virork in the true spirit of antiquarian research, which he
wrote in concert with one Felix de la Salle, and when they
were about to publish, they cast lots, as to whose name should
be prefixed, and the lot fell on AnquetiL Towards the
end of his life, he said, '^ I have been reading the history
of Rheims^ as if it did not belong to me, and I have no
scrapie in pronouncing it a good work.'' 2. ^^ Almanach
de Rheims,*' 1754, 24mo. 3. << L'Esprit de la Ligi\e ;
ou histoire politique des troubles de France pendant fes
.16 et 17 siecles,"' 1767) 3 vols. 12mo. This has been
often repi^inted, and is accurate and curious as to facts,
but not thought profound in reasoning. 4. ^^ Intrigue du
cabinet sous Henry IV. €t sous Louis XIII. termin^e par
Y»u II. T
r
Hi A N ia U E T I L.
la Fronde,'' 1780, 4 vols. 12ino« $. ^^ Louis XIV. sa
cour et le regent/' 1789, 4 vols. 12mo, 1794, 3 vok.
i 2mo, translated likewise into Englisli* It is a kind of
sequel to the preceding, and a collection of anecdotes
wi^out much order, which has lost its value smce the
memoirs have been published from whence it was formed.
6. ** Vie du marechal Villar^, ecrite par lui-meme, suivie
du journal de la cour de 1724 a 1734," Paris, 1787, 4
vols. 12mo, and 1792. 7. " Precis de FHistoire nni*
verselle,'* 1797, 9 vols. 12mo, the third and* best edition^
corrected by M. Jondot, 1807, 12 vols. 12mo« This work
has been translated into English, (1800,) Spanish, and
Italian. It has not been very successful in this country ;
his French biographer calls it merely an abridgment
#f the English universal history, and says that it must be
read with caution. 8. ^^ Motifs des guerres et des tndtes
des paix de la France, pendant les regnes de Louis XIV.
XV. et XVI." 1798, 8vo. This work was adapted to the
state of the French government at the time it was written,
but the author lived to find his theory overturned by the
accession of a monarchical constitution. 9. ^* Histoire de
France, depuis les Gaules jusqu'a le fin de la monarchie,^'
1805, &C. 14 vols. 12mo, a performance of which his
countrymen do not speak in very high terms. Besides
these, he wrote a life of his brother, the subject of the
following article, and several papers in the memoirs of
the institute. '
. ANQUETIL-DUPERRON (Abrahab^Hyacinth), bro-
ther to the preceding, was born at Psiris, Dec. 7, 1731.
After having studied at the university of Paris, where he
acquired an extensive knowledge of the Hebrew, he was
invited to Auxerre by M. de Caylus, then the bishop,
who induced him to study divinity, first at the academy in
his diocese, and afterwards at Amersfort, near Utrecht ;
but Anquetil had no inclination for the church, and re-
turned with avidity to the study of the Hebrew, Arabic,
and Persian. Neither the solicitations of M. de Caylus,
nor the hopes of preferment, could detain him at Amers-
fort longer than be thought he had learned all that was
to be learned there. He returned therefore to Paris,
where his constant attendance at the royal library, and
diligence in study, recommended him to the abb6 Sallier,
* Bips. UBiT«ri«lle«
A N a U E T I L. 27S
keeper of the tnEnaistcnjlts^ who made him known to his
fzietlds^ and furnished turn with a moderate maintenance,
luidex the character; of student of the Oriental languages.
The accidentsuly meeting with some manuscripts in tlie
Zend, the language in which the works attributed to Zo-
xoaster are written, created in him an irresistible iuclina«
tion to visit the East in search of them. At this time
an expedition for India was fitting out at port POrient,
and when he found that the applications of his friends wiNra
not sufficient ta procure him a passage, he entered as a
common soldier; and ^on Nov. 7> 1754, left Paris, with
his knaf»sack on his back. His friends no sooner heard of
this wild step, than they had recourse to the minister, who
surprized at so luicommon an instance of literary zeal,
ordered him to be provided with a free passage, a seat at
the captain's table, and other accommodations. Accord-*
ingly, after a nine months voyage, he arrived Aug.. 10,
1755, >at Pondicherry. Remaining there such time as was
necessary to acquire a knowledge of the modem Persian,
he went to Chandernagoi:, where he hoped to learn the
Sanscrit.; but sickness, which confined him for some
months, and the war which broke out between France and
England, and in which Cbandernagor was taken, dbap*
pointed his plans. He now . set out for Pondicherry bjr.
land, Mid after incredible fatigue and hardships, perfcMrmed
the journey of about, four hundred leagues. in about aa
l^uudred days. At Pondicherry he found one of < his bro«
th^s arrived from France, and sailed with him for Surat^
but, landing at Mahe, completed his journey on focyt At
Suiat, by perseverance and address, he succeeded ia
procuring and .translating some manuscripts, particulariy
the ^' Vendidade-Sade," a dictionary ; and he was about
to have gone to Benares, to study the language, antiqui<*
tiesj and liacred laws of the Hindoos, when the capture <>f
Pondicherry obliged him to return to Europe. Accordingly,
he came in an English vessel to London, where he spent
some time, visited Oxford, and at length arrived at Paris
May. 4, 1762, without fortune, ortbewishto acquire it;
but rich in an hundred and eighty manuscripts and othe(
curiosities. The abb6 Barthelemi, however, and his
other friends, procured him a pension, with the title and
place of Oriental interpreter in the royal library. In 1763,
the academy of belles-lettres elected him an associate,
and from that time he devoted himself to the arrangement
T 2
2T6 A N; a tr E T r L.
and pubHcatidn of the valuable materiab he had collectcxir
In 1771, be published his ^* Zend-Avesta/' 3 vols. 4t0y
a work of Zoroaster, from> the original. Zend^ with a cu-
rious account of his travels, and a life of Zoroaster. In
1778 he published bis ^^ Legislation Orientale/' 4tb, itt
which, by a display of the fundamental {principles of go^^^
vernment in the Turkish, Persian, and Indian dominions,
he proves, first, that the manner in which most writers
have hitherto represented despotism, as if it were absolute
in these three empires, is entirely groundless ; secondly,*
that ill Turkey, Persia, and Indostan, there are codes of
written law, which affect the prince as well as the sMibject ;
aod thirdlyv that in these three empires, the inhabitants
are possessed' of property, both in movable and immovable
goods, which they enjoy with entire liberty. In 1786
appeared his ^^ Recherches historiquea et geographique»
sar rinde," followed in 1789, by his treatise on the dig*
liity of Commeree and the commercial state. During the
revolutionary period, he concealed himself among bis
boCidLs, but in 1798 appeared again as the* author of
/^L'lndeau rapport avec I'Europe," 2 vols. 8va In 1804y
he published a Latin translation from the Persian of tbo
^^'Oupnek^ hat, or Upanischada*" i. e. ^^ secrets which must
not be revealed," 2 vols. 4to. Not long before his death
he' was elected a member of the institute^ but soon after
gave in his resignatibn, and died at Paris, Jan. 17, 1805«
Besides the works already noticed, he contributed many
pivpevs to the academy on the subject of Oriental language^
and antiquities, and left behind him the character of on^
of the ablest Oriental scholars in France, and a man of
great personal worth and amiable manners. ' His biogra4
pher adds, that he refused the sum of 30,000 livres, whiob
was offered by the English, for his manuscript of the Zehd^
Avesta; *
. AN S ART (Andrew Joseph), a French historian, and
ecclesiastical Writer, was born in the Artois, in 1723, and
became a Benedictine, but being appointed procurator of
one of the houses of that order, he disappeared with the
funds intrusted to his care.. How he escaped aftQrward%
his biographer does not inform us, but he attached him<»
self to the order of Malta, became an advocate of parlia^
1 Bio;. UnWerselle. — Moatb, Ser, toI. LXI.-— Diet, Hkitorique, •— Saxii
OnomasticoD^ toU VIII.
A N S A R T. . » 277
tBent, frtid doctor of laws of the faculty of Paris. He was
ftfterwards made prior of Villeconin, and a member of the
^ademies of Arras and of the arcades of Rome. H# died
about 1790^ after having published : 1- ^'Dialogues sar
Futility des moines rentes," 1768,. igmo. 2. "Exposition
«ir le Cantique des Cantiques de Salomon," 1770, 12mo.
3. « HistOire de S. Maur^ abb^ de Glanfeuil," 1772,
1 2mo. The first part contains th© life of St. Maur ; the
6econd and third give an account of bis relics ; and the
fourdi is a history of the dbbey of St. Maur-des-Foss^s.
4. *^ Eloge de Charles V. empereur," from the Latin ^f
J. Masenius, 1777, 12mo. 5. " Esprit de St. Vincent de
PauV* proposed as a pattern to ecclesiastics, 1780, 12mo.
6. '^ Histoire de Sainte Reine d'Alise, et de Tabbaye de
Flavigny," 1783, 12mo. 7. « Histoire de S. Fiac're," 1784,
}2mo. 8. " Bibliotheque litteraire du Maine," Chalons
surMarne, 1784, Svo^ in which he has revived the me-
mory of above three hundred authors. The work was in-
tended to consist of eight volumes, but no more was
printed than this. 9. ^* La Vie de Gregoire CorteZj Be-
nedictine, eveque d'Urbin, et cardiaaV 1786, Ansart,
according to his biographer, was both ignorant and idle,
and took the substance of all the works he published widi
ibis name, from the archives of the Regime^ formerly at
Germain-des-Pres. * ?
ANSCARIUS, one of the early propagators <^ Christi*
wity, and the first who introduced it into Denmark and
Sweden, and henee called the apostle of the north, was
bom at Picardy, Sept. 8, in the year 801. He was edu-
cated in a Benedictine convent at Corbie, from whence
he went to Corvey, in Westphalia, where ha made suc^
progress in his studies^ that, jin the year 821, be was ap-
pointed rector of the school belonging to the convent.
Harold, king of Denmark, who had been expelled from
his dominions, and haxl found an asylum with Lewis, the
son and successor of Charlema^^ne, who bad induced him
to receive Christian baptism, was .about to return to. his
joountry, and Lewis enquired for some pious person, who
might accompany him, and confirm both him and his at<r
tendants in the Christian religion.^ Vala, the abbot of
Corbie, pointed out Anscarius, who readily undertook the
|i|^riIous task, although against the remom$rances of hU
> Bios. U»ivewelle»
216 A N S C A R I U S.
ifriend$. Aubert, a monk of noble birth, offered to be bli
' companion, and Harold accordingly set out with thenj^
but neither he nor his attendants, whp were rude and bar-
barous in their maimers, were at all solicitous for the
accommodation of the missionaries, who therefore suffered
much in the beginning of their journey. When the com-r
pany arrived at Cologne, Hadeb^ild, the archbishop, coni-»
miserating the two strangers, gave them a bark, in which
they might convey their effects ; but, when they came to
the frontiers of Denmark, Harold, finding access to his
dominions impossible, because of the power of those who
had usurped the sovereignty, remained in Friesland, where
Anscarius and Aubert laboured with zeal and success, both
among Christians and Pagans, for about two years, when
Aubert died. In the year 829, many Swedes having ex-
pressed a desire to be instructed in Christianity, Anscarius
received a commission from the emperor Lewis to visit
Sweden. Another monk of Corbie, Vitmar, was assigned
as his companion, and a pastor was left to attend on king
Harold, in the room of Anscarius. In the passage, they
fell in with pirates, who took the ship, and all its effects.
On this occasion, Anscarius lost the emperor^s presents,
and forty volumes, which he had collected for the use'of
the ministry. But his mind was determihed, and he and
his partner having reached land, they walked on foot a
long way ; now and tbep crossing some arms of the sea in
boats. At length they arrived at Birca, from the ruins of
which Stockholm took its rise, though built at some dis-
tance from it. The king of Sv^eden received them favour-
ably, and his council unanimously agreed that they should
renlain in the country, and preach the gospel, which they
did with very considerable success.
After six' months, the two missionaries returned with
letters written by the king^s hand, into France, and in-
formed Lewis of their success. The consequence was,
that Anscarius was appointed first archbishop of Hamburgh;
i^nd this city, being in the neighbourhood of Denmark,
Was hencefoi^ colisider^d af the metropolis of all the
countries north of the Elbe which should embrace Christ
tianity. The mission into Dendaark was at the same time
attended to; and GausbeKt| a relation of Ebbo, arch-
bishop of Rheims, who, as well as Anscarius, was concerned!
fn these missions, was sent to reside as a bishop in Sweden;
where the number of Christians increased. Anscariasi
A N S C A R I U S. «•
mm, by order of the emperor Lewis, went to Rome, that
he might receive confirmation in the new archbishopric
of Hamburgh. On his return, he applied himself to the
business of conversion, and was succeeding in his efforts^
when, in the year 845, Hamburgh was taken and pillaged
by the Normans, and he escaped with difSculty, and lost
all his effects. About the same time, Gausbert, whom he
had sent into Sweden, was banished through a popular in«
surrection, a circumstance which retarded the progress of
religion for some years in that country.
Anscarius, , however, although reduced ta poverty, and
deserted by many of his followers, persisted with uncom*
moQ patience in the exercise of his mission in the north of
Europe, till the bishopric of Bremen was conferred upon
him, and Hamburgh and Bremen were from that time
considered as united in one diocese. But it was not with-
out much pains taken to overcome his scruples, that he was
induced to accept of this provision for his wants. Having
still his eye on Denmark, which had been his first object^
and having now gained the friendship of Eric, the king,
be was. enabled to plant Christianity with some success at
Sleswick, a port then called Hadeby, and much fre*
quented by merchants. Many persons who had been
baptized at Hamburgh resided there, and a number of
Pagans were induced to countenance Christianity in some
degree. At length, through the friendship of Eric, he was
enabled to visit Sweden once more, where be established the
gospel at Birca, from whence it spread to other parts of the
kingdom. After his return to Denmark, he died Feb. 3, in
the year 864. Without being exempt from the superstitions
of his age, Anscarius was one of the most pious, resolute,
indefatigable, and disinterested propagators of Christianity
in early times.^. The centuriators only bear bard on his cha«
racter, but Mosheim more candidly allows that his la-
bours deserve the highest commendation. His ablest de-
fender,, however, is the author of the work from which this
account is abridged.
Anscarius wrote many books, but none are extant, ex-
cept some letters, and ^^ Liber, de vita et miraculis S.
.Wilohadi,'* printed with the life of Anscarius, Cologne,^
1642, 8vo, and often since. Anscarius^s life is also in the
*^ Scriptores rerum Danicarum,'\ No. 30, of Langebek.^
* Mnner*8 Chuirch Hiftoiy, toI, III. p. S58, principally from Fleuiy, Allwi
m^tieri afi<} U)e Cent. Ma^.^Hist. Cimbri« Literarise Molleri.— Moreri.
*8Q ANSEGISUS.
ANSEGISUS^ abbot of Lobies, an old Benedictinie ino<^
iiastery upon the Saiubre^ in the diocese of Cambray, lived
in. tbe ninth century. Pithaeus, Antonius^ AugustinuSy
Valerius, Andreas, and others, being too implicit in {oU
lowing Trithemius, have made this Ansegisus and another
of that name^ arcbbisbop of Sens, the same persons. Our
Ansegisus of Lobies was in great esteeni with the bishops
and princes of /his time, and his learning and conduct de-r
served it. In the year 827, he made a collection of the
capitularies of Charlemagne, and Levids his son, entitled
*^ Capitula seu Edita Garoli Magni & Ludovici pii Impera-
torum." We have several editions of this worfe ; one
printed in 1588, by Pithaeus, with additions, and notes of
his owa upon it : it was afterwards printed at Mentz in
1602, and by Sirmundus at Paris in 1640, to which he
added a collection of tha capitularies of Charles the Bald.
Lastly, in 1676, Baluzius furnished a new edition of all
these ancient capitularies, with remarks upon them, two
volumes in folio* But Baluzius^s impression differs con*
diderably from those before him ; for, besides a great many
different readings, there are the 39th, 52d, 67th, 68th,
74th, and 79th chapters of the first book wanting: there
are Hkewise added^ the 89th and 90th chapters of the third
hook; and also the 76th and 77th chapters of the fourth
book, which yet, as Le Cointe observes, are the same with
the 29th and ^th chapters. There are three appendixes
annexed to the four books in the Capitularies, the first of
which, in the old editions, consists of 33 chapters, but in
theBaluzian there are 35. The second, in the old edi^
tions, has 36 chapters, but the Baluzian impression reaches
to 38. The third appendix contains 10 chapters ; with
these appendixes, several constitutions of the emperors
J»otfaarius and Charles the Bald are mixed. He died in
the year 834. *
ANSELM, archbishop of Canterbury in the reigns of
William Rufus and Henry I. was an Italian by birth, and
born in 1033 at Aost, or Augusta, a town at the foot of the
Alps,, belonging to the duke of Savoy. He was descended
of a considerabje family : his father's name was GunduU
phus, and his mother's Hemeberga. From early life his
religious cast of mind was so prevalent, that, at the age of
fifteen, he offered himself to a monastery, but was refused^
> Mor^ri.— Care, tqI. II. — Saxii Onomasticciiu
A N S E L M. Ml
lext his father should bai^e been displeased. After, how-
ever, he had gone through a course of study, and travelled
for some tune in France and Burgundy, he took the mp<n
nastie habit in the abbey of Bee in Normandy, of which
Lanfranc, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury, was then
(irior. This y^as in ^060, when he was twenty-seven years
old. Three years auer, when Lanfranc was made abbot of
Caen, Anselm succeeded him in the priory of Bee, and oa
the death of the abbot, was raised to that office. About
the year 1092, Anselm came over into England, by the
invitation of Hugh, earl of Chester, who requested his as-
sistance in his sickness. Soon after his arrival, William
Rufus, falling sick at Gloucester, was much pressed to fill
up the see of Canterbury. The king, it seems, at that
time, was much influenced by one Ranulph, a clergyman,
who, though a Norman and of mean extraction, had a great
share in the king's favour, and at last rose to the post of
prime minister. This man, having gained the king's ear
by flattering his vices, misled him in the administipationy
and put him upon several arbitrary and oppressive expe^
dients. Among others, one was, to seize the revenues of
a church, upon the death of a bishop or abbot ; allowing
the dean and chapter, or convent, but a slender pension
for maintenance. But the king now falling sick, began to
be touched with remorse of conscience, and among other
oppressions, was particularly afflicted for the injury he had
done the church and kingdom in keeping the see of Can*
terbury, and some others, vacant. The bishops and other
great men therefore took this opportunity to entreat the
king to fill up the vacant sees ; and Atiselm, who then
lived in the neighbourhood of Gloucester, being sent for
to court, to assist the king in his illness, was considered
by the king as a proper person, and accordingly nominated
to the see of Canterbury, which had been four years vacant,
and was formerly filled by his old friend and preceptor Lan<»
franc. Anselm was with much difficulty pretcaiied upon to
accept this dignity, and evidetitly foi*esaw the difficulties 6f
executing his duties conscientiously under such a sovereign
^s William Rufus. Beforehis consecration, however, hegain-
ed a promise from the king for the restitution of all the lands
which were in the possession of that see in Lanfranc's time.
And thus having secured the temporalities of the arch-
bishopric, and done homage to the king, he was conse-
crated ^ith great solemnity on the 4th of December, I0d3«
062 A N S E L M.
JSooh after his consecration, the king intending to wresi
the duchy of Normandy from his broth (Br Robert, and en-
deavouring to raise what money he could for that purpose^
Anselm made him an offer of five hundred pounds ; which
the king thinking too little, refused to accept, and the arch-
bishop thereby fell under the king's displeasure. About
that time, he had a dispute with the bishop of London,
touching the right of consecrating churches in a foreign
diocese. The next year, the king being ready to embark
for Norjoiandy, Anselm waited upon him, and desired his
leave to ccHivene a national synod, in which the disorders
of the church and state, and the general dis^lution of
manners, might be remedied : but the king refused his
request, and even treated him so roughly, that the arch*
bishop and his retinue withdrew from the court, the licen*
tious manners of which, Anselm, who was a man of inflexi-
ble piety, had censured with great freedom. Another
cause of discontent between him and the archbishop, was
Anselm's desiring leave to go to Rome, to receive the pall
from pope Urban II. whom the king of England did not
acknowledge as pope, being more inclined to favour the
party of his competitor Guibert To put an end to this
ihisunderstanding, a council, or convention, was held at
Bockingham castle, March 11, 1095. In this assembly,
Anselm, opening his cause, told them with what reluc*
tancy he h&d accepted the archbishopric; that he had
made an express reserve of his obedience to pope Urban ;
jmd that be was now brought under difficalties upon that
score. He therefore desired their, ad vice how to act in
such a manner, as neither to fail in his allegiance to the
king, nor in his duty to the holy see. The bishops were
of. opinion, that he ought to resign himself wholly to the
king's pleasure. I'hey told him, there was a general
.complaint against bim, for intrenching upon the. king's
prerogative ; and that it would be prudence in him to wave
bis regard for Urban ; that bishop (for they would not call
him pope) being in no condition to do bim either good or
harm. To this Anselm returned, that he was engaged to
be no farther the king's subject than the laws of Chris-
tianity would give hini leave ; tliat as he was willing <^ jto
Tender unto Caesar the^ things that were Caesar's/' so ha
must likewise take in the othe^ part of the precept, and
" give unto God that which was God's." Upon this VVil-
Hami bishop of Durham^ a court prelate, who had inflaAigd
A N S E L ML 91$
the difFeretice, and managed the argument for theking,
insisted, that the nomination of the pope to the subject
was the principal jewel' of the crown, and that by this pri-
vilege the kings of England were distinguished from the
rest of the princes of Christendom. This is sound doc-
trine, if that had really been the question ; but, whatever
may be now thought of it, Anselm held an opinion in
l/rhich sucfceeding kings and prelates acquiesced, and in the
present instance, there is reason to think that William
Rufus's objection was not to the pope, but to a pope. Be
this as it may, the result of this council, was that the ma-
jority of the bishops, under the influence of the court,
withdrew their canonical obedience, and renounced An-
selm for their archbishop, and the king would have even
had them to try and depose him, but this they refused. In
consequence of this proceeding, Anselm desired a pass-
port to go to the continent, which the king refused, and
would permit only of a suspension of the affair from March
to 'Whitsuntide; but long before the expiration of the
term, he broke through the agreement, banished several
clergymen who were Anselm's favourites, and misa'abljr
harrassed the tenants of his see. Whitsuntide being at
length come, and the bishops having in vain endeavoured
to soften Anselm into a compliance, the king consented to
receive him into favour upon his own terms ; and, because
Anselm persisted in refusing to receive the pall from the
king's hands, it was at last agreed that the pope^s nuncio,
who had brought the pall into England, should carry it
«lown to Canterbury, and lay it upon the altar of the cathe-
dral, from whence Anselm was to receive it, as if it had
been put into his hands by St. Peter himself.
This may appear trifling ; but as we have already said
that the king's objection was to a pope, and not to the pope^
it is necessary to prove this by a circumstance which oc-
curred during the interval above-mentioned, especially as
this part of Anselm's conduct has been objected to by some
late biographers more acquainted with the opinions of
their own time, than with the opinions and state of so-
ciety in that of Anselm. During the above interval, Wal-
ter, bidK>p of Alba, was sent by Urban into Engfand, at«
tended by two clergymen, who officiated in the king's
chapel. Tl^ese ecclesiastics had been privately dispatched
po Rome, to inquire into the late election, and examine
Tvhicii of the two pretenders, Guibe^^t or Vcban, wa«
284 A N S E L M.
canbdically chosen, and finding the right lay in Urhav,
applied to him, and endeavoured to persuade him to send
the king tlie archbishop of Canterbury's palL This was
the king^s point ; who thought, by getting the pall jiito
hia poss^ession, he should be able to manage the archhisbopt
The pope complied so far, as to send the bishop of Alba
to the king with the pall, but with secret orders ooncem-
ing the disposal of it. This prelate arriving at the £0g-
lish court, discoursed very plausibly to the king, making
him believe the pope was entirely in his interest; in conse-^
quence of which William ordered Urban to be acknow-
ledged as pope in all his dominions. After he had thus
far gratified the see of Rome, he began to treat with, thet
legate about the deprivation of Anselm ; but was gneatly
.disappointed, when that prelate assured him the design
was impracticable. As therefore it was now too late to go
back, he resolved, since he could not. have his reven^
upon Anselm, to drop the dispute, and pretend himsdf
reconciled. Matters being thus . adjusted, the archbishop
went to Canterbury, and received the pall with great so-
lemnity the June following. And now it was generally
hoped, that all occasion of difference between the king
and the archbishop was removed : but it appeared noon
after, that the reconciliation on the king^s part was not
sincere. For William, having marched his forces io^
Wales, and brought that country to submission, took thM
ppportunity to quarrel with Anselm, pretending he vng
not satisfied with the quota the archbishop had furaishMl
for that expedition. Finding therefore his authority too
weak to oppose the corruptions of the times, Anselm re-*
solved to go in parson to Rome, and consult the popiev
But the king, to whom he applied for leave to go mxt of
the kingdom,, sealed surprised at the request, and gair«
him a flat deniaL His request being repeated, the king
gave his compliance in the form of a sentence of banish-
ment, and at the meeting of the great council, Oct. 1097,
commanded him to leave the kingdom within eleven days,
without caiTying any of his effects with htm, and declared
at'the 3ame time that he should never be permitted to re-
tum« Anselm, nowise affected by this harsh conduct,
went to Canterbury, divested himself of his aochiepiscopal
robes, and set out on his journey, embarking at Dover,
after his baggage had been strictly searched by . the king's
officers. As soon as the king heagrd thf^t he had crtosed the
A N S E L M. 285
cbalinel, he seized upon the estates and revenues of thife
archbishopric, and made erery thing void which Anselm
haA done. The archbishop^ however^ got safe to Rome^
ao4 was honourably received by the pope, and after a short
stay in that city, he accompanied the pope to a country
seat near Capua, whither i^is holiness retired on account
of die Unhealthiness of the town. Here Anselm wrote a
book, in which he gave an account of the reason of our
Saviour^s incarnation. The pope wrote to the king of
£i^laad in a stram of authority, enjoining him to re«
iostatft Anselm in all the profits and privileges of his see;
and Anselia wrote into England upon the same subject.
The king, on the other hand, endeavoured to get Anselm
discountenanced abroad, and wrote to Roger, duke of
Apulia, and others, to tiiat purpose. But, notwithstand-
ing bis endeavours, Anselm was treated with all imaginable
lespect wherever he ciame, and was very serviceable to
the pope in the council of Bari, which was held to oppose
the errors of the Greek church, with respect to the pro-
cession of the Holy Ghost. In this synod Anselm an-
sweired the objections of the Greeks, and managed the
argufxient with so much judgment, learning, and pene-
trattcm, that he silenced his adversaries, and gave general
sausfiaction to the Western church. This argument wa»
afterwards digested by him into a tract, and is extant
among his other works. In the same council Anselm
generously interposed, and. prevented the pope from pro-
nouncing sentence of excommunication against the king
ef Eng^aAd, for his frequent outrages on religion. After
the synod of Bari was ended, the pope and Ans^lni re*
turned to Rome, where an ambassador from the king of
bigllmd was arrived, in order to disprove Anselm's alle*
gations and complaints against his master. At first the
pope was peremptory in rejecting this ambassador; but
the latter in aiprivate conference, and through the secret
influence of a large sum of money, induced the court of
Rome to desert Anselm. Still the pope could not be reso*
lute; for when the archbishop would have returned to
JLjojQS, he could not part with him, but lodged him in a
noble palace, and paid him frequent visits. About this time
tile pope having summoned a council to sit at Rome, An-
•ekn had a very honourable seat assigned to him and his
yucceators, this being the first appearance of an archbishdp
<rf Ca|itei1>ury in a Roman synod. Nor was this all, for
286 A ]!9 S E L M;
the bishop of Lucca, one of the members, adluddd tb Ah^
selm's case in a manner so pointed, that the pope wat
obliged to promise that matters should be rectified. Whetv
the council broke up, Anselm returned to Lyons, vfh^ff
he was entertained for some time by Hugo the archbishop^
and remained there until the death of king William and
pope Urban in 1100. Henry L who succeeded WiUiam,
having restored the sees of Canterbury, Winchester, and
Salisbury, which had been seized by his predecessor. An-
telm was solicited to return to England, add on bis arrival
at Ciugny, an agent from the king presented him with «i
letter of invitation to his bishopric, and an excuse for his
majesty^s not waiting until Anselm's reti|rn, and receiv-
ing the crown from the hands of another prelate.
. When he came to England, September 1100^ be was^
received with extraordinary respect by the king and peo^^
pie, but it being required that he should be re-inveSted hy
the king, and do the customary 'homage of his predeces«>
sors, he refused to comply, alledging the canons of thtf
late synod at Rome about investitures. This synod eiccom^
inunicated all lay persons, who should give investitures for
abbies or cathedrals, and all ecclesiastics receiving inves-
titures from lay hands, or who came under the tenure of
homage for any ecclesiastical promotion, were put under
the same censure. Displeased as the king was with Aii«
selm*s adherence to this law, he was not sufficiently estab-
lished on the throne to hazard an . open rupture, and it was
therefore agreed that the dispute should rest until Easter
following, and in the mean time both parties were to send
iheir agents to Rome, to try if they could pevsuade the
pope to dispense with the canons of the late synod in rela«
tion to investitures. About this time, Anselm summoned
a synod to meet at Lambeth, on occasion of the king*s in«
tended marriage with Maud or Matilda, eldest daughter of
Malcolm king of Scotland, and in this synod it was deter^i*
mined, that the king might lawfully marry that princess,
notwithstanding she was generally reported to be a nun^
having worn the veil, and had her education in a religious
house. Soon after the marriage, which Anselm celebrated,
he was of signal service to king Henry against his brother
the duke of Normandy, who had invaded England, and
landed with a formidable army at Portsmouth, as he not
only furnished the king with a large body of men, butwai
very active, likewise, in preventing a revolt of the great
A N S E L Ma 2Sr
men from him. To engage the primate to perform these
services^ we are assured by Eadmer, bis friend, secretary^
and biographer, that the king solemnly promised to go*
Tern the kmgdom by his advice, and submit in all thing*
to the will of the pope, a promise which he seems to have
kept no longer than danger was in view.
The agents, sent by the king and the archbishop to
Rome, being returned, brought with them a letter from
pope Paschal to the king, in which his holiness absolutely
refused to dispense with the canons concerning investi-
tures. The king, on his part, resolved not to give up
what for some reigns had passed for part of the royal pre-
rogative, and thus the difference was continued betweea
the king and Anseim. In this dispute the majority of the
bishops and temporal nobility were on the court side ; and
some of them were very earnest with the king, to break
entirely with the see of Rome ; but it was not thought ad-
viseable to proceed to an open rupture without trying a
Darther expedient ; and therefore fred^ agents were dis-
patched by the king to Rome, with instructions to offer
the pope this alternative ; either to depart from his former
declaration, and relax in the point of investitures, or to
be content with the banishment of Anseim, and to lose
the obedience of the English, and the yearly profits ac«
eruing from that kingdom. At the same time, Anseim
dispatched two monks, to inform the pope of the menaces
of the English court. But the king's ambassadors could
not prevail with the pope to recede firom his declaration ;
his holiness protesting he would sooner lose his life than
cancel the decrees of the holy fathers, which resolution he
signified by letters to the king and Anselor. Soon after,
the king, having convened the great men of the kingdom
at London, sent Anseim word, that he must either comply^
with the usages of his father's reign, or quit England ; but
^e agents disagreeing iu their report of the pope's an-
swer, Anseim thought proper not to return a positive an-
swer till farther information. And thus the controversy
slept for the present. The next, year a national synod
was held under Anseim at St. Peter's, Westminster ; at
]which the king and the principal nobility were present, and
in which several abbots were deposed, for simoayi and
many canons were made. By one of these the mtfrted
^^Tfy ymre commanded to put away their wives^ and bjr
I
288 A N S E L M.
ftRother it was decreed that the soi^s of priests* sbontd not
l;e heirs to their fathers' churches.
. The king had an interview with the archbishop about
mid-lent, 1 103, in which he laboured both by threats and
promises, to bring him to do homage for the tem;)oraliti69
ef his see, but when he found him iuflexiblej he joined
with<the bishops and nobility in desiring Anselm to take a
journey to Rome, to try if he could persuade the pope to
relax, and Anselm accordingly set out, April 29. At the
same time, the king dispatched one Williain Warelwast to
Borne, who, arriving there before Anseim, solicited for
the king his master, but to no purpose, as the pope per-
sisted in refusing to grant the king the right of investiture.
Bat, at the same time, his holiness wrote a very ceremo-
/ftious letter to ,the king of England, entreating him to
vave the contest, and promising all imaginable compliance
in other matteri^. Anselm, having, taken leave of the court
of Rome, returned to Lyons, where he received a sharp
and reprimanding . letter from a monk, acquainting him
with the lamentable condition of the province of Canter-
bury, and blaming him for absenting himself at such a
critical time. During the arphbisbop^s stay at Lyons, the
king sent another embassy to Rome, to try if he could
prevail with the pope to bring Anselm to a submission.
But the pope, instead of being gained, excommunicated
some of the English court, who had dissuaded the k^ng
from parting with the investitures, yet be declined pro*
Qouncing any censure against the king. Anselm, per*
ceiving the court of Rome dilatory in its proceedings, re-
moved from Lyons, and made a visit to the countess Adela^
the conqueror's daughter, at her castle in Blois. Thin
lady inquiring into the business of Anselqi^s journey, he
told her that, after a great deal of patience and expecta-*
tion, he^must now be forced to excommunicate the king
ef England. The countess was extremely concerned for
her brother, and wrote to the pope to procure an accom^
Biodation. The king, who was come into Normandy,
hearing that Anselm designed to excommunicate him, de-
sired his sister to bring him with her into Normandy, with
a promise of condescension in several articles. To this
Anselm agreed, and waited upon the king at a castle
called L^Aigle, July 1105, where the king restored to
l^im the revenues of the archbishopric^ but would Diot4)er''
A N S E L M. 289 '
mit htm to come into England, unless he would comply in
the affair of the investitures, wbich Anselm* refusing, con-^
tinned in France, till the matter wa^ once more laid before
the pope< But now the English bishops, who had- taken
part with the court against Anselm, began to change their
minds, as appears by their letter directed to him in Nor-*.
mandy, in which, after having set forth the deplorable
state of the church, they press him to come over with all
speed, promising to stand by him, and pay him the regard
due to his character. This was subscribed by Gerrard
archbishop of York, Robert bishop of Chester, Herbert
bishop of Norwich, Ralph bishop of Chichester, Sapi-
son bishop of Worcester, and William: elect of Win^
Chester. Anselm expressed his satisfaction at this conduct,
of the bishops, but acquainted them that it was not in hia
power to return, till he was farther informed of the pt<i*.
ceedings of the court of Rome. In the mean time, being
told, that the king had fined some of the clergy for a . la^e.
breach of the canons respecting marriage, he wrote to hia
highness to complain of that stretch of his prerogative^.
At length the ambassadors returned from Rome,- and
brought with them a decisiop more agreeable. than the for*
mer, for now the pope thought fit to make ^ome advances
towards gratifying the king, aud though he would not
give u|> the point of investitures, yet he dispensed so far
as to ,giv^ the bishops and abbots leave to do homage for
their temporalities. The king, who was highly pleased
witlx this condescension in d)e pope> sent immediately to
ipvite A^^^e.lm to England ; but the messenger finding him
sicks ^^ kt^ himself went over into Normandy, and
.visit^4, hinoi at.tlye abbey of £ec, where all differences be*
twj^en thfi^ were completely adjusted. ; As soon as Anselm
Xecoyere4^, h^ epnbarked for England, and landing at Do*
ifer, .was.jff^l^ived with ej^traordinary marks of welcome^
tl^e quefin.berself travelling before him upon the road, to
Jijco^de (or. his. better jentertainment. From this time very
ittlef^pp^ued in the life of thi^ celebrated • prelate, ex*
cept;i^g o^ly his., contest with Thom^s^ archbishop ele^pt of ^
Vorjko/.whpi endeayouried.to di$engag,e himself .froqi a de*
I^'^PfrJ^.^Pc^^ s^e. of .Canterbury ^ but although. Ansj^lni'
dlfa;be^rej^^^ was ojbligg^itf^
comply, ana' make his ;iu|>wia0ioc)L as.^ual to rt))e w^r
Vol. IL U
2»0 A N S E L al»
thb ««v#nty-^i^th yeat of hie ^ig^ Md tke iiev^ttteeiiih «f
JuBprekey^ April ei, HOD.
Aitt^lm'ft chamt^l^T) in his own titnes, Appears to httv^
b^N^ tbut of a mftn of ardent pidty, extensive lenming^
dtid ^reat firmtiess and constancy in pursuing the measures
whieh he tHonght most conducive tp the interests of th^
dhuft^fa. tid«r far he acted right in his adherence to the
]l^apal dotninic^n, cannot be judged from what is now
th.6ught nn that <»ubjecl, but what was tlien either law or
|kitiH:iee. There can be no doubt that in the early ages of
^b^ English churchy the pope had a kind of patriarchal
pMrtt in England, aod although we find instances of dis*
putes between some of our kings and the couit of Rome On
thia subject^ we generally also find that they ended in thes
svlbmission 6f the former, or in such a compromise as th^
HHitual intereitii of the contending parties required for a
teitaporary truce. Never until the reformation was the
l^iht completely settled, although it svas, until that pt'^
liod, a perpetual source of litigation, and sometiittes, it
rtUst be eoUfessed^ our monarchs shewed a firmness that
ihighthave deprived the court of Rome of her boasted
supremacy, hftd they not beeli thwarted by the supersti*
fiouft fears Of thfei'r subjects.
m^ private life is allowed -to have been pious, humble,
and ^xemplaty^ and his works, which are partly schdastical^
and partly devotional, prove that he was a" man t)f first
ifeattiing andgehius in his time. Like Augustihe,- whom
he neeink to have followed as his model, and whose ** Medii.
tatiOAfl,** as ifcey are cfeHed, are chiefly abstracts from Ah^
Smith's WWks, heabouftds'both in profound arg;^ttmetitiition oA
the rtiost abstrtrsfe %.f»d difficult subjects, and in tievout stenti*-
Iftehl^ onpi^actical religion. Brucker, after tertjarfclirg th^;
1*^ apfplied the subttety of logic to theology, giVe?i a:s an eit^
i^#ple of h^Vefit^^ttten t, his argunients for thebrfAg' bf Gbff,
flferivea floih thb Abstract idea of the deity, fefterwafdb i^-
Wttifea by iWs Cirtes. His 'writings on theVill bf©^
oft Jfre^ vtill^' tfittb, the eonsifetency of the doct^Jft^ ij^ditine
j>r|?Sei6n^. with that of predestlfiation, knd ' dttifer .^Mmls,
.iftilch Kbotirid "ih logl<ial an^ inetajphysical ibslractlotil,
es'fittehiift to tlhe honour df-havfeg kfgelf ^ct^tit^ribut^ tbl
«^ifeft::ii«^j^fi«g'fte4ay fer «te «:helaftic^sv^sfeiti/^^?fcfe
^' HiiHSr6?fe4»4veSb^'^ft<-tl^Peprint4a.'''1^^ SSSb^
A N S K L M. «»1
is tbat of Nuremberg, 1491^ fd.' The best k said to bf
that of Gerberon, Paris, 1675, reprbted in 1721, and a^aiii
at Venice^ 1744, 2 vols, folio. In the library. ef hyont*
there is a beautiful manuscript of his Meditations an4
prayers. His printed works consist of, U ^* Epistolami^
Jibri iv." 2. ^ Monobgium, seu soUloquium.** $. •* Pro-
sologium, seu alloquium.'' 4. '< Liber incesrti autoris pro^
insipiente adversus Anfelini Prosologium." S-4 ** Uiamr
contra insipientem, seu apologeticus adversus UkMOim pre^
cedentem." 6. *« Dialogus de vefitate." 7. *^ Dialpgup
de libero arbitrio.*' 8. '^ Diaiogus de casu diaboH/'
9. '^ Disputatio dialectica de grammatica.*' 10. ^^Trao*
tatus de sacramento altaris, seu de corpore et sanguine
Domini." 1 1. " Liber de fide, seu de Incarnatione Ver|)i/'
12. " De Buptiis consauguineorum/* 18. " Libri ii. <:oa-
tra gentiles, cur Deus homo.'' 1 4. ^^ De processione Spi«-
ritus Sancti, contra Graecos." 15. '* Dp conceptu Vir^»
ginali active, et peccato priginali.'* 16. ** Fragmenta va^
riorum Anselmi tractatuum de conceptu Virgiaali pa^sivo.'^
17. ^^ De tribus Walleranni questionibus ac proBseitim de
fermento et azymo." 18. " De sacramentorum diversi**
tate." 19. *^ Concordia prescientise, prsedestinationis, et
jjratisB cum libertate." 20. *^ Liber de voluntate Dei."
21. " Meditationum libri x." 22. " Liber de saiuJte ani^
maj.'* 23. *^Meditatio ad sororem de beneficiis Dei.**
24« ^^ Meditatio de passione Christi.'' ^5, ^^ Alloquia
•caslestia, rivet faculas pix)ruma£Pectuum,^' &c, 26^ ^'Mao^-
iissa meditationum et orationum ia quinque partes tributa.*f
27. '* Hymni et psalterium in commemoratione DeipBrad.*^
38. ^* Liber de excelientia gloriosse Virginis Mai^ise.**
S9. ** Liber de quatuor virtutibus B. Mariac, ej usque mb^
limitate.'^ 30. *^ Passio S8. Guigneri sive Fingaris, Pialap,
«t Sociorum.'' 31. ^^ Liber exbortationum ad contenoptum
temporalium et derideriuQi aeternorum." 32. ^' Adfoouitjo
pro moribundo.*' 83. *^ Parsenesis ad virginem Ispsam.*'
8#. ^ Sermo sive liber de beatitudine." Z6, ** Hooulia
in illud, Introit Jesus in quoddam castellttm.*^ 36. '< H0«
mdiias in aliquot Evangelia." 87. *^ Carmen de contempta
mundi, et alia carmtna." Theoe. ane some othet pieoe$
ascribed to Anselm in the edition of Cologne,, 1612 ; and
in the edition of Ly6ns, li^Spj bvjit; th^ ace., generally-'
thought supposititLousi.
It yet remains to be noticed that Aftselflpi- Mfas eanoni^edt
in the xeigo of Henry VII. at the mstapqe of cardii^Mor*
V 2
292 ANSEL M.
toD, theti archbishop of Canterbury, a singular m&rk of
Teiieration for one who bad been dead so long. His life
was written by Eadmer, the historian^ his secretary, and
by John of Salisbury, but the account given by the latter
is deformed by many supposed miracles.^
ANSELME DE St. Mary (or Peter de Goibours),
commonly called father, of Paris, of the Augustine order,
died^at Paris, in the 69th year of his age, in 1694. He
was the author of a very elaborate work, entitled *^ His-
toire genealogiqUe et chronologique de la maison de France,
et des grands officiers de Ja couronne,'* 1673, 2 vols. 4t0.
The second edition was published with considerable addi-
tipns in 1712, by M. du Fourni, auditor of accounts, who
did not, however, put his name to it. In 1725 father
Ange, an Augustin monk, and Simplicien, of the same
order, projected a continuation of this work which extended
to nine vols. fol. and appeared in 1726 and the following
years. It contains a vast stock of historical information,
derived from sources not easily accessible, and much bio-
graphical matter. Bayle mentions that Anselme had made
preparations for a general history of the sovereign house of
Europe, part of which h^ left in manuscript. *
ANSELME (Antony)> a celebrated French preacher,
was born at Isle-en-Jourdain, a small town of Armagnac,
Jan. 13, 1632; and first distinguished himself by odes and
other poetical compositions, which were afterwards less
esteethed. Being appointed tutor to the marquis D'Antin
l>y his father 'the marquis Mentespan, Anselme removed
to Paris, and acquired great fame in that metropolis by
his sermons, and especially by his funeral orations. It
was observed, however, that although elegant in style,
they wanted much df that fervency which touches the
heart. His noble pupil caused to be revived the place of
historian of buildings, and bestowed it on Anselme; and
the Academy of Painting, and that of Inscriptions and
belles lettres, admitted him a member. Towards the
close t)f life he retired to the abbey of St. Severe in Gas-
cony, where he enjoyed the pleasures which his books and
fais garden afforded, and became a public beni^factor r pi*o->
. tpaj-iccr de.J^ntiq. Britan. £colc8.-«-Wbaiton'f Anglia Sacra. — Eadiqen
Hist.<--Tamier BIbl. who'givei a lilt of hfs MSS. and th9 libraries In which they
are to be found.— Biog, Britanaica.— Henrjr^s Sist. of Great Britain, vol. V.
p.^80.>rol. VI ^ p. )2S^.«^3odvia de Pretalibus 4 RicbardtoQ.-^AralMolofia,
viiK i,' p. 5;^.r-Mitner*t Churqk Hist vol. II f. pw 335.r-SaxiL Onomatticon.
' > l^u^t. Hist -bMem. of Lkerature. to!. X/*«'Morerl«-<-Bio(: UfiiirarMlle«
A N S E L M E. 393
jecting new roads, decorating churches, founding hoipitals,
and by his discreet interposition, adjusting the di(£ereii-«
ces which fell out among the country people. He died'
Aug. 18, 1737, in his ninety-sixth year. His works are a-
collection of ^^ Sermons, Panegyriques, & OraisoM Fune«
bres,'* 7 vols. 8vo. The ** Sermons" h&ve been reprinted'
in 6 vols. 12mo. He has also several '^ Dissertations" in
the Memoirs of the Academy of Inscriptions, from the
year 1724 to 1729. »
ANSELME (Antony) of Antwerp, a very eminent law-
yer, died in his 80th year in 1668, and left several works
on civil law, written with method and perspicuity. These
are, ** Codex Belgicus,*' Antwerp, 1649, fol. <<Tribuni-.
anus Belgicus," Brussels^ 1663, fol. A collection of
^< Edicts," 1648, 4 vols, fol.; and another of <^ Consulta-
tions," published at Antwerp in 1671, fol. All his works
are written in Latin. '
ANSELME (George), a Latin poet of the sixteenth-
century, was bom at Parma, of a very ancient family, and
was afterwards eminent as a physician, and a man of general
literature. The volume which contains his poetry, an^ is
very scarce, is entitled ^^ Georgii Anselmi Nepotis Epi*
grammaton libri septem: Sosthyrides : Palladis Peplus ;
Eglogae quatuor," Vfenice, 1528, 8va He took the title
of Nepos to distinguish himself from another George An-
selme, his grandfather, a mathematician and astronomer,
who died about 1440, leaving in manuscript ^< Dialogues
on Harmony," and *^ Astrological institutions." Our au«
thor wrote, besides his poems, some illustrations of Plautus,
under the title of ^^ Epiphyllides," which are inserted in
Sessa's edition of Plautus, Venice, 1518; and had before
appeared in the Parma edition of 1509, fol. He wrote
also the life of Cavicco or Cavicio, prefixed to his romance
of ^^Libro de Peregrino," Venice, 1526, 8vo, and 1547. •
He died in 1528.
ANSLO (Reiner), a Dutch poet of considerable cele-
brity in his own country, was. born at Amsterdam in 1622.
In 1649 he travelled to Italy, where he acquired great re**
putation as a writer of Latin verse. Pope Innocent X.
gave him a beautiful medal for a poem which he had com«
posed on occasion of the juhilee cetebrated in 1650, an^
queen Christina g^ve him a gold chain for a poem in Dutcli
^ Moreri, — pict Hist— Biog. UniTeinelle,
I Pict, Hittw-'-Feppcn Bibl. Belf . 9 J^iQg, Unifen^Qo,
!2M A N S L 0«
which he addressed to bsr. Some have discorered in his
p<iems an inclination for the Roman catholic religion* He
died at Peroose in Italy> May 16, 1669. The collection
of his works was printed at Rotterdanii 1715, 8vo; and
contains the ** Crown of St Stephen the martyr/' pub«»
lished in 1646; and his tragedy of the '^Parisian miptiak^
or the massacre of St» Bartholomew^" which first appeared
ia 1649.^
ANSON (George), an eminent naval commander, and
disiin|^ished nobieman> of the eighteenth century, was
descended from an ancient and respectable family, which
had long been settled in Staffordshire. He was bom at
Shngborough manor, in the parish of Colwicbi in that
dounty, on the2Sd April, 1697, being the third son of
William AnsM, esq^ by Eli:^abeth, eldest daughteV and
ooheir of Robert Carrier, esG^. of Wirksworth in Derby-
shire. The navy being Mr. Anson^s choice, be went early
to sea; and on the 9th of May 1716, was made second
Itetstenanl of his majesty's ship the Hampshire, by sir
John Nonis, commander in chief of a squadron sent to the
Baltic. In the following year, he was again in the Baltic,
in the fleet commanded by sir George Byng ; and on the
15th of March, 1717<8, was appointed secood lieute*
Bant of the MoniUigu, belonging- to sir George Byng's
squadron, ia the expedition to Sicily ; and was present in
the celebrated action near that island, by which the Spanish
fleet was effectaally destroyed, and the designs of the
king of Spain against Sicily received a very considerable
check. On the 1 9th June 1 722, he was preferred to be
master and commander of the Weazel sloop ; and on the
first of Febrnary 1723-4, be was raised to the rank of
post-captain^ and to the command of the Scarborough
nail of war. In this ahip he was ordered to South Caro*
Kna, in which station he continued above three years;
and while he resided in that province, he erected a town,
Anton Boorgh, and gave name to a bounty, which is still
called Anson toonty. Being commanded home in Octo-
ber 192T9 he returned to England in the foUowing springs
and was paid off in May 1728. On the 1 Ith of October,
m the same ye^, he was appointed captain of the Garlaad
mm of war, and went out in her to South Canrfina ; from
ishenoe he was ordered hack, m December 1729» a^d the
' Biof. UnvtoMne*
A N 3 O N. ei<
$bip was put out of commissiofn at She^rness. He did not|
bowe?er| .remain long out of employ, for oh the IStb or
May I73l» the command of the Diamondi one of .tb#
tquAdron iu the Dowqp, was bestowed upon bini| vihiok
be held about three months, when the Diamond was paid
off. On the 2 ^th January 1731-2, he was again called
into public service, and appointed captain of the Squirr^}
aaaa of war ; in which ship he was orderedi in the follow*,
ing April, for South Carolina. This was the third time of
his being placed upon that station, and it was probably
peculiarly agreeable to him, on account of the property bf
bad acquired, and the settlement he had made in the pro»
rince. Here be continued till the spring pf the year ni9$
when«» in consequence of an order given in Oecembef
1734, be returned to England; and, in the month of Juoei
was paid oflf at Woolwich, In these several f mployme];kts
he conducted himself with an ability and discretion which
gave general satisfaction. On the 9tb of December ]17S7,
be was put into the command of the Centurion^ aod^ iii
February following, ordered to the coast 9f Quinea $ ao4
returned home in July 1739. In this voyiige fa9 execut^
with great prudence and fidelity^ the directions of govern^
ment *, and obliged the French to desiat from their atti^mM
to hinder our tnuie on that coast, without coming tp ai^
action, at a time when it would have been v#ry iiicgave*
Bient to the British court to have had an <^ea rtq^ttrii vfitk
France-
Mr. Anspn^s conduct, in his various situations a^d em-
ployments, had produced so favourable an opinion gS hia
capacity and spirit^ that when, in the war which broke out
with Spain in 1739, it was determined to attack the Spa«
Aish American settkmentt in the great Pacific Qceao^ and
by this means to afiect them in their most senuble parts^
he was fixed upon to be the commander of the fleet which
was designed for that purpose. As the history of thia ex^
pedilion, which laid the foundation of ]m fvvture fortunesy
ha^ in cooaequcuce of the excellent accoiint of it, wri^ttea
by the late Mr. Robins, aud the curioua a^d interesting
oaturse of the subject, been more read than perhaps any
work ^ the kind ever publiidied, it is not pocessary ta
^ive a detail of it htm. It may suffice to aay» that hk de«
pavtuse fattkig nnacoountably delayed some saotHfaft beyond
the pnaper aeaeoui he sailed about die middle of Septem^^
Vo M4^; and towrards the vernal equino:ii;^ io thid miosi;
296 ANSON.
tempestuous weather, arrived in the latitude of Cape Horn,
He doubled that dangerous cape in March 1741, after a
bad passage of 40 days, iii which he lost two ships, and by
the scurvy four or five men in a day. He arrived off Juan
Fernandes in June, with only two ships, besides two at«
tendants on the squadron, and i35 men. He left it iti
September, took some prizes, and burnt Paita ; and staid
about the coast pf America till May 1742. He then
crossed the Southern ocean, proceeding with the Centurion
only, (he other ships having been destroyed in Angust.
Having refreshed his crew at Tinian, he sailed in October
for China; staid there till the beginning of 1743 ; waited
for the galleon at the Philippine islands, met her on the
20th of June, and took her. Having sold the prize in
China, he set sail for England, December 1743, and on
the 15th of June 1744, arrived at Spithead.
It may be necessary, however, to mention some circum*
stances in this expedition, which more immediately relate
to the personal character of Mr. Anson, and which indicate
the turn of his mind. Before his departure, he took care
to furnish himself with the printed journals of the voyages
to the South-seas,* and the best manuscript accounts he
could procure of all the Spanish settlements upon the
coasts of Chili, Peru, and Mexico, which be afterwards
carefully compared with the examinations of his prisoners,
and the information of several intelligent persons who fell
into his hands ; and, through the whole enterprize, he
acted with remarkable discretion, and with a calmness
which particularly distinguishes his character. When he
was ready to depart from St Catherine's, and considered
that his own ship might possibly be lost, or disabled from
getting round Cape Horn, he gave such directions to the
other commanders, as would have prevented the under*
taking being abandoned, even in that case. His humanity
was displayed at the island of Juan Fernandes, in his as-
sisting with his own labour, and obliging the officers, with*^
out distinction, to give their helping hand in carrying the
sick sailors, in their hammocks, to shore; At the same
place he sowed lettuces, carrots, and other gaiden plants;
^nd set, in the woods, a great -variety of plumb, apricot,
and peach-stones, for the better accommodation of his
eountrymen who should hereafter touch there ; and he bad
afterwards pleasing intelligence of their growth from Spa«
nish navigators. Frpm a like attention, commodpre Ansos'
A N S O I^, S9t
was particularly industrious in directing the roads and
coasts to be surveyed, and other observations to be made,,
to facilitate future voyages in those s^s. His integrity
and generosity in the tvtatment of some female prisoners
who had fallen into his hands, and his care to prevent
theit meeting wi^ any degree of rudeness, from a set of
sailors who had not seen a woman for nearly a twelvemonth,
are greatly to his honour. There was, indeed, nothing
from which he derived greater credit, or which reflected
greater glory on the English nation, than his behaviour to
his prisoners in general, and particuljtrly to the women.
Though his force was rendered very weak by the sickness
and death of great numbers of his men, and by the sepa*
ration or loss of the larger part of his small squadron, he
was always intent upon contriving some scheme, by which,
if possible, the design of his expedition might be answered*
When no purpose was likely to be effectual, but the tak-
ing of the Acapulco ship (the galleon above-mentioned),
he pursued that plan with the greatest sagacity and perse-
verance. In no instance was the fortitude of his mind
more tried, than when the Centurion was driven out to
sea, from the uninhabited island bf Tinian ; himself, many
of the officers, and part of the crew, being left on shore.
In this gloomy and disconsolate situation, he preser^^ed
his usui^l composure and steadiness, though he could not
be without his share of inward disquietude. He calmly
applied to every measure which was likely to keep up the
courage of his men, and to facilitate their departure from
the island. He personally engaged in the most laborious
part of the work which was necessary in the construction
of a vessel for this purpose ; and if was only upon thie
pleasing and unexpected news of the return of the Cen-
turion, that, throwing down his axe, he by his joy broke
through, for the .first time, the equable and unvaried cha-
racter which he had hitherto preserved. Commodore
Anson, when he was at Macao, exerted great spirit and
address in procuring the necessary aid from the Chinese,
for the refitting of his ship. In the scheme of taking the
Manilla galleon, and in the actual taking of it, he displayed
united wisdom and courage; nor did the accustomed
calmness of his mind forsake him on a most trying occa-
sion, when, in the moment of victory, the Centurion was
dangerously on fire near the powder-room. During his
subsequent stay at Canton, he acted, in all respects, with
»a A N S O N.
the greatest spirit, and finnly mauitamed the priviU^
and honour of the British fiag. The perlb witU which ^
bad been so often threateoed^ pursued him tq tb&,.,k^^
for on bis arrivsl in England, be found th^^t ha ha4 9»ilt^
ibrough the midst of a French fleet than cruising ii\ thj^
channel, from which he had the wbolo time been pon»
celled by a fog.
Mn Anson, a few days after his return int<^ bis own
country^ was made a rear-admiral of the biue^ and in a
irery short time» he was chosen member of ' parliament
foir Heydon in Yorkshire. On the 27ib December 1744|
when the duke of Bedford was appointed first lord of the
admiralty, he was appointed one of the commissioner^
of the admiralty ; and on the 2 ad of April, in the follow-
iiig year, was made a rear-admiral of the white. On tho
)4th of July 1746» he was raised to the rank of vice-ad<*
sural ; and in the latter end of that year, ao4 beginning of
1747, be commanded the squadron in the channel service,
and bore the inconveniencies of a long, and tenopestu^us
ivinter navigations with bis usual patience and persever*
anoe. Nothing wpuld have frustrated tlie Success of this
expedition, but the accidental inteUigence which was
given, by the master of a Putcb vessel, to the duke cf
P^Arville's fleets of admiral Anson*s station and intention.
jHoweVer, being employed again early in ^the ensuing
spring, be had an opportunity of rendering a very signal
service of bis country. Being then on bmrd the Prince
George, of 90 guns, with rear-admiral Warren, in the
jDevon&bire» and twdve ships more under bis command^
he intercepted, on tbe 3d of May 1747, off Cdfe fU
nisterre, a considerable fleet, bound from FraMe to the
^East and West Indies, and laden with mercbendise, Ireik
sure, and warlike stores i and took m men of war^ w4
four East Indiamen, not one of tbe eaemy's vessels cf w^
escaping* By this successful exploit, be defeated tbe
pernicious designs of two hostile expeditions^ and made e
considerable addition to tbe force and riches of our own
kingdom. M. St George, captain of the Invincib]e| in
allusion to the names of two of the ships which ba4 .been
taken, and pointing to them at tbe same time^ said, when
he presented bis sword to tbe coni^ueror, ^^ MonsieuiTt vous
avez vaineu l^Inioincible^ et la Gioire vous sui^t.** Oo t^
1 3th of June following, tbe king raised him to tbe bonoupr
ef an English peerage^ by tbe style and title oi lord Anson,
baron of Soberton, in the county of Southampton; and
A N S Q N. 9B^
hh lordship made choice of a motto^ ^ very happily suited
to biss perils and his successes, Nil desperandum. Oa
the f25th of April 1748» he married Elizabeth, eldest
daughter of Philip lord Hardmckey at that time lord high
chancellor of Great Britain; but his lady died without
issue en the ist of June 1760.
On the 12tb of July 1749, bis lordship was made vice*
admiral of Great Briuin, an appointment that. is more of
a civil than a military nature ; but which^ nevertheless, is
always given to a military man. On the 12th of June
1751, he was preferred to be first commissions of the
admiralty^ in the room of the earl of Sandwich ; and in
the years 1752 and 1755, be was one of the lords justices
of the kingdom, during his majesty's absence. The aflair
of Minorca occasioned him to be much blamed by the
party writers of the time, in his character of first lord of
the admiralty ; but when this was inquired into, the reso*
Itttionsof the House of Commons acquitted him and his
colleagues of any neglect of duty. Ou the 16th of No«»
vemb^ 1756, upon a change of administration, he re*
signed his office in the admiralty ; but, having been in
the interval made an admiral, he was again placed at the
head of the board, where he continued during the remain*
der of his life. He came in >with his old friends, the duke
«f Newcastle and the earl of Hardwicke, and in the most
hcmourable manner ; for he resumed his seat with the con-
currence of every individual in the ministry, Mr, Pitt re-
turning the seals aa secretary of state, and with the parti-
cidar approbation of king George I). All the rest of bia
condtici, as first commissioner of the admiralty, was crowned
with success, under the most glorious administration which
this countjry ever saw. The last time that be commanded at
sea, was in 1758, to cover the expedition against the coast
of Fmnceu Being then admiral of the white, and having
koisted bis flag on board the Royal George, of 100 guns,
he sailed from Spithead, on the first of June^ with a for-»
ntdaUe fleet, sir Edward Hawke serving under him ; and
by cruising coAtinually before Brest, he protected the de^
Qceeta whidii were made that summer at St. Malo\ Cher*<
Wiftpg, &c The French fleet not venturing to come out^
he kept hia own squadron and seamen in constant exercise ;
a thing which be thought bad been too much disregarded^
On the SOth of July 1761, bis lordship was raised to the *
iigaky of a4mind and commander in chief of the fileet ;
SOO A N S O N,
\
txii in a few days be sailed from Harwich, in the Charlotte
yacht, to convoy her present majesty to England. In 1762,
he went to Portsmouth, to accompany the queen's brother,
prince Charles of Mecklenburgh, and to show him the
arsenal, and the fleet which was then upon the point of
sailing,, under the command of sir George Pocock, for the
Havannah. In attending the prince, however, he caught
a violent cold, that was accompanied with a gouty dis«-
order, under which he languished two or three months.
This cold, at length, settled upon his lungs, and was the^
immediate occasion of his death. He died, at his seat at
Moor Park, in Hertfordshire, on the 6th of June 1762j
and was buried in the family vault at Colwich. His cha-
racter may be justly estimated from the particulars we have
given. In his official department, he acted with great
judgment, and was a steady friend to merit. Of his pri^
vate virtues, it is a sufficient test that he was never the
object of slander or blame. It has, indeed, been asserted
that he was addicted to gaming; but the author of the life
we have followed in this account denies the chargie, admit-
ting only that he played for iamusement. He left his for«
tune to his brother Thomas Anson, esq. who was mdmbei^
of parliament for Lichfield, a gentleman well known fop
his liberal patronage of, and his exquisite skill in, the {\M
arts« On his decease, the united fortunes of the family
devolved to his nephew, by his eldest sister, George
Adams, esq. who assumed the name of Anson.
The history of lord Anson^s voyage, although published
tinder the name of Mr. Walter, we have attributed to Mr:
Robins. A general and uncontradicted report bad fop
many years prevailed, that the work was drawn up. by MtL
Robins, nor was this % vague report, but grounded onr
positive testimony. Dr. James Wilson had publicly as-*'
serted the faet, in the short account of Mr. Robins, which
he prefixed to bis edition of the mathematical tracts of
that ingenious writer \ and Mr. Martin in the life of Robina
in his <^Biographia Philosophica,'' speaks positively to
the same purpose, although probably on Dr. Wilson's k\\^
thopity. iSoon after the publication, however, of the first;
volume of the Biographia Britannica, in which the. same
assertion was repeated, the widow of Mr, Walter . ad-»
dressed a letter to the editor of that work, maintaining Mr,
Walter's claim as author of the work ; but in our opinion
]ber proofs are far from affording more than a 'probay[>iUw>(
ANSON. 301
In our article of Robins this dispute Mrill be* ndreirted to
more particularly. ^
ANSON (Peter Hubert), a miscellaneous French
writer, was born at Faris, July 18, 17.44^ and at first was
in practice as a lawyer, but afterwards was taken into the
office of'thecontptroller general of finances, and becaoie
successively receiver-general for Dauphiny, a member of
the central Committee of receivers-*general, a deputy of
the constituent assembly, and farmer of the post, which
last place he filled until his death, Nov. 20, 1810. During
the reign of terror, he was long concealed in the bouse of
one of the members of the Jacobin club, to whom he pro-
mised a pension for this service, which he afterwards paid
most punctually. He was considered as an able financier,
and a man of much taste in literature. He wrote, 1 . ^' Anec-
dotes sur le famille de Le Fevre, de la branche d'Ormesson,**
printed in the Journal Encyclopedique for 1770. 2. " Deux
memoires historiques sur les villes de Mi(ly et de Nemours,
printed in the ** Nouvelles rechercbes sur la France," 1766,
2 vols. l2mo. 3. ** Les deuK seigneurs, ou TAlcbymiste,**
sT comedy, 1783, partly written by M. L.Th. Herissant.
4. A translation of Anacreon, 1795, :i vols. 12mo, of which
the notes are thought preferable to the text. 5. A tranria*-
tion of Lady Montague^s letters. 6. Several Reports to the
Constituent Assembly, short pieces in various collections,
and songs, &c.*
ANSTEY (Christopher); an ingenious poet of the
eighteenth century, was born Oct. 31,1 724. He was the son
of the Rev. Christopher Anstey, D. D. by Mai'y, daughter
of Anthony Thompson, esq. of Trumpington, in Caih«^
bridgeshire. He was first educated at Bury St. Edmunds^
under the Rev. Arthur Kinsman, Skd thence removed to
Eton, where he was distinguished for industry and taients%
In 1742 he succeeded to a scholarship of King^s College,
Cambridge, and soon added to his fame as a classical
scholar by the Tripos verses which he wrote for theXIIatn-
bridge commencement, while an undergraduate in the yeiscr
1745. In the same year he was admitted fellow of Kipg^
College, and in 1746 took his bachelor's degree. He was,.
however, interrupted in his progress towards his master's
degree by having engaged in an opposition to what he
> Biographia JftriUnnica^^Wilson'tf Lift oi Robins.— ^^icholi's Uff of BowyV/
▼ol. n. p. 205.
' 3iog. Uaiv«rs«U«.
S0« A N $ T I S.
easional conformity : for which bis name appeured amongst
the ^^Tackera'* in the prints of that time. He wasap*
pointed in 1703 deputy-general to the auditors of imprest^
but he never executed this o£Sce ; and in the second ^ear
of queen Anne^s reign, one of the principal commissioners
of prizes. His love of, and great knowledge iU'the science
of arms so strongly recommended him, i\^^t April 2, 17149
the queen gave him a reversionary patent for the place of
Garter. Probably this passage in a MS letter to the lord
treasurer, dated March 14, 1711-12, relates to his having
the grant. He says, *^ I have a certain information it
would be end^d forthwith, if the lord treasurer would honour
me by speakine to her majesty at this time, which, in be-
half of the duke of Norfolk, I most earnestly desire, and
luimbly beg your lordship^s assistance therein. If it be
delayed for some days, I shall then be back as far as thp '
delivery of my petition. I am obliged to attend this morn«
ing at the exchequer, about the tin affair, and thereby^
prevented from waiting upon your lordship.** If it doei^
relate to the reversionary patent, it is evident that he lon|^
wished, and with difficulty obtained it. In the last parlia**
ment of Anne he was returned a member for Dunh^ved, or
Launceston, and he sat in the first parliament of George I.
He fell under the, suspicion of government, as favouring:
a design to restore the Stuarts, was imprisonedj and at
this critical: time Garter's place became vacant, by the
death of the venerable sir Henry St. George* He imme*
diately claimed the office, but his grant was disregarded ;
and, October £6,1715, sir John Vanbrugh, Clarenceux,
had the appointment. Unawed by power, fearless of dan-
ger, and confident in innocence, he first freed himself
from all crimiuality in having conspired against the suc«
cession of the illustrious house of Brunswick, and then proT
secuted his'^]aim to the office, of garter, pleading the right
of the late queen to give him the place. It was arguedi
that in ^ contest about the right of nomination in the reign
ol' Charles II: the sovereign gave it up, only^^tainin^ the
confirjEQatioQ V ^ the. earl mar^hars choice :. .Mr«> An^tis
urgejl, tbQt.Cliarlesjonly waved hisxlaio^^^ The matter
canje to a hearing- April 4, 1717, and tbe^^^mpetitojcs
claime4 under their ^()i^eveht grants ^ but.t^e^^nitroversy
did not end until April ,20, 171S^ wb^cf '.t^jf;^ht beij%
acknowledged to be in Mr. Anstis, he was creat^ Carter,
He had, for some time previour to this didcisioa in his
ftrour^ tref^ided in tb^ college, and by degi'ee^ gained tbd
good opinion and favour of the gbverninecftl. He even
obtained a patent under the great sea^ giving the* office
^f garter to hiniy and bis son John Anstii junior, esq*, and
to the suf'vivor of tjiem : this passed June 8, 1727, only
two days before the death of George I. He died at liiii
feat, at Mortlake in Surrey, on! Sunday, March 4, 1744-5;
and was buried the 23d of that month, in a vault in th0
Jiarish' church of Dtilo in Gbrnwall. In hi to, it is said, were
joined the learning of Camdeti and the industry, without the
inaccuracy, of sir William Dugdale. ' lie was certainly almost
indefatigable and able officer at arms ; and though he lived
to the age of seventy- six, yet there is room to wonder at
the extent of his productions, especially as he was a persoa
of great consequence, and busied with many. avocati9na
Out of the college. In 1 706, he published d ^* Letter cbn-
eerning the honour of Earl Marshal,'* 8vo. ** The form
Of. the Installation of the Garter'* 1720, 8v6. *' The'
Register of the most noble Order of the Garter, usually
failed the Black-Book, with a specimeh of the Lives ot
Ae Knights Companions," 1724, 2 vols, folio. " Obser^
vations introductory to an historical Essay on the K nighthooCf
of the Bath,'* 1725, 4to, intended as an introduction to the
history of that order, for whicii it is there said the' Society'
of Antiquaries had begun to collect materials. His ** As-'
pilogia," a discourae on seals in England, with* beautiful
draughts, nearly fit for publication, from which Mr. Drake'
read am abstract to the Society in 1735-6, andtwofbliQ
volumes of Sepulchral Monuments, Stone Circles, Crosses^
and Castles, in the three kingdoms, from which there are
e^racts in the Archaeolpgia, vol. XIIL were purchaiied^
with many other curious papers, at the sale of Mr. Anstis's
library of MSS. in 1768, by Thomas Astle, esq. F. R. and
A. S. Besides these he left five large folio volumes^ on the
^< Office, &c. of Garter King at: Arms, of Heralds and;
Pursuivants, in this and other kingdoms, both royal, prince-
ly, and such as belonged to our nobility," now in the pos*-'
•^ssioq of George Nayler, esq. York herald, and genealo*-
gi«t of the Order of the Bath, &c, '^ Memoirs of the
Families of Talbot, Carew,'Granvile, and Courtney." " The
Antiquities of Cornwall," <' Collections, relative to the
Parish of Coliton, in Devonshire," respecting the tithes^
owing to a dispute which his son, the Rev. George Anstis,
the vicar, then bad with the parishioners, in the court of
\ou IL X
906 A N S T 1 S.
cxchc^quer in 1742. The Itte Dr. Pucstrel 'possessed it<
<* Collection* relative to All SouU*^ college, ift Oxford.'*
These were very considerable, and purchased by the col-
lege. Sixty-four paged of bis Latin Answer to *^ the Case .
of Founders' Kinsmen/' were printed: in 4te, with many
coats of arms. His ^' Curia MiUtaris, or treatise on the
CQurt of Chivalry, in three books :" it is supposed that no
more than the pre&ce and contents were ever published*
Mr.) Reed had those parts ; the whole, however, was
printed in 1702, Svo : probably only for private friends^
Mr. Prior mentions this Garter in an epigram :
^ But coronetswe owe to crowns.
And lavour to a court's affection ;
By nature we are Adam's sons*
And sons of Anstis by election.*'
In the picture gallery at Oxford is a portrait of him $.
there is another in the' hall of the College at Arms. In^
the copy of his letters concerning the honour of the Earl
Marshal, purchased by George Harrison, esc).Norroy, foe
1/. 2^. at the sale of George Scott, of Woolston hall, esq..
ijrere many MS letters of Mr. Anstis to Dr. D.erham. In
Gutch's Coll. Curiosa is a curious history of visitatioa
books, under the title of ^' Nomenclator Fecialium qui
Anglian et Wallise Comitatus visit&runt, quo anno et ubi
autographa, seu apog^pha reperiuntur, per Johannem.
Anstis, Garter, principal. Regem armorum Anglicanorum,**
taken from a MS. in the library of All Souls' college in
Oxford. He married Elizabeth, daughter and heir of Mr.
Richard Cudlipp, of Tavistock in Devonshire, by whom
he had, I. John Anstis, jun. esq. who succeeded him. as
garter; 2. the Rev. George Anstis, vicar of CoUton, in
Devon, who became heir to his eldest brother ; 3, th^ Rev,
Philip Anstis, born in the college, and the same day^
December 15, 1717, baptized and registered at St Bennetts
Church, Paul's Wharf*; 4. Mary; 5. Catherine; and 6.
Rachael, born in the college, May 17, and baptized June
^1, 172ll, at iSt Rennet's. '
* Out of the «bove brothers, who sex, November 8/1736, resi|paed it
was in the churoh, died at Axraioscer Maroh 24, 1731, to another Qetmge
in 3oiiierdetohire, October 14, 1758. A»atis, B.LL. He resigned, March $6,.
Ooe of thJE^m married Elizabeth, daugh* 1739, to Henry Anstis, B.LL. who like-
I4f of iir William Pole,^Of SkaU in wise resigned it June 26, 1746. H€^
Deyonsliiref i^art. There w{is,« ^eorge died hUTh Noyember 3, 1766, in Fleet'
Aoftis, B.LL. rector of 3rad well jn £s« street, liondoi)^
I MchoU'f Bowf^j vpL Y. p^ 86d^T*NobU'f C9lle|^ of Anvs*
lA N S !r |I $. ; SQT
ANSTIS (John), esq.,LL,.D.i and F^A^S, /eldest spn aad.
Ireir of the preceding, succeeded by yirt<ue. of; the grant ,
^as^edin 1727. He hs^i been educ^ed ss a gentleman.;
commoner at Corpus. Christi college in Oxford* At the
reviva;l of the order of the Bath he was- n^atie genealogist
and registrar. He was presented by Dr. Brookes, regius
professor of civil law in Oxford^ with the degree of LL.D. >
April 22, 1749, being the opening of the Radcliffe Library.
July 21, 1736, he had beea elected a member of the
Society of Antiquaries. The margrave of Anspach, when,
invested with the order of the garter, presented him with
SOD ducats, the gold^hilted sword his highness then wore^
and gave him 100 ducats in lieu of his upper rp^e, wbichi
Garter claimed as belonging to him, by virtue of his office* ^
He spent most of his time at Mortlake, wbere^ indulging .
himself too freely with wine, it shortened his life, dyings
there December 5, 1754, aged only forty-si](. . He was
undoubtedly a man of abilities, but harsh ip his tempei^
especially towards the meo^bers of the coUegev Never .
having married, his brother, the Rey» Geprge Ai^ati$,^ l;>e-«
came his heir. The manuscripts and welUchosf n ppUectiouL '
of books which had been possessed by his father weredis*
posed of at his death. * ' ♦ * . .t
ANTELMI ( Josepq) a French ecclesiastic and antiquftryj^
wa5 born at Frejus, July 25, 1648. Whfen he had fipis^jed^
bis studies, he succeeded an un^ple, in a canppry of the
cathedral of ths^t city, and wrote a treatise ^^ De; peri^ulis
Canonicorum,'* on the dang/ers to which the lives of canons ^
are liable : this curious piece his brother Chafles intende4.
to publish, but.it remains in manu^criptr In 16 80, he
published, what W9^ {Recounted more valuable, a Latin dis«
sertation on the foundation of the church of Frejus, audits .
history, liye^ of the bishops, &f.. ;This vs[ajs. .landed as an
introduction to. a complete history of th^ city. and church,
of Frejus^ which is still in manuscript lju,16S4, on ihe
recommendation of father X«a Qhai^e* uud^r whom he had ^
Studied theology at LyoRS, h^.wa^s^pointed grand-vicar .
aodpfficia] to J. B» de Yertham^^^^rbi^hpp of Pfimiers,^ who
employed him in restoring pefice ,ts> -hi^ diocdse, which had
been disturbed by the reigale^^ a 7'ijght ,so called in Eranqe^
bv which the French king, uppu the deaith of abishopi^
claimed the revenues, and fruits of his se6* and thexoUa*
1 Klcho1s*8 Bowyer, vol. V. p. 269— Noble^ MIegt cf Am««
X 2
' '* •«- •» *'t.t *
308 ANT E L M I.
tiettof^att benefices racani in tihe diocese, befbra the ap«
poiBtmenl^ <^ a new biskop. Antelmi was so ^uccessAd
in this underlakkig, iA^t the bishop on his arrival found hi&
diocese in perfect tranqHilUty. He then continued to pro-
aecate his studies, and wrote i^veral works, particularly his
disquisition' coneeming the genuine writings of Leo the
Great, and Prosper Aquitanus, ** De veris operibus, &c.*^
1689. In this he maintains that the Capitida concerning
the grace of €rod,^ the Epistle to Demetrius, and the two
books of the Cidling of the Gentiles, ascribed te-Leo,, were
really written by Prosper. Father Quesnel was hisepponent
cm this suMect, and was the first who ascribed these book^
to* Lea, while Baronius, Sirmond, Labbe, and Noris, con-
jec!ttired that pope Celestine was the author. Quesnel an-
swered Anteliipii, and, in M. du Pin's opinion, with suoeess,
AnteIiAi''S other and more interesting work, was on the
authorship of Ae Athanasian Creed, *^Nova de Symbi^
Athanasiatny disquisitio,'* Paris, 1693, 8yo. Quesnel as^
cribpd tliis creed to Virgilius or Vigilius Thapsensis, an
Afiioafii bbhop.in the ^SLtb century ; Antelmi, and Pitbon
before fatm, to a French divine. The Greneral Dictioaary
gives a sutnmary- of the arguments on both sides.
Of Antel^i's other works, the titles may suffice: I. '^ De
a^nctife m9,xitttBs: Virginis CalUdiantin Forojuliensi dioecesi
cultu et patna, Epistola ad- V. CI. Santelem Papebjio-
chium/' ' 'This letter is published in tbe- Antwerp edition of
the Acta Sanctorum^ 16th of May. 2. *^ De braiiskitione
cbrporis S. Auxilii, Epistola ad V. CI. Ludovicum Thomas^
sinfim de Mazaoge." The bishop of Grasse^ vfho raen«
tion^ this letter, does- not tell us when it was printed^ 3. ^< De
iEtat^ S; Miirtini'Turonensis Episcopi, et quorundam ejus
gestorqm, ordii^e, anno mortuati, nee non de S. Priccio
successoi:e, Epistola ad R.P. Ant. Pagium,'* Paris, l^^S,
9V6« Anteltni and tather Pagi laboured in conjunction
d^i tbis work; ' one of them engaged in die examination of
Gregory Tuxpnensis, and the other in that of Sulpicius
SererusV '"^^^ibsertio pro unico S. Eueherio^ Lugdanensi
Epistopp^ Opus posthuinum. Accedit Concilium Bie^
giense sub Rbstagno Metrop. Aquensi anni 1285, nunc
priixto prodit integrum et notis iUustratum opera Car. An-
telmi desijgi^ati' Spisc. Grassens. Ptnpos. Foroj.*' Paris, 1726,
41o. -This work was the only one found entirely finished
among 9tir ^tb<ij(|s MSS. to which the editor has added a
Preface, and a^ short acc9ui\t of the life and writings of
ATU T %LVLh eot
Autelmi's brother, the author. ABtelnti died ^ Frejus^
Jane $1^ 1697, leaving the character of aman^f aeutenwi^
iearning, aad integrity, but credulous, and loo ready to
deal in conjecture*/
ANT£$IGNANUS(P£TEa),aii iaduatrioiisgramteamiii
was born at Rabaateins in the Idth, jcenlniry. Hti Gireak
l^rammar went through several edittons, aod he aflenvardi
published an universal graoimar^ .which proved l6fi» useMl
from the confused arrMgeinenlNi We haif e likewise hf
him an editios o£ Terence, whieh proves him to have beesa
a writer of a very l^iorious tuion* He published die eo^
medics of this poet in three different methods t ^first^ with
abort notes, aiid< the arguments of eveiy seenb, and he
marked the accents. upon ei»sry word which bed more than
two syllables^ < and likewise at the side of every, verse th^
Jdianner of scanning it In the second place, he pablsihed
thear vrith the i entire notes of almost all the audiort who
hkd written* upnt Teisenoe : and lasldy, he pubUihed them
with new. marginal notes, and a French translation and
paraphiiisp of ? the three' first comedies. He puts between
crotchets whatever is in the translation, and not earpressed
an the originals and marks with letters all the references
from the translation to the paraphrase. The various read-
ings have likewise each their parentheses, and their notes
of referenca This edition, which is not noticed by Dn
Harwobd, appears to have been printed at LyonS| by
Matthew Bon^^homme, about the yearl 5S6.*
' ANTHEMIUS, an eminent architect of the sixth ceil*
tury, was born at Thdles in Lydhai . His fetber had five
sons^ Olympius; a lawyer^ Dioacovus Und Al6xSiader,t pby^
aicians, MetrodorOs, a grammariasii tad our Antbemius,
wbo was an! eatcelletit mathematidHui, and availed btmselF
of that science in the works which he ertetedi It^appeaHi
lifcewiiie i£at he >was acquainted with the more modem
•eeicts of pbilosfrphy and. d^iemistry, as hi^rians infonh
«s ^athh could iftritate thunder and lightning, and even
th^'shoch of anearthquske* In oonaeqnence of n ttiAitig
jdiipnte withSQena^ hie netghbour^ reapeettngthe iwallt Or
winddvffs af-tbeir oontiguoaa koaseay in which Zeno*a|ikk
fieared to JNve the advantdge^ Antbemiiis playeii^ Mm a
tribk, whidi is thbs deaaribed : be arranged sev^ev^ ^etteh
QX cauldrons of water, each of them covered by the vv^f
) Gen, Pict^^MertTi. ! IUid«
510 A N T H t M I U S.
bottom of a leathern t^e vrhich rose to a naf row top, and
was artifieiiAy conveyed among the joists and rafters of
(he adjacent building. • A . fire was kindled beneath the
cauldron, land the steam of the boiling water ^cended
tkroogfathe tubes : tbe- bou^e was- shaken by the efforts of
Ae imprisoned aior, and'the trembling inhabitants wondered
that«ttecit^ was uQCOOScioiis of an earthquake which they
iek. Attanother time- the ftiends of Zeno, as they sat at
isble, were d^zisled by tber intolerable light which flashed
sa their eyes itom the lefleetiiig mirrors ^ Anthemius;
(bey were astonished by the noise which he produced from
ft collision of certain minute and sonorous particles : and
Zeno declared to tbe senate, that a mei^ obortal must yield
to the power of an antagonist who shook tbe earth with
the trident of Neptune, and imitated the thunder uid light-
ning of Jo^e.'himself. But the genius of Anthemius ap-
«peared to mosti advantage in the erection of the iiewt:burch
of St. SopUia at Xionstantiaoplei. This be undertook by
order of 'the . pemperor Jusltinian, and^was assisted by ten
thousand-workmen, whose payment, we are told, doubtless
:as a hiptttomodera^urveyGTO, was made in fine silver, add
'never delayed beyond tbe evemitg. It was completed in
five yeaor, eleven months, .aftd:ten 4ays. Gibbon bas giveh
a splendid description of tbis edifice, now*; the principal
.Turkish mosque, which continues to excite tbe fond ad-
miraticn of the i Greeks,^ and the more nusoual curiosity of
European travellers. Anthemdrus died, about the year 5^4.
'He is said to iiave written on the sid>jectof machinery,
and Diipwf,!. secretary to the. French academy' of inscrip*
■ttons^ published a firagment of his in 1777, on mecfaaoies
.and diopttics, in vhicii Aatbemius eodeavours<to exjplain
Jibe lMiriiaiig.mim>Es employed by Archimedes in destroying
;lhe Bomto ships, ^
n ANTHONY (St.) tfae^ insitstutor of monastb life, was
fbei^o in £gypt^ in the year 2ir I . Haviog understood some
^a3sa|pe8 ip ourSaviouris-ipireeepts in their' liiieral senses he
:4Mposed of a large prc^rty which he rinherited, divided
tbepioduioe among the: poor, and retired Stern the world,
40 SI solltudie. where be issadd to haire been tempted by tbe
jflevit iii>a great.. variety of sbarpesy ^stories* which ace too
^bsiurd ! to be.^UMT revived Itkadded, fabweve^ that for
^ ) Bibf. Ui|irerM)le.-^ibbon'*f Roman Hist, and uic sntbort tliere qi|OtML--t
furii OnosMitticos. . ' ' . . ' i
XN T H O N T. 811
r t
twtnty ytears resistaQce» Anthony received the gift of
miracles ; a vast number of disciples began now to crowd
abojat him, and he was obliged ito erect many monasteries
in the desert to which he had retired. Here his followers
glassed their time in praj^r^ and other acts of devotion,
and In manual labour, and were encouraged and supported
by the example and precepta he gave of mortification ;ind
humility. He is said to have quitted this retreat only
twice; once during the persecution under Maximinus in
the year 3i2> when he endeavoured to assist tb^ Christians
who were then suffering martyrdom for the gospel : and a
second, time, in the year S3 5, at the request of St. Atha«
nasiusi when his object was to defend the faith against the
Arians^ who had accused him of being of their opinion.
When at Alexandria, all the city came out to see him;,
even the Pagans crowded to touch htm,' and he converted
manyof Uient to Christianity* Constantine and his family
wrota to him 'as to a father, and expressed their fervent
desire to be favoured with his correspondence, which he
complied with. He was frequently visited by the Pagan
philosophers, some of whom endeavoured to perplex him
by arguments against Christianity, but he oonsttihtly re«
futed them, and maintained the superiority of that religion
over Paganism. His death is fixed on the 17 th of
January, in the year 356, in the 1 06th year of his age.
Much supeipstitious reg^d was paid to his body, which is
said to have been transported into Yienne, in Daupbiny, in
the eleventh century. Tb^6 are seven letters of his ex«
tant in the fiibl, Patfum, Hki life was written by St, Atba^
nasius. -. ■
Tradition has eonnected the name of* St. Anthony with
that of a very painful disorder, ' the erysipelas. Hence he
is sometimes represented with a fire by his side, .signifying
^at »he relieves persons from the inflammation called by
koa name S ^^t he is always accompanied by a ho^, pn ad*
count lof \i\% having^ured the disorders of that animal. To
do ^im ili# g're^ter honoui;, die Romanists in seyeval places
keep at coiiimon chaises a bog denominated St. Anthony's^
h^ (whenc)e<our vulgarism of Tantony pig) fq^ which they-
have 'gr€»t' veneratiop,' 8ome have St. Antbony^s picture'
on tlie walls oftfabii? kou^^esy hoping by that to be preserved'
froni the plague : ^nd. the l^t^Ii^ns^ who ^o not know t^e
tfue significiltidti of the flr^ painted at the side of tb^Gt
f ftio^i coqpiud^ tbat h^ preserves houses from being burnt|
nt A JIT HO NX
^nd invokjB h}ii^ on spch occasipus. In 19^9 5^ 9^ or4er »(
religious was founijed in Fr.anp^, callfid th^ prder.of Sfc
Anthony, the ipt^mber^ of which were to take cu0 of p^r^
pons afflicted with St. Anthpny's fifie.'
ANTPONY, or ANTpNY (Dr- Francis), ^, noted em^
pine and chemist i^ the l$itt^r,end of the ^ixte^ntb^qd the
jb^ginning of the sev^nteei^jtb centuries, w^s the son of aa
eminent goldsmith in the city pf l^ondpn, who had an em<v
ployment pf considerable value in the jewel-^office under
the rpign gf queen Elizabeth. He was born April 16^
1550; and having been parefuUy instructed in the first
rudiments of learning while at home, was, about the year*
1569, sent to the university of Caipbridge, where he stUf
died with great diligence and success, and ^ome time in
the year 1574 took the degree of master of arts. It^p*-
pears fropi his , own writings, that he applied himself fof
many y/^ars in that university, to the theory and praotico
of chemistry, with sedulous industry. H^ came up to
London, probably before hiP attained d^e ag<) pf fojrty, and
^egan soon after his arrival tp publish to the world the
effects of his chemical studies. In thp year 1^98, he sent
abroad bis first treatise, (Concerning the exisellency of a
medicine drawn from gold ; foivt, not having taken the ne-^
cessary precautions . of applying to the college of physi-
cians fpf their U)E^eoce, he was, spme time in the year 1 600,
9ummone4 before the president and cen^prs. Here he
cqnfessed that he had praqtispd physic in London at least
Qipre than six. months, and kad cured twenty persons of
several diseasje^, tp "whpm he a%4 given purging smd vomitr»
ing physic, and to others, a diaphoretic medicine, pre-f
po^r^d.from gold af|d mercury,. 2^ their case required ; but
apknowledged th(|t he had no UgePQe, and being examined'
in several parts of physiis, and fonnd inpii^p^rt, he.wasin^
terdicted pn^^tjce, About a month after, he waei com-^
Dpitted tp the Cpunterrprison, m\d fined in the sum of &w^
pounds ^^ propter Ulic^dm ptH:»mi^ that is, for presoribinff
phytic against the i|t$^tntefi and privilege of the college ;
hut upon hiip application to tb«i U>i?d chief justice^ he wai^
«^t f|t liberty, >yhich gave SQ gFO^t umbriHa(e to the ooll^^
thftt the president and pne of the qensprp wiiited on the
chief jnsUcp, tp reqnest bis favour in de£teding and pre^.
^ M«rerl.^MilAer>f Chareh Hist, Tok I. f. 594,— -Cave^ vol. t^-^^ii Onih
ANTHONY. Si3
nerving the college privileges ; upon which Mr. Anthony
aubmitted hiinself^ promisea to pay bis fine, and was for«-
biddep practice. Si^not long after be was accused agaiii
of practising physie, and upon jbis own confession was
jfined five pounds; which, on hii| refusing (Q pay it, was
increased to twenty pounds, and he cpmnutted to prison
till he p^id it ; neither were the college satisfied with this,
but couimenced a suit at law against hirn in the name of
the que^n, as well as of the cpllegei in which they sue*
needed, and obtained judgment against him; but after some
time, were prevailed upon by the intreaities.of his wife, t^
remit their share of the penalty, as appes^rs by their war*-
rant to the keeper of the prison for bis discharge, dated
under the college seal, the 6th of August, 1602. After
his release, .be seems to bjEt^e met with considerable pa-
trons, who ^ere able to protect him from the authority of
the college ; and though Pr. Gbpdall tells us, that this
ieariied society thought him weak and ignorant in physic,
yet he contrived to obtain the degree of doctor of physic
in $ome university. This did not hinder new complaints
being brought against him, by Dr. Taylor, and another
physician, who grounded their proceedings chiefly on hid
giving a certain nostrum, which be called ^^ Aurum pota-f
Jilff,^^ or potable gold^ and which he represented to the
world as au universal niedicine. There were at this time
ftlso several things written agaiust* him, and his manner of
practice, insinuating that .he was very inaccurate in his
method of philosophizing, that the virtues of metals as to
physical uses were very uncertain, and that the boasted
effects of his medicine were destitute of proof. Dr. An-^
thopy, upon this, published a defence of himself and his
Aurum pptabile in Latin, written with a plausible display
of skill in chemistry, and with au apparent knowledge of
thq theory and history of physic. This book, which he
published in 1610, was printed at the university press of
Cambridge, and entitled ^* Medicinae Cbymicss, et veri
potabilis Auri assertio, ex lucubrationibus Fra. Anthonii
{xipdiuensia, in Medicina Doctoris. Cantabrigias, ex
oigSkcipa Cantrelli Legge celeberrims^ Academies Typo-^
fTfipbi/' 4tp. It bad a very florid dedication to king Jaoiesk '
j^f^fiyed^ lie, likewise, itnnexed certificates of cures, un-?
^ tfa^ hfknd^ of several personss of extinction, and some
ef the &iculty ; but bis book was quickly answeredi and
31* X N T H 6 N T,
the eontroversy abotit Atirutn pot^Ue grew so warm, that
he was obliged to publish anotber apology in the English
languagei which was also translated into Latin, biit did not
answer the doctor^s expectation^ in conciliating the opidioh
of the faculty^ yet, what is more valuable to an empiric, it
procured the general good- will of ordinary readers, and
contributed exceedingly to support and extend bis prac-
tice, notwithstanding all the pains taken to decry it. 'What
chiefiy contributed to' maintain his own reputntion, and
thereby reflectied credit on his medicine, was that which is
rarely met with among quack's, his unblemished character
in private life. Dr. Anthony was z man of unaffected pietj^
untainted probity, of eady address,; great modesty^ and
boundless charit)' ; which procured him many friends, and
left it not in the po^r of bis enemies to attack any part of
fcift conduct, except^ that of dispensing li medicine, of
which they had no opinion. And though much has' been
f^id to disOre4it the use of gold in medieine^ yet some very
able wd ingenious men wrote very plausibly in support of
those principles on which X>r. Anthony^s practice was
Ibunded, and ai^ong thes^ the illustrious Robert Boyte.
The process of making the potable gold h given ki Ihe
Biog. Britannica, but in such a confused and ignorant
manner that any modera chemist ipay easily detect the
fnilaoy, and be convinced that gold does not enter into th^
preparation. The time in which Anthony flourished, if
that phrase may be applied to him, was very favourable to
bis notions, chemistry being then much admired and very
little understood^ He had therefore a most extensive and
betieficial practice, which ^labled him to live hospitably
at bis house in Bartholomew* close, and to be very liberal
in his alms to the poor. Hc'died May 26, 1623, and was
buried in the church of St. Bartholomew the Great, where
a handsome monument was erected to his men^Ory. His
jprincipal antagonists w^re, Dr. Matthew Gwinne, of th§
college of physicians, who wrote *>* Aurum non Aurum^
sive adversaria in assertorem OhymisEi, sed verae Medicinsa
desertorem Franciscuro Antbonium,^^ Lond. 16tl, 4U>y
and Dr. Cotta, of Northampton, in 1 628, in a woik en«
* titled, <^ Coits, contra Antonium, or an Ant*Antony^ or aii
Am-Apology, manifesting -Dr. Anthony his ApoK>^ for
Aurum potabile, in true and equ^l balance of right ttesoii|
to be false aiid c^unteffeit,^' Ozfordy 4t04 -' - ^
t f t 4 ' •*
A N t tt 0 K T.
3)S
Dr. Anthony by his second wife had two sons ^ Charkfli^
a physician of -character at Bedford^ and John, the subject
^ the fbllowing article* *
ANThONY (John), son of theiabove, to whose prac^
tice be Succeeded, made a handsonre living by the sale kS
his faither^s medicine called Aiirum potabile. He was^ta^
•authot 'of " Lucas redivivus, or The gospel physiciai^
•prescribing (by way of meditation) divine physic to prevent
'diseases not yet entered upon the soul, and to cure thost
inaladies which have already seized upon the spirit," 165^
4to. He died April 28, 1655, aged 70, as appears by %b^
tnontiment erected for bis faither and himself in the churca
'f^ St. Bartholomew the Great in London. * ,
ANTIGONU8 ^Carysthius), a philosopher and bis-
4torian, who Aourtshed under the reign of the two Ptolemiefi^
fbecame £a.mottt for his writings. He wrote a history <dP
philosophers, of which Diogenes Laertius made much use^
and which 4s quoted by Eusebius. Athenaeus speaks lof
another work of his, entitled '^ Historical Commentaries^^
and Hesychius makes mention of two others, the first on
animals, the second on the voice, but we have no remains
of any of his works, except a collection of remarkable anA
not very probable stories, *^ Historiarum mirabilium coU
lectio,*' quoted by Stephanus of Byzantium. It was
j)rinted by Meursius in 1619, and an excellent edition by
Beckmann, with learned notes by himself and others^
Xeipsic, 17i^l, 4to, <arreek and Latin. But it is thought
rathar to belong to some grammarian of the lower empirei^
than to a writer of the. age of the Ptolemies. There are
two other Antigonus^s, who were writers of a description
of Macedonia, and of a histor^^ of Italy, but it is tincertaia
who they were, or what their share in these works. '
ANTIGONUS SOCHiEUS, a Jew who was born at
Socho, on the borders of Judea, about three hundred years
before Christ, was president of the sanhedrim at ^erctsa^
iemy and teacher of the/law in the principal divinity school
•of that city. Having often, in his lectures, inculcated to
his scholars that they ought not to serve God in a servile
manner, but only out of filial love and fear, two of fail
scholars, Sadoc and Baithus, thence ioferr^, that there
were no rewards at all after this life, and therefore sepa«
• » aiog. Brit. « Ibid.— Granger,
A Moreri.— BJog. Universelle.— -Saxii QnomastfcMu
316 A N T J G 0 N U S.
jrating firora the school of their inM^er^ they tbdueht there
was no resurrection nor future state, neither angel n^r spi-
rit: hence arose the sect of the Saklducees. They seem to
agree in general with the Epicureans, diflPering, however^
IB this : that though they denied a future state, yet they
aJlowed the powet of God to create the world, which the
followers of Epicurus denied. It is said also, that they ire-
jected the scriptures, except the Pentateuch; denied pre-*
4lestination ; and taught, that God had made man absolute
xnaster of all his actions, without assistance in what ia
good, or restraint from evil. * . .
ANTIMAiCHUS, one of foilr; poets of the same nanae
mentioned by Suidas, was a native pf Claros, according te
Ovid, and of Colophon, according to' ethers. The aAony<«
mous author of the description of the olympiads makea him
contemporary with Lysander, and even vdth Plato, who^
when a youth^ is said to have been present when Antima<«
chus^s poem the ^^ Thebaid*' was read. The leaitoed
Author of the travels of Anacbarsis places him. in the fifth
century B. C. Whenever he lived, we must ■ regret thai
acarcely any of his writings have descended to posterity,
as he had such reputation as to be accounted neit to Ho*
mer, and it is said that the emperor Adrian preferred hkn
to that illustrious poet. Besides the ^< Tbebaid,^' he wrote
the ^^ Lydian/* Being violently enamoured of Chryseia,
he followed her into Lydia, her native country, where she
died in his arms. On his return hoKie, he perpetuated hia
affliction in a poem to her memory, and called from her
name, which is praised by Ovid. We find a fragment of
Antimachus in the Analects of BruBck, and Schellenberg
published what else remains, in 1786, uuder the title <* An*
timachi Colophonii. Reliquias nunc .primum conquirere et
ejcplicare instituit C. A. G. ScbeUenberg^ Accessit Epistola
frid. Aug. Wolfii." *
ANTIMACHUS (Mark- Antony), or ANTIMACO,
one of the most celebrated Greek professors in Italy in the
sixteenth century, was bom at Manti|^,'abouft the year 1473k,
After learning Greek as far as it could be taught iipi his owt
<)o^n^, be went into Greece, and improved his i^p(}uaiiit««
fince with that language tinder the ^lest masters during %
residence there of five years, and wrote and spoke Greek
as easily as (^atin or Italian, On his retura tQ Maptua^ h^
1 Bnicker.«^Bki^. UniTencite.
s Vosciaf«-«-Fabric, Bibl. Onec-^axii Onoiaasticoa^
A N T I M A C H U S. 317
engaged in teachiDg the Greek language, and lectured on
that and oft Greek literature* In 1532 he was invited ta
Ferrara^ where he became professor of the same sttKiies^
and held the office until his death in 1552. He transkted^
GemistUd Ptethon, and part of Dionysius of Halicarnas'sus^
&c. under the title *^ Gemisti Plethonis de ge&tis Grseco*
rum post pugnaoi ad Mantineam per capita tractatro duobu^
libri» explicata, M. Antonio Antimacho interprete. Ad base
Dio»y^ii Halicarnassei prcecepta, &c." Bale, 1540, 4to,
He wrote also many Latin poemsj which are mostly unpub-
lished. Some have attributed to bim eight books of Greek
epigrams, and there are several by him, both in Greek*'
and Latin, in a collection of letters addressed to Vettori,'
and published by Bandini^ at Pavia, 1758,^ >
. ANTINE. See D'ANTINE.
. ANTIOGHUS of Ascalon in Palestine, was the discipte
of Philo, the founder of the fourth academy of the Platonic
sehool^ and founded himself a fifth, which procured bim
the name of Antiochus the Academician. He attempted to-
reconcile the tenets of the different sects, and maintained
that the doctrines of the Stoics were to be found in the
writings of Plato. Cicero greatly admired his eloquence,
and the politeness of his manners; and Lucullus took him
as his companion into Asia. He resigned the academic
dKair in the 157th olympiad, or B. C. 80, and was the last
preceptor of the Platonic school in Greece. After his time
the professors of the Academic philosophy were dispersed
by the tumults of war, and the school itself was transferred
to Rome. •
ANTIOCHUS, a monk of Seba, in Palestine, lived in
the beginning of the seventh century. He was the author
of ^' PandectsB divinas Scripturse,'' and of an hundred and
ninety homilies. He speaks in his preface of the taking of
Jerusalem by Chosroes, king of Persia, and of the cruelties
inflicted on the monks of Palestine* To this is added a
poem, in which he deplores the loss of the real cross which
the Persians carried away among the rest of their booty,
and celebrated the restitution of it in another poem written
in Italian. The former, in Greek and Latin, is inserted in
the supplement to the Bibl. Patrum. ^
ANTIPATER (Lalius C«liu&), a Roman historian,
lived' in- the time of Gracchus, and wrote a history of the
» Thraboschi.— Bibg. tMiverselte.
s Bnieker.—Bioir.^Uluv^rsellc. * CRVe» vol. !•
tt* A N T I P A T E R.
aecond Funic war,, of which Brutus made an ahridgmenV
^wccordiiiig to Cicero> who. frequeatly mentions Antipater.
The emperor Adrian, of whose taste we have jusi giyea a;
sample (in art. Antimachus), preferred Antipater to Sal-
bisty a& he did Ennius to Virgil. Riccoboni,. in 1568,
published the fragments of Antipater, which have been re«
lurinted by Ant. Augustine, 1595, and by Ausonius Pa-
pona,. and they are likewise added to Havercamp^s edition
of Sallust, 1742, and to. other editions of the same author. '
ANTIPATER, of Sidon, a Stoic philosopher, who wrote
poems, that were much praised by Cicero, according to
whose account he appears to have possessed the talents of
fixe, improvisaiori, Valerius Maximus and Pliny record of
lilm that he had every 3rear a return of fever on the da^
which wa& that of his birth, and happened to be that of his
death*. He flourished about one hundred and forty years
ftw C Some of bis epigrams are ia the Antholbgy.*
ANTIPHANES, one of the several ancient Greek comic
Boeta of the same name mentioned by Suidas, Athenseus,
Stiabojt, and others,, waa either of Rhodes, Caristia, or
Sbiyma» and lived in the time of Alexander. Thisi mdnarch
expressing little taste for his^ comedies^ the author took the
liberty to inform him,, that in order to enjoy them, he must
he better acquainted with the nature of the subjects and the
scene; from which it haa been inferred tliat he described
depraved manners. This, howeVer, did not prevent his
carrying off the {)rize three times. He composed three
hundred and sixty-five, or at least two hundred and eighty
eomedies^ of which Fabricius has given a list from Herte-
lius,. Koenigft Vossius, and Meursius, who often mention
these pieces of Antiphanes ; and Gronovtus, in his ** Ex*^
eerpta Comicorum,^^ has given the fragments found in
Athenasus and other authors. The leanied Koppiers has
be&towed great pains on these fragments in his ** Pbilolo-
gica observata,*^ Leyden, 1771, 8vo. But this poet is
often confounded with' others, of the same name, and of
Qjther names disfigured by the blunders of transcribers. *
ANTIPHON, an Athenian oratqr, called the Rhamnu-
sian from the place of his birth, Rbamnus in Attica, is
said to have been the first who reduced eloquence to an .
«irt, and who taught and harangued for hire. Thucydide»
waa one of his disciples. He wrote several works*. Six-* .
. ^ Vossiusi.-»-Moreri. — ^Biog. Unhrerselle.-^axn Onottasticott* ^ HVftfk >
t F«br, Babl. QnecfWSavU Onomasticon*— Bio|(. UnlverMlle*
A NT I P HO K*
8}»
tjten of faid orations were printed in tbe collection of the
ancient Creek orators by Stephens iu 1575, foK and before
that by Aldus in 1 5 i 3^ foL His death is said to have i^en
plaoe in the year 4il B. C. He was condemned to die
for fa^^ouring the p^trty. of the four hundred tyrants at
Athens^ and on this occasion made an able but unsuccess-^
ful defence of liis. conduict. ^
ANTiaUARIUS (JLames), a heara^d Italian of the fif-
teenth ceoturyj^ was a native of Perugia, and of a family of
some rank^' He was the scholar of Joannes Antonius Cam*
paousy and published tiie first and perhaps only entire edi<*
tioa of Campanus' works^ 1495^ Michael Ferhus, a Milan* .
ese schQlaar>; at. his request superintended the press, and
enriched the publication with a copious life of Campaniis,
and a variety of elaborate prefaces addressed to various
persons. That which is addressed to Antiquarius himself
beats ample testimony to his literary reputation. - On quit«-
ting his native city, Antiquarius obtained a political office
of consequence and responsibility at Bologna. About i 460
he removed to Milan, where his erudition enabled him to
secure the favour and patronage of Giovanni Galeozzo and
Lud. Maria Visconti, dukes of Milan, to whom he was se-^
cretary and prime minister, and employed his influence ia ^
the patronage of literature. As he was in the church he
obtained some rich benefices from pope Alexander VL
Many teamed works, the publication of which he had en-
couraged, were dedicated to him, but we have nothing of
his own, except an '^ Orauo^" Milan, 1509, 4to, and a vo»
lume of Latin letters, 1 S 1 9, 4to. He died at Milan in
1512.*
, ANTISTHENES, a Greek philosopher, and founder of
the sect of the Cynics, was born at Athens in 423 B. C^
His father wa^r of the same name with him, and his mother
was either a Thracian or a Phrygian, but he appears to
liave .despised the honours of £eimily, and made them the
topicstof ridicule, a practice not uncommon with those
wiboa^ origin is jn^au or doubtfuL He appears to have
served in the army, and behaved with. great courage in the
battle of XdJaagra. His first preceptor was Gorgias the
orator,, from whom he imbibed a florid and showy manner^
but ;ati«aiRed afterwards much < eminence under Socrates,
aiid advised his^ischolarstoi become his fellowMlisciples io:
» Pabr. Bibl. €hiBc.*— ^'i^tti Onotnaflicdtil^^og. I7niy*rs«lle.
* UrcMiveirs Remain of PQlitiaa.—^Biog. Uaiverselic-^Saxii Onommticoii.
S20 ANTISTHENES.
the school of that celebrated philosopher. Laiertiife htforms
us that there wer^ ten volumes of his works ; hot' a collect
tion of apophthegms only remain, some of which are excels
lent. Modem wit perhaps aflbrds few better hits than
what he bestowed on the Athenian^^ when he advised them
to elect asses to be horses* This tfaiey said was absurd;
** and yet," he replied, " you chuse those for general*
virha have nothing to recommend them but your votes.*'
Antisthenes is said to have been a man of great austerity^
and a most rigid disciplinarian. Some of his contempora-
ries give him a very high character in other respects, and
his life, upon the whole, appears to have escaped the im^
putation of the sensual vices practised by many of the
ancient philosophers. '
ANTONELLI (Nicholas Maria), count of Pergola^,
who rose through various ecclesiastical promotions to that
of cardinal, was born in 1697, and died Sept. 24^ 1767^
esteemed for his learning, modesty, and other virtues. Hef
published, I. ^^ De titolis quos S. Evaristus Romanis pres«
byteris distribuit," Rome, 1725, 8vo. 2. " Ragioni della
Sede apostolica sopra il Ducato di Parma e Piacenza es-
poste a* sovrani e principi Catbolici dell' Europa," Rome,^
1742, 4 vols. 4to. 3. " S. Athanasii interpretatio psalmo--
mm,'* Rome, 1746, folio, which he printed, for the first
time, from a uianuscript in the Barberini library, with a^
Latin translation and notes. 4. ^^ Vetus Missale Roma*
num, prsefationibus et notis illustratam,*' Rome, 1756, 4to.
He also cultivated Italian poetiy, and there are several at
his pieces in the tenth volume of the poems ^^ Degli Ar«'
eadi di Roma," 1 747, 8vo. Other works by him, separately
printed, were collected and published in a folio vol. Rome^
1756.^
ANTONELLO. See ANTONIO DE MESSINA.
-* ANTONIANO' (Silvio), a man of great learning, vAsof
x^ised himself from a low condition by his merit, his pfaureuts
being so far from able to support him in his studies,< that
they themselves stood in need of charity, was bom at Rome
in 1540. He made a quick and most surprising progress
in his studies ; for when be was but ten years olc^ he could*
make verses upon any subject proposed to him ; aird these so
excellent, though pronounced extempore, that it was com-
monly thought th^ exceeded those of the most studied,
* Biof . Univcrselle,
A N T O N I A N O. 321
preparation. A proof of this was at the table of the cardi-
nal of Pisa, when he gave an entertainment one day to
several other cardinals. Alexander Famese, taking a nose-
gay, gave it to this youth, desiring him to present it to him
of the company whom he thought most likely to be pope :
he presented it to the cardinal of Medicis, and madg an
eulogium upon him in verse. This cardinal, who was pope
some years afterwards^ under the name of Pius IV. imagined
it all a contrivance, and that the poem had been artfully
prepared before-hand, by way of ridicule upon him. He
therefore appeared hurt at it, but the company protested,
that it was an extempore performance, and requested
him to make a trial of the boy : he did so, and was con-
vinced of his extraordinary talents. According to Strada,
as the cardinal of Medicis was thinking upon a sub-
ject for this purpose, the clock in the hall struck; which
was the occasion of his proposing a clock for the subject
of his verses. The duke de Ferrara coming to Rome, to
congratulate Marcellus II. upon his being raised to the
pontificate, was so charmed with the genius of Antoniano,
that he carried him to Ferrara, where he provided able
masters to instruct him in all the sciences. From thence
he was sent for by Pius IV. who recollecting the adventure
of the nosegay, made inquiry fbr the young poet; and
having found him, invited him to Rome, and gave him an
honourable post in his palace, aad some time after made
him professor of th« belles lettres in* the college at Rome.
Antoniano filled this place with so much reputation, that
on the day when he began to explain the oration pro Mar«
CO Marcello, he had a crowd of auditors^ and among these
no less than twenty-five cardinals. He was afterwards
chosen rector of the college; and after the death of Pius
IV. being seized with a spirit of devotion, he joined him-
self to Philip Neri, and accepted the office of secretary to
the sacred college, offered him by Pius V. which he exe-
cuted for many years with the reputation of an honest and
able man. He refused a bishopric which Gregpry XIV.
would have given him, but he accepted the office of secre-
tary to the briefs, offered him by Clement VIII. who made
him his chamberlain, and afterwards a cardinal. It is re-
ported, that cardinal Alexander de Montajto, who had be-
haved a little too haughtily to Antoniano, said, when he
saw him promoted to the purple, that for the future he
would not despise a mw of the cassoc a^d little band,
VOL. II. Y
3123 A N T O N I A N O,
however low and despicable he might appear; since it
might happen that he whom he had despised, might not
only become his equal, but even his superior. His intense
application is said to have hastened his death, Aug. 15,
I603i His printed works are, 1. " Dele* Educazione
Cristiana de Figliuoli libri tre,*' Verona, 1584, 4to, reprint-
' ed at Cremona and Naples. This work on education he
wrote at the request of cardinal Borromeo. 2. <' Orationes
tredecim," Rome, 1610, 4to, with a life of the author by
Joseph Castalio. 3. Various discourses, letters, pieces of
poetry, both Latin and Itahan, in the collections. ^
ANTONIDES (John), an eminent Dutch poet, sur-
tiam^d VANDER GOES, from the place in Zealand
where he was born, April 3, 1647, of parents who were
anabaptists, people of good character, but of low circum*
stances. They went to live at Amsterdam,^ when Antonides
was about four years old ; and in the ninth year of his age
he began his studies, under the direction of Hadrian Juni-
us and James Cocceius. Antonides took great pleasure in
reading the Latin poets, carefully comparing them with
Grotius, Heinsius, &c. and acquired a considerable taste
for poetry. He first attempted to translate some pieces of
Ovid, Horace, and other ancients ; and having formed his
taste on these excellent models, he at length undertook
one of the most difficult tasks in poetry, to write a tragedy,
entitled, " Trazil," or the ** Invasion of China,** but was
so modest as not to permit it to be published. Vondel,
who wsui then engaged in a dramatic piece, taken also from
some event that happened in China, read Antonides*s tra-
gedy, and was so well pleased with it, that he declared, if the
^uthor would not print it, he would take some passages out
of it, and make use of them in his own tragedy, which he
did accordingly; and it was reckoned much to the honour
pf Antonides, to have written what might be adopted by so
great a poet as Vondel was acknowledged to be. ^ Upon
the conclusion of the peace betwixt Great Britain and
Holland, in the year 1697, Antonides wrote a piece, en-
titled " Bellona aan band," i. e. Bellona chained ; a very
elegant poem, consisting of several hundred verses. The
applause with which this piece was received, excited him
. to try his genius in something more considerable ; be ac«
cordingly wrote an epic poem, which he entitled Th^ River
> Geo. 2>kt.«^oreri«
A N T O N t D E a S23
Y. The description of this river, or rather lake, is the
subject of the poem, which is divided into four books ; iii
the first the poet gives a very pompous description of all
that is remarkable on that bank of the Y on which Amster*
dam is built. In the second he opens to himself a larger
field, beginning with the praises of navigation, and describ-
ing the large fleets which cover the Y as an immense fo-
rest, and thence go to every part of the world, to bring
home whatever may satisfy the necessity, luxury, or pride
of men. The third book is an ingenious fiction, which
supposes the poet suddenly carried to the bottom of the
river Y, where he sees the deity of the river, with his demi-
gods and nymphs, adorning and dressing themselves for a
feast, which was to be celebrated at Neptune^s court, upon
the anniversary of the marriage of Thetis wiii^ Peleus. In
the fourth book he describes the other batik of the Y,
adorned with several cities of North Holland ; and in the
close of the work addresses himself to the magistrates of
Amsterdam, to whose wisdom he ascribes the riches and
flourishing condition of that powerful city. This is a very-
short abridgment of the account of this poem given in the
General Dictionary, according to which it appears to have
contained many other fictions that s&vour of the burlesque.
Antonides's parents had bred him up an apothecary^ but
his genius for poetry soon gained him the esteem and
friendship of several persons of distinction ; and particu-
larly of Mr. Buisero, one of the lords of the admiralty at
AQisterdam, and a great lover of poetry, who sent him at
his own expence to pursue his studies at Leyden, where he
remained till he took his degree of doctor of physic, and
4hen his patron gave him a place in the admiralty. In 1 678
Antonides married Susanna Bermans, a minister's daugh-
ter, who had also a talent for poetry. In the preface to bis
heroic poem, he promised the life of the apostle Paul,
which, like Yirgirs Mneidy was to be divided into twelve
books ; but be never finished that design, only a few frag-
ments having appeared. He declared himself afraid to
hazard his reputation with the public on theological sub-
jects, which were so jcommonly the subject of contest
After marriage he did not much indulge his poetic genius ;
and within a few years fell into a consumption, of which he
died on the 1.8tb of Sept« 1684. He is esteemed the most
eminent Dutch poet after Vondel, whom be studied to
imitate, and is thought to have excelled in sweetness of ex-
Y2
324 A N T O N I D E S.
pression and sr^oothness of style, but in accuracy and lof-
Uness he is greatly inferior to his original. His works have '
been printed several times, having been collected by his
father Anthony Jansz. The last edition is that of Amster-
dam« 1714, 4to, which, however, contains several miscella**
neous pieces that add but little to the reputation he
acquired. The editor, David Van Hoogstraten, prefixed
his life to this edition. ^
ANTONINE (De Forciglioni), St. archbishop of Flo-
rence, was born in that city in 1389, and became a domi-
nican, and afterwards superior of ^ numerous society, who
devoted themselves to a life of austerity. He appeared to
advantage at the council of Florence, where he was ap-
pointed to dispute with the Greeks. In 1446, he was, with
much reluctance on his side, promoted to be archbishop of
Florence, and from the moment of his installation is said to
have shewn a bright example of all the virtues ascribed to
ihe bishops of the primitive ages. He practised great tem-
perance, preserved a simplicity of garb and manner, shunned
honours, and distinguished himself by zeal and charity,
particularly during ^e plague and famine with which Flo-
rence was visited in 1448; and died, much lamented, in
1459. Cosmo de Medicis bestowed his confidence on him ;
pope Eugene IV. wished he might die in his arms; Pius
II. assisted at his funeral, and Adrian VI. enrolled him in
the number of the saints, in 1523. His studies had been
chiefly directed to ecclesiastical history and theology, and
his principal works are, 1. ^^ Historiarum opus seu Chro-
nica libri viginti quatuor," Venice, 1480; Nuremberg,
1484; Basil, 1491, 3 vols. fol. 2. <' Summa theologize
moralis^^' Venice, 4 vols. 4to, often reprinted, and in the
edition of Venice, 1582, entitled " Juriii Pontificii et C»-
saraei summa.'' Mamachi published an edition, in 1751,
at Venice, 4 vols. 4to, with prolix notes. This work is still
consulted. 3. <^ Summula confessionis,*' Venice, 1473^
one of the earliest printed books. *
ANTONINI (Annibal), brother to Joseph Antonini,
who wrote the history of Lucania, was born at Salernum, in
1702. He studied first at Naples, under the direction of
his brother, and afterwards at Rome. He then travelled in
England, Holland, and Germany, and at last settled at Pa-
ris, where he taught Italian for many years^ fie died, how*
* Gen* DicU-x-Moreri. * Moreri.-<»Biog« Uaiversellt*
A N T O N I N I. 325
ereVf in his oWn country, in August 1755. During his
residence at Paris he published an Italian, French, and
Latin, and Latin, French, and Italian dictionary, 2 vols.
4to, 1735, often reprinted, and esteemed the best until
that of Alberti appeared ; an Italian grammar ; a treatise
on French pronunciation ; some good editions of Ariosto,
Tasso, and other Italian authors ; and an excellent collec-
tion of Italian poetry, 1729, 2 vols. 12mo. *
ANTONINUS PIUS (Titus Aureuus Fulvius'Boio-
Nus Antoninus), was born at Lanuvium in Italy (of parents
originally of Nismes) in the eighty-siicthyearof the Christ*
ian era. He was first made proconsul of Asia, then gover-
nor of Italy, and consul in the year 120, and displayed the
same virtues in these employments as he did afterwards on
the imperial throne : he was mild, prudent, moderate, and just.
In the year 138 he succeeded the emperor Adrian, who had
adopted him, and the first step of his government was to
release a number of persons whom his predecessor had con*
demned to die. The senate, charmed with such a com-
mencement of authority, decreed him the title of Pius, and
ordered that statues should be erected to his honour.
These he appears to have amply merited. He set about
diminishing the taxes, und preventing the litigious and
oppressive exaction of them ; and bestowed much of his
private fortune in charity. Such conduct made his name
as much respected abroad as at home. Several nations
sent embassies to him, and others besought his counsel in
the appointment of their sovereigns : even kings came to
pay homage to his exalted virtues. This must have been
highly gratifying to him, as his object was to render his
name respected by cultivating the gentler arts of peace,
rather than by extending his dominions by war. Rome,
accordingly, and her provinces, never enjoyed such days
of honour and tranquillity as under his reign. Besides^
redressing the wrongs, and alleviating the calamities which
happened to fall upon any part of his dominions, he displayed
his taste by the erection of several noble and usefuVpublic
edifices. In short, in every respect of public or private cha-
racter, he is celebrated as one 'of the greatest and best
characters in ancient times. Whatever is amiable, gene-
rous^ and magnanimous, has been ascribed to him; but
> Biog. Uoiveneller— Memoirs of Literature, vol. XII. p. 116»
326 ANTONINUS.
what ought to endear bis memory even to the present day,
was his conduct towards the Christians.
In his days the enemies of the Christians had no preten*
slons to support persecution but the grossest misrepresent-
ations. These were probably offered to Antoninus as they
had been to other sovereigns. To repel them Justin Mar-
tyr presented his " Apology" to Antoninus about the third
year of his reign, in 140, -and not in vain. Antoninus was
a man of sense and humanity, and open to conviction.
Asia Proper was still the scene of Christianity and of per-
secution, and thence the application was made to Antoni-
nus, and earthquakes had then happened, with which the
Pagans were much terrified, and ascribed them to the ven-
geance of heaven against the Christians. This will explain
some circumstances in the edict sent by our emperor to the
council of Asia, which is one of the most remarkable pro-
ductions of pagan wisdom, and evinces an uncommon spirit
of liberality. No apology, we trust, can be requisite for its
insertion in this place.
<* The Emperor to the Council of Asia. I am quite of
opinion, that the Gods will take care to discover such per-
sons. For it much more concerns them to punish those
who refuse to worship them than you, if they be able. But
you harass and vex the Christians, and accuse them of
iatheism and other crimes, which you can by no means
prove- To them it appears advantageous to die for their
religion, and they gain their point, while they throw away
their lives, rather than comply with your injunctions. As
to the earthquakes, which have happened in past times, or
lately, is it not proper to remind you of your own despon-
dency, when they happen; and to desire you to compare
3'our spirit with theirs, antd observe how serenely they con-
fide in God ? Ill such seasons you seem to be ignorant of
the gods, and to neglect their worship ; you live in the
practical ignorance of the supreme God himself, and you
harass and persecute to death those who do worship him.
Concerning these same men some others of the provincial
governors wrote to our divine father Adrian, to whom he
returned answer, * That 'they should not be molested, un-
less they appeared to attempt something against the Ro-
man government' Many also have signified to me con-
cerning these men, to whom I have returned an answer
agreeable to the maxims of my father. But if any person
\ will still persist in accusing the Christians merely as such-^
\
ANTONINUS. 327
let the accused be acquitted, though he appear to be a
Christian; and let the accuser be punished.'*
Eusebius infbrms us, that this was no emp^ty edict, but
was really put in execution. Nor did Antoninus content
himself with one edict. He wrote to the same purpose to
the Larisseans, the Thessalonians, the Athenians, and all
the Greeks. It may be therefore concluded that the Christ-
ians enjoyed complete toleration during his reign, which
lasted twenty- three years. He died March 7, 161, aged
seventy-three. His death was a public calamity, and his
memory w^s honoured by every testimony of public grati-
tude. For a century afterwards^ all the Roman emperors
assumed the name of Antoninus, from its popularity.
Many curious particulars of his private and public life may
be seen in the authors referred to in the note. *
ANTONINUS Philosophus (Marcus Aurelius), the
Roman emperor, was born at Rome, April 26, in the year
121. When he was adopted by his grandfather by the fa-
ther's side, he received his name, M. Annius Verus ; and
Adrian the emperor, instead of Verus, used to call him Ve-
rissimus, on account of his rectitude and veracity. When
he was adopted by Antoninus Pius, he assumed the name of
M. ^lius Aurelius Verus, because Aurelius was the name of
Antoninus's family, and ^Elius that of Adrian's, into which
he entered. When he became emperor, he left the name
of Verus to Lucius Commodus, his adopted brother, and
took that of Antoninus, under which he is generally known
in history. But he is distinguished from his predecessor
Titus Antoninus, either by the name of Marcus, or by the
name of Philosophus, which is given him by the general
consent of writers, although we do not find this title to have'
been conferred by any public act or authority of the senate.
Adrian, upon the death of Cejonius Commodus, turned his
eyes upon Marcus Aurelius; but as he was not then eight-
een years of age, and consequently too young for so im-
portant a station, he fixed upon Antoninus Pius, whom he
adopted, on condition that be should likewise adopt Mar-r
cus Aurelius. The year after this adoption Adrian ap-
pointed him quaestor, though he had not yet attained the
age prescribed by the laws. After the death of Adrian,
Aurelius married Faustina, the daughter of Antoninus Pius^
1 Gen. Dict.*^Univer8al Hist.— Eusebius's Hist. Eccl, lib. IV. cap. 13. — ^Mo-
sbeim. — Milner's Church History, vol. I. p. 206. — Lnrduer's Works, vol. VII.
vhere there is an excellent defence of the authenticity of t^e above edict.
MS ANTONINUS.
by whom he had several children. In the year 139 be was
investecf with new honours by the emperor Pius, and be*
haved in such a manner as endeared him to that prince
and the whole people*
Upon the death of Pius, which happened in the year
161, he was obliged by the senate to take upon him the
government, in the management of which he took Lucius
Verus as his colleague. Dion Cassius says, that the reason
of doing this was, that be might have leisure to pursue his
studies, and on account of his ill state of health ; Lucius
being of a strong vigorous constitution, and consequently
more fit for the fatigues of war. The same day he took
upon him the name of Antoninus, which he gave likewise
to Verus his colleague, and betrothed his. daughter Lucilla
to him. The two emperors went afterwards to the camp,
where, after having performed the funeral rites of Pius,
they pronounced each of them a panegyric to his memory.
They discharged the government in a very amicable man-
ner. But the happiness which the empire began to enjoy
under the two brothers, was interrupted in the year 162,
by a dreadful inundation of the river Tiber, which destroyed
a prodigious number of cattle, and occasioned a famine at
Rome. This calamity was followed by the Parthian war,
and at the same time the Catti ravaged Grermany and Rhse-
tia ; and an insurrection was apprehended from the Britons,
against whom Calphurnius Agricola was sent, and Aufidius
Victorinus against the Catti. But it was thought proper
that Lucius Verus should go in person to oppose the Par-
thians, while Antoninus continued at Rome, where his
presence was necessary. During this war with the Par-
thians about the year l63 or 164 he sent his daughter
l-ucilla to Verus, having before promised her to him in
marriage, and attended her as far as Brundusium, resolving
to have conducted her to Syria, if it had not been objected
to him by some persons, that his design of going into the
east was to claim the honour of harinor finished the Parthian
war ; upon which he immediately returned to Rome. The
Romans having gained a victory over the Parthians, who
were obliged to abandon Mesopotamia, the two emperors
triumphed over them at Rome in the year 166, and were
honoured with the title of fathers of their country. But
this year was fatal on account of a terrible pestilence which
spread itself over the whole world, and a famine, under
which Rome laboured. The Marcomanni; and many other
ANTONINUS.
329
people of Germany! likewise took up arms against the Ro«
mans ; but the two emperors having marched in persoa
against them, obliged the Germans to sue for peace. The
war, however, was renewed the year following, and the two
emperors marched again in person ; but Lucius Verud was
seized with an apoplectic fit, and died at Altinum.
In the year 170 Antoninus made vast preparations against
the Germans, and carried on the war with great vigour^
During this war, in the year 174, a very extraordinary
event is said to have happened, which, t according to Dioa
Cassius, was as follows : Antoninus's army being blocked up
by the Quadi in a very disadvantageous place, where there
was no possibility of procuring water ; and in this situation^
being worn out with fatigue and wounds, oppressed with
l&eat and thirst, and incapable of retiring or engaging tha
enemy, instantly the sky was covered with clouds, and
there fell a vast quantity of rain. The Roman army were
about to quench their thirst, when the enemy came upon
them with such fury, that they must certainly have been
defeated, had it not been for a shower of hail, accompanied
with a storm of thunder and lightning, which fell upon the
enemy, without the least annoyance to the Romans, whoi
by this means gained the victory*. In the year 175 Anto-
ninus^ made a treaty with several nations of Germany.
Soon after, Avidius Cassius, governor of Syria, revolted
from the emperor : this insurrection, however, was sup<«
pressed by the death of Cassius, who was killed by a cen«
turion named Anthony. . Antoninus behaved with great
lenity towards those who had been engaged for Cassiur;
he would not put to death, nor imprison, nor even sit in
judgment himself upon any of the senators engaged in this
revolt ; but he referred them to the senate, fixing a day for
their appearance, as if it had been only a civil affair. He
* The Pagans as well as Christians,
according to M. Ti)lemont, p. 621, art.
XTi. have acknowledged the truth of
this t^rodigy, but have greatly differed
«8 to the cause of such miraculous
event, the former ascribing it, some
to one magician, and some to another :
In Antoninus*s Pillar, the glory is as-
cribed to Jupiter the god of rain and
thunder. -Sut the Christians affirmed,
that God granted this favour at the
prayer of the Christian soldiers in the
Emnan army, who are said to have
compoied the twtiCtbi or the Melitene
legion ; and, as a mark of distinction^
we are told that they received the titlft
of the Thundering Legion from Antooi*
nus. (Euseb. £ccles. Hist. Jib. v.capu..
5.) Mr. Moyle, in the second volum#
of his works, has endeavoured to ex»
plode this story of th« Thundering Le*
gion, which occasioned Mr. Whistou to
publish an answer in 1726, entitled,
'« Of the Thundering Legion)" or, Of
the miraculous Deliverance of Marcus
Antoninus and his Army, upon the
X'rayer* of the Christians.
33« ANTONINUS.
wrote also to the senate, desiring them to act with indul-
gence rather than severity ; not to shed the blood of any
senator or noble, or of any other person whatsoever, but tc
allow this honour to his reign, that even under the misfortune
of a rebellion, none had lost their lives, except in the first
heat of the tumult: " And I wish," said he, " that I could
even recal to life many of those who have been killed ; for
revenge in a prince hardly ever pleases, since, even when
just, it is considered too severe." In the year 176 Anto-
ninus visited Syria and Egypt ; the kings of those countries,
and ambassadors also from Parthia, came to visit him. He
staid several days at Smyrna, and after he had settled the
affairs of the east, went to Athens, on \khich city he con-
ferred several honours, and appointed- public professors
there. From thence he returned to Rome with his son
Com mod us, whom he chose consul for the year following,
though he was then but sixteen years of age, having ob-
tained a dispensation for that purpose. On the 27th of
Sept. the same year, he gave him the title of imperatpr;
and on the 23d of Dec. he entered Rome in triumph, with
Commodus, on account of the victories gained over the
Germans. Dion Cassius tells us that he remitted all the
debts which were due to himself j^nd the public treasury
during forty-six years, from the time that Adrian had
granted the same favour, and burnt all the writings relating
to those debts. He applied himself likewise to correct
many enormities, and introduced several excellent regula-
tions. He moderated the expences laid out on gladiators j
iK)r would he sutfer them to fight but with swords which
were blunted like foils, so that their skill might be shewn
without any danger of their lives. He endeavoured to clear
up many obscurities in the laws, and mitigated, by new
decrees, the severity of the old laws. He was the first, ac-
cording to Capitol inus (Vit. Anton, dap. xxvii.) wjio
appointed the names of all the children^ born of Roman
citizens, to be registered within thirty days after their
birth ; and this gave him occasion to establish public re-
gisters in the provinces. He renewed the law made by
Nerva, that no suit should be carried on against the de^id^
but within five years after their decease. He made a de-.
cree, that all the senators should have at least a fourth part
of their estate in Italy. Capitolinus gives an account of
several other regulations which he established. In the
year 171 he left Ron:e with hit son Commodus, in order to
A,N T O N I.N U S. 331
/
\
go against the Marcomanni, and other barbarous nations;
and the year following gained a considerable victory over
them : he would, in all probability, have entirely subdued
them in a very short time, had he not been taken with an
illness, which carried him off on the 17 th of March 180,
in the fifty-ninth year of his age, and nineteenth of his
reign. The whole empire regretted the loss of so valuable
^ prince, and paid the greatest regard to his memory ; he
was ranked amongst the gods, and every person almost
had a statue of him in their houses. His book of " Medi-
tations'' has been much admired. It is written in Greek,
and consists of twelve books ; there have been several edi*
tions of it in Greek and Latin, two of which were printed be-
fore the year 1 635, when the learned Meric Casaubon, pre-
bendary of Canterbury, published a second edition of his
translation of this work into English, dedicated to Laud,
archbishop of Canterbury. It was also translated, in a very-
inelegant style, by Jeremy Collier. There was an edition
afterwards printed at Glasgow, which is more correct ; but
the best is that published by the rev. R. Graves, 1792, 8vo.
Of the learned Gataker's two editions, Cambridge, 1652,
4to, Gr. and Lat. and London, 1697, the former is pre-
ferred. It is perhaps unnecessary to remark, that the
valuable ** Itinerary," called Antoninus's, does not belong
to this, or any emperor of the name.
In Dacier's, and some other lives of this emperor, in
which he is celebrated as possessing every virtue that can
adorn public and private life, and doubtless he had many,
the edict which we have given in the life of his predecessor
Antoninus Pius, in favour of the Christians, has been
ascribed to Marcus. Lardner has very ably stated the
arguments usually brought to prove a fact so incredible*
Marcus, it is certain, during his whole reign, was an impla-
cable persecutor of the Christians, and this not from mere
ignorance of their moral character, for he knew them,
hated them, and shewed them no mercy. He allowed and
encouraged the most barbarous treatment of their persons,
and was yet himself a person of great humanity of temper,
just and beneficent to the rest of mankind, free from re-
proach in his general conduct, and in several parts of it was
a model worthy of the imitation of Christians. Mosheim
remarks, that, if we except Nero, there was no reign under
which the Christians were more injuriously and cruelly
treated, than under that of the wise and virtuous Marcus
t$2 ANTONINUS.
Aurelius ; and yet there was no reign under which such
nt^merous and victorious apologies were published in their
behalf. Those which Justin Martyr, Athenagoras and Ta-
tian wrote upon this occasion are still extant Among the
victims in his reign were the above Justin Martyr and Po-
lycarp. Lardner, Mosheim, and Milner, have many excel-
lent observations on this inconsistency of character in the
successor and admirer of Antoninus Pius. '
ANTONINUS, or ANTONIUS LIBERALIS, a Greek
author, who made a collection of " Metamorphoses^' taken
from Nicander and other authors. Some think he was the
same with Antonius Liberalis, who lived in the first century,
whom Suetonius enumerates among the most celebrated
rhetoriciuns, and who is also mentioned by St. Jerome.
They appear, however, to be different, as the one wrote
in Latin, and the other in Greek.'
ANTONIO (DA Messina), so called because he was of
that city, was also named AntoN£LLO. He was born in
1426, and died in 1475. He wa^ the first of the Ita-
lians who painted in oil. Having seen at Naples a pic-
ture which king Alfonso had just received from Flanders^
he waSi so struck with the liveliness, force, and softness of
the colours, that he quitted his business to go and find out
John Van £yck, who he had been told was the painter of
it. The consequences of this- journey were, that Van Eycfc
communicated to him bis secret ; and on the return of An-
tonio to Venice, Bellin artfully inveigled it out of him, and
published it abroad. In the mean time, Antonio had in-
trusted it to one of his scholars, named Dominico. This
Dominico, being called to Florence, gratuitously imparted
it to Andrew del Castagno, who, actuated by the basest
ingratitude and the greediness of gain, assassinated his
friend and behefajctor. All these incidents happening in
rapid succession, occasioned the mystery of painting in oil
to be quickly spread over all Italy. The schools of Venice
and Florence were the foremost to adopt it; but that of
Home did not hesitate long to follow their example. Al-
though we have given 1426 and 1475 as the dates of bis
birth and death, they are not absolutely settled by any of
bis biographers. Gallo is of opinion that he was born in
' Ge.n* Diet.— Mosheim.— Mllner. — Lardner's Works, rol. VII.— Brockcr.
^ Fabric. Bibl, Gr«ec.<— Yosiius*— >Moreri.—- Saxii OaoDiasticon.
ANTONIO. i33
1447, and died in 1496« Vasari leaves the matter in
doubt. *
ANTONIO (Nicholas), a very learned and useful
Spanish biographer, was born at Seville in 1617. His fa*
dier was made president of the admiralty established in that
city by Philip IV. He received his early education among^
the dominican{», and studied philosophy and divinity after-
wards at Salamanca, under the ablest masters, particularly
Francis Ramos del Manzano, who was afterwards preceptor
to the king and preceptor to Charles II. He then returned
to Seville, and entirely devoted to study, passed the whole
of his time in the Benedictine convent, where Benedict
de la Serra, the abbot, had collected a very copious librazy,
and where Antonio first planned and composed his valuable
^' Bibliotheca Hispana." When considerably advanced in
this work, hd brought it with him to Rome in 1659, at
which time he was sent thither by Philip IV, in the cha-
racter of agent-general of affairs concerning the crown of
Spain, the two Sicilies, and the inquisition, and he conti-
nued in this office twenty-two years, at the end of which
Charles II. recalled him to Madrid, and made him a mem^
ber of his council. Notwithstanding these profitable em-'
ployments, be was so charitable to the poor, as frequently
to be in want himself, but was considerably relieved by a
canonry of Seville, which pope Alexander VII. be^owed
upon him, on the recommendation of the cardinal of Ara-
gon. He died at Madrid in 1684, and was then a knight
of the order of St. James. It is said that among kk
> papers was found a commission appointing him OTse
of the supreme council of justice, but it is ceriala
that he never filled that office. He left no property, but
a .library of thirty thousand volumes; His publications
were, 1- " De exilio, sive de exilii poena antiqua <3t
nova, ezsulumque oonditione et juribus, libri tres,*^' Ant-*
werp, ^659, fol. The editor of the Biog. Universdle
speaks of a previous edition, 1641 ; but this we do not find
in the author's account in his ^^ Bibl. Hispana.^* This i%
said to have been written when he was only twenty-three
years old* 2. ^^ Bibliotheca Hispana Nova,'^ Rome, 16 7^,
2 vols. fol. and lately reprinted by Francis Perez Ba^er^
of Valentia, at Madrid, 1783, 2 vols. fol. In this work,
Antonioj according to the custom of the time^ arrangea bb
^ Vanrl— Bioff. Uai¥«r$eUe«-«PilkJngtoa'g Diet .
/
334 A N T O N I Oi
authors in the alphabetical order of their Christian naibes^
a fault not conveniently remedied by his indexes, which
are intended to divide his authors into classes. The coUec*
tion is unquestionably creditable to Spanish learning and
industry, but many of the persons here recorded have long'
been in the land of oblivion, and among these we may
surely reckon the greater part of an hundred and sixty
authors who have written on the immaculate conception.
3. ^' Bibliotheca Hispana vetus, complectens scriptores qui .
ab Octaviani August! imperio usque ad annum M. florue-
runt,'* Rome, 1696, 2 vols. foL The M. in this title should
be M. D. Antonio having left no means of defraying the
expence of this publication, cardinal d^Aguirre took the
whole upon himself, and employed Emmanuel* Mars, a
learned Valentian, as editor. The authors are here ranged
in chronological order, with proper indexes, &c. The
^^ Bibliotheca Nova,"' although published first, is in fact a
sequel to this last, which has also been reprinted by Bayer
at Madrid, 1788. Baillet prefers Antonio's work to every
thing of the kind, and Morhof considers it as a model.
David Clement prefers it to all the Bibliothecas except
ihat of Quetif and Echard. He thinks him blameable^
however, for not giving the titles of books in their proper
language, an objection to which other biographers, and
particularly the French, until lately, have been justly li<»
able. One other publication of Antonio was printed for
the first time so lately as 1742, at Yalentia, under the title
of ^^ Censura de historias fabulas, obra postuma," fol. or*
namented with plates, and published by D. Gregoire May-
ans y Siscar. We know not whether this be part of a work
in which Antonio tells us he was long engaged, and which
was to be called ^^ Trophseum historico-ecclesiasticum
Deo veritatis erectum ex manubiis pseudo-histbricorum,
qui Flavii Lucii Dextri, M. Maximi, Helecse, Braulionis,
Luitprandi, et Juliani nomine circumferuntur ; hoc est,
VindicisB verse atque dudum not» Hispanarum rerum his-
torife, Germanarum noistrse gentis laudum non ex GrermaAo*-
Fuldensibus chronicis emendicatarum in libertatem et
Euritatem plena assertio,'' a work which Bayle thinks would
ave been of dangerous consequence, as people seldom
like to be set right as to the fabulous stories which have
long flattered their vanity. \
I 9tn. Dkl^Life in bis Bib?^ Hiipt art NkvIas.^-iBiof. VmT«n«U€*
A N T O N I U a 3SS
ANTONlUS (Godefroy), a celebrated German law-
yer, was born at Frendenberg in Westphalia, and died in
1618, at that time professor of civil law, and chancellor of
the university of Giessen, of which he was one of the
founders, I'he landgrave Lewis had a great esteem for
him, and employed him in various confidential matters.
On the subject of the constitutional rights of the emperor
of Germany, his opinions were more favourable to his im-
perial majesty than those of -Herman VuUejus, with whom
he was c6nsequently drawn into a controversy. He wrote
a great many treatises on almost every branch of the civil
law, of which a catalogue is given in Witten^s ^ ^ Memorise
Jurisconsultorum,'' and in Strieder's ** Hesse savante.^'
His principal works are, 1. " Disputationes Feudales,'*
Marburgh, 1604, 4to, of which there have been six edi-
tions: that of Stryke, published at Halle, 1699, 4to, is the
best. 2. " De Camerse imperialis jurisdictione," which
involved him in the dispute with Herman Vullejus, and
produced, 3. " Disp. Apolog. .de potestate imperatoris
legibus soluta ;*' and 4. '^ Disputationes anti-Vullejanse,**
Giessen, 1609, 1610, 4to; but Vullejus she^^ed more mo-
deration in this controversy than his antagonist. ^ ^
ANTONlUS (Marcus), a Roman orator, highly cele-
brated by Cicero, after rising successively through the se-
veral preparatory offices in the commonwealth^ was made
consul in the year of Rome 653; and then governor of
Cilicia, in quality of proconsul, where he performed so
many great exploits in the army that he obtained the
honour of a triumph. In order to improve his talent for
eloquence, he became a scholar to the greatest men at
Rhodes and Athens, in his. way to Cilicia and on his return
to Rome. Afterwards be was appointed censor, and dis-
charged the ofiice with great reputation ; he carried his
cause before the people against Marcus Duronius, who had
preferred an accusation of bribery against him, in revenge
for Antonius*s having erased his name out of the list of
senators; which this wise censor had done, because Duro-
nius, when tribune of the people, had abrogated a law, which
restrained immoderate expence in feasts. He was one of the
greatest orators ever known at Rome; and it was owing to
Him, according to Cicero, that Rome might be considered
ftji a rival even to Greece itself in the art of . eloquence.
336 A N T O N I U &
He defended, amongst many others, Marcus Aquilius ; and
moved the judges in so sensible a manner, by the tears h#
shed^ and the scars he shewed upon the breast of his client,
that he carried his cause. Cicero has given us the cha-
racter of his eloquence and of his action. He never would
publish any of hi8^pleadings, that he might not, as he said^
be proved to say in one cause, what might be contrary to
what he should advance in another. He affected to be a
man of no learning, which Bayle supposes he did not so
much out of modesty as policy ; finding himself established
in the reputation of a great, orator, he thought the world
would admire him more, if they supposed this eloquence
owing entirely to the strength of his natural genius, rather
than the fruit of a long application to the study of Greek .
authors. And with regard to the judges, he thought no-
thing more proper to produce a good effect, than to make
them believe that he pleaded without any preparation, and
to eonceal from them all the artifice of rhetoric. But yet
he was learned, and not unacquainted with the best Gre-
cian authors, of which there are proofs in several passages-
of Cicero. This appearance, however, of modesty and
his many other qualifications, rendered him no less dear ta
persons of distinction, than his eloquence made him uni-
versally admired. He was unfortunately killed during the
disturbances raised at Rome by Marius and Cinna ; and hi»
head was exposed before the rostrum, a place which he
had adorned with his triumphal spoils. This happened in
the year of Rome 667.
He left two sons, Marcus and Caius, of whom Bayle says,
that they ** were more worthy to be the father and uncle
of Antonius* the triumvir, than sons of the great man who
gave them life.'* The elder Marcus, surnamed Creticus,
never raised himself beyond the praetorship, but executed
that office with 'a prodigious extent of authority, having
the same commission which Pompey had afterwards, for im-
porting corn and exterminating the pirates, which gave him
the whole command of the seas. He committed great ex-
tortions in the provinces, particularly in Sicily. He in-
vaded Crete without any declaration of war, on purpose to^
enslave it; and with such an assurance of victory, that he
carried with him more fetters than arms. But he met with
the fate that he deserved: for the Cretans totally routed
him in a naval engagement, and returned triumphant into
their ports, .with the bodies of thelFsieaue* hanging OB
A N T O N I U SL
3S7
their masts. He died soob after this disgrace^ infemous in
his character, ** nor in any respect a better man/* says As*»
coiiius, ^' than his son.'*
His brother Cains bore arms under Sylla in the war
against Mithridates, and raised such disturbances in Achaia^
that for this and other crimes be was afterwards expelled
the senate by the censors. However, he was raised by
Crassus and Cssar to the consulship with Cicero; when
the Catilinarian conspiracy breaking out, he was appointed
to head the forees against Catiline. He did not go in per-
son, being either really or pretendedly sick ; some say he
pretended sickness, apprehensive lest Catiline^ if he ap«
peared, should make discoveries against him. He after-
wards governed Macedonia for three years with such ex«»
tortion and violence, that the senate recalled, tried, con-
victed, and banished him. ^
ANT.ONIUS (Marcus), the triumvir, was son of Anto*
nins Creticus, by Julia, a noble lady of such merit, that
Plutarch affirms her to have been ^^ comparable to the wis-
est and most virtuous ladies of that age ; but she was by no
means happy in her husbands ; for, after the death of An*
tonius, she married P. Cornelius Lentulus, an accomplice
in Catiline's conspiracy^ and punished with death for that
crime* She was also as little fortunate in her sons, who
were three ; for Caius and Lucius seem to have had (Lu-
cius especially) all the vices of their brother Marcus^
without any of his virtues.
Anthony, losing his father when young, launched at once
into all the excess of riot and debauchery, and wasted his
whole patrimony before he had put on the manly gown.
His comely person, lively wit, insinuating address, made
young Curio fond of him, who involved himself on his ac*
4:ount in a debt of 50^000/. which greatly afflicting old
Curio, Cicero was called in to heal the distress of the fa-
mily ; who advised the father to discharge the debt of the
son, but to insist upon it as a condition, that he should
have no farther commerce with Anthony. Afterwards An-
thony went abroad to learn the art of ymxx under Gahinius^
who gave him the command of his horse in Syria ; where
he signalized his courage in the restoration of Ptolemy
king of Egypt Anthony shewed, on this occasion, that
lie had a tender and compassionate disposition } for Pto-
VOL. II.
. z
\
in A K T O N I U 8.
lemy was so enraged at the inhabitants of Pelusium for
their revolt, that they had all been put to death by his
order, if Anthony's intercession had not saved them. He
performed afterwards some noble exploits, which gained
^im high reputation as a commander.
From Egypt, instead of coming home, where his debts
very probably might not suffer him to be easy, he went to
Caesar into Gaul ; and after some stay there, being furnished
with money and credit by Ccesar, returned to Rome to sue
for the questorship. In this suit he succeeded ; and after-
wards obtained the tribunate ; in which office he was zea^
lously active for C^^ar, But finding the senators exaspe*
rated against this general, he fled in disguise to Csesar's
camp ; complaining, when he arrived, that there was no
safety at Rome, nothing right done there, and that the tri«-
bunes could not perform their office but with danger of
their lives. Csesar upon this marched immediately into
Italy, which made Cicero say, that Anthony was " asmuch
' the cause of the ensuing war as Helen was of that.of Troy.'*
But this was said in a professed invective, which must not
be interpreted too literally : the flight of the tribunes gave
CaBsar a plausible pretext for beginning, and seemed to
sanctify his attempt; but hi^ real motive, as Plutarch says,
was the same that animated Cyrus smd Alexander to dis*
turb the peace of mankind — the unquenchable thirst of
empire, and the wild ambition of being the greatest man
in the world, which was not possible till Pompey was de-
stroyed.
Csesar, having made himself master of Rome, gave An«
thony the government'of Italy, with the command over the
legions there^ and he gained the love of the soldiery; to
preserve which, he used to exercise an^d eat with them,
and make them presents when his circumstances permitted.
But ivhat was more to his honour, he assisted Caesar so
successfully on several occasions, that twice particularly^
when Caesar's army had been put to flight, he rallied the
scattered troops, and gained the victory ;- this raised his re->
putation so much, that he was reckoned inferior only to
Caesar. After the defeat of Pompey at Pharsalia, Caesar^
as an acknowledgment of Anthony's great services, made
him master of the horse, but in this office he behaved most
oppressively. For though he assembled the senate, and
maintained a shadow of liberty, yet he exercised himself
upon all occasions arbitrarily and tyrannically; and this-
ANTON I U a 899
behaviour, together with his dissolute life (for he was de-
bauched to the last degree), was the reason, as Plutarch
says, why Caesar the next year did not admit him his col«
league in the consulship^ although he admitted him two
years after.
Upon the death of Caesar, Anthony was alarmed, and
hid himself during the night under the disguise of a slave;
but, hearing that the conspirators were retired to the Capi-
fol, he assembled the senate as consul, ta deliberate upon
the present situation of the commonwealth. Here Cicero
moved for a decree of a general amnesty, or act of oblivion,
for all that was passed ; to which they unanimou^y agreed.
Anthony dissembled well;^ seemed to be all goodness;
talked of nothing but healing measures ; and,, as a proof of
Jbis sincerity, moved, that the conspirators should be in-
vited to take part in their deliberatious, and sent his son as
an hostage for their safety. Upon this they all came down
from the Capitol ; and to crown the joy of the day, Brutus
supped with Lepidus, as Cassius did with Anthony. An-
thony is said to have ask^d Cassius, during supper| ^^ whe-
ther be. still wore a dagger under his gown?** "Yes,**
replied Cassius, ** and a very large one, in case youinvadd
the sovereign power,"
This was what Anthony continually aimed at ; and, as
the event shewed^ he pursued his measures with the great*
est address. He artfully proposed a decree for the con-
Brmation of Caesar's acts; and getting Caesar's register into
his power, proposed as Caesar's acts whatever suited his
purpose. He procured a public funeral for Caesar, and
took that opportunity of haranguing the soldiers and po*
pulace in his favour, and inflamed them so against the
conspirators, that Brutus and Cassius were forced to leave
the city. He made a progress through Italy, to solicit the
veteran spldiers, having first secured Lepidus, who had the
army, to his interests ; he seized the public treasure ;* and
he treated Octavius, upon his arrival, with superciliousness
and contempt, though the adopted son and heir of Julius
Caesar. The patriots, however, with Cicero at their head^
espousing Octavius, in order to destroy Anthony, the lat-
ter was forced to change his measures, and he endeavoured
to extort the provinces of Macedonia and Syria from Bru-
tus and Cassius ; but not succeeding, resolved to possess
himself of Cisalpine Gaul, and besieged Decimus Brutus
in Mutina. This siege is one of the most memorable events
2 2
340 A N T O N 1 tJ S.
of the kind in history, and in Conducting which Anthony^
though defeated^ gained great reputation; the consuls
Hirtius and Pansa were both slain ; and nothing but supe-
rior fotcfe could haire left Octavius master of the field.
Anthony fled in great confusion, wanting even the ne-*-
cessaries of life; and this very man, who had hitherto
wallowed in luxury and iiltemperance, was obliged to live
for some duys upon roots and water. He fled to the Alps,
and was received by Lepidus, with whom, and Octavius,
he formed tlie second triumvirate, as it has usually been
edited. When these three conferred, they would easily be
persuaded, that the patriots wanted only to destroy Jiem
all, which could not be done so effectually, as by clashing
them against one another. They therefore combined, pro^
scribed their respective enemies, and divided the empire
among themselves. Cicero fell a sacrifice to the resent*
ment of Anthony, who indeed was charged with most of the
Inu^rders then committed ; but they were rather to be put
to the account of his wife Fulvia, who, being, a veoman of
avarice, cruelty, and revenge, committed a thousand enor-«
n)ities of which her husband was ignorant, insomuch that,
his soldiers once bringing to him the head of a man killed,
as they supposed, by his order, he denied that he had ever
seen or known him.
Upon the defeat of Brutus and Cassius by Octavius and
Anthony at Philippi, which was owing chiefly to the mili-
tary skill and bravery of the latter, Anthony obtained the
Sovereign dominion ; nnd here he presents us with a most
iincommon picture of human nature, when we consider
how he was roused at once by Caesar^s death from the
midst of pleasure and debauch, formed the true plan of his
interest, and pursued it with a most surprising vigour and
;^ddress, till, after many and almost insuperable difficulties,
he accomplished at length what be all along aimed at.
After the battle at Philippi, Anthony went into Asia, where
he had the most splendid court that ever was seen. The
kings and princes of Asia came to his levee, and acknow-
ledged no other sovereign in the east but him. Queens
^nd princesses, knowing him doubtless to be a man of gal-
lantry, strove who should win his heart; and the famous
Cleopatra of Egypt succeeded. The rest of Anthony's
histpry, his most luxXirious and effeminate manner of living
with this princess, and his ignominious death (for such it
Ynay be justly called), are all minutely and copiously r^-*
ANT O N I U S. 341
lated in the article' of Cleopatra, to which we refer the
reader. We shall only add a short account of Marcus Ju?-
nius Antonius^ his son by Fulvia.
This Antonius, after the death of his father> and the
conquest of Egypt, was so favoured by Octavius, u6w
Augustus, that from one office to another he was raised to
the consulslnp in the year of Rome 744. fie married
Marcella, daughter of Octavia, the sister of Augustus, by
which he became next in his favour to Agrippa ; but provt-
ing ungrateful to the emperor, for he was one of the first
who debauched his daughter Julia, and being also sus-
pected of a conspiracy against him, he killed himself, as is
saidj to prevent the infamy of being copdemned. It is to
him that Horace addresses the second ode of the fourth
book ; and the ancient scholiast upon this ode relates, that
Antonius wrote a poem of twelve books in heroic verse,, en*
titled " Diomedea." He left one son very young, hamed
Julius Antonius, in whom seems to have ended this ancient
family; an illustrious one, says Tacitus, but unfortunate:
^' Multa claritudine generis, sed improsper^." *
ANTONIUS ^LIUS NEBRISSENSIS, or Antony of
Lebrija or Lebrixa, was born in 1442^ at Lebrixa, a town
iu Andalousia. At the age of fourteen he went to the
university of Salamanca, and five years after studied at
some of the most celebrated schools in Italy, and such was
his application, that within ten years he had run through
the whole circle of sciences. He was an able Hebrew,
Qreek, and Latin scholar, and on that account, on his re-
turn to Salamanca, was promoted to the classical chain
During the twenty years that he filled this station, he
published various works on the loarued languages, the
belles lettres, mathematics, medicine, grammar, jurispru-
dence, and sacred criticism. He had the farther honour
of suggesting to cardinal Ximenes, who had invited him to
the newly-founded university of Alcala, the plan of his ce-
lebrated Polyglot, and assisted in the publication. He
finished his labours by inquiries into the history of his
xsountry, and intended to have written the lives of the kings^
of Spain, being appointed historiographer to his majesty,
but was too far advanced in life for the undertaking. He
died at Alcala de Henarez, July 11, 1522. His eloge,
proposed by the academy of Madrid, was published so
1 Gen. Diet.
344 ANT 6 N I U S.
«
lately as 1796, by D. I. B. M\inoz. The list of his works
in the' " Bibl. Hispana nova," is said to be erroneous and
defective, yet we know not of a better. Among his works^
may be mentioned, 1. ^^ Two decades of the history of Fer-
dinand and Isabella,*' Granada, 1545, fol. 2. " ^^exicon;
Spanish and Latin, and Latin and Spanish, of which, ac-
cording to D. Clement, there have been eighteeh editions,
the first and most rare, Alcala, 1532, fol. 3. Explana-
tions on the Holy Scriptures, in the Critici Sacri ; Oom-
mentaries on many ancient authors, &c. His Latin poems
were published at Vivamo, 1491. *
ANTONY (St.) See ANTHONY.
ANTONY, or ANTONIUS (St.), of Padua, or of Por-
tugal, of the religious order of St. Francis, and the Thau-
xnaturgus ,of his age, was the son of Martin Bulhan or
Bonillan, and of Mary of Trevera, and born at Lisbon in
the year 1195, He first joined the community of the
canons of the cathedral of Lisbon, and then associated with
the regular canons of St. Vincent in the suburbs of that
city, where he lived a retired and austere life, and after-
wards became one of the order of St. Francis. He left off
his baptismal name of Ferdinand, and adopted that of An-
tony. Conceiving the design of going to Africa, he em-
barked for that continent ; but his vessel being blown back
to Messina, he found himself obliged to remain in Italy,
where he studied theology, and preached with much repu-
tation. He afterwards visited Montpellier, Thoulouse, and
Padua, and made many converts by the earnestness of his
preaching; and his discourses, we are told, were confirmed
.by ipiracTes. Pope Gregory IX had so high an opinion of
him that he named him '^ The Ark of the New Testament,
and the secret Depository of sacred learning." His long
stay at Padua procured him the surname by which #he is
distinguished. In this place he died, June 13, 1231, in
the thirty-sixth year of his age, and was canonized in the
following year by pope Gregory above mentioned. His
body was placed in the superb church which bears his
aame. There are several sermons of this saint extant, and
some other works. Father Jean of the Hague, a' religious
of the same order, and professor of theology, printed a new-
edition of his works in 1641, to which be added those
ascribed to St. Francis, and a life of Antony. These works.
1 Vossiiis de Scient. Mathemat. — Card, vol. |I.— »Bibl. Hispaf^n.^-^Bioj;:. U(\h
Vefselle.'— iSaxii 090J3EU^5ticoq.*^Moreipi.
ANTONY, 343
are entitled, " Sernioneu dT>mmicales adrentus^ qaadrarre-
simaey ac reliqui omnes de tempore. Sermones de Sanctis*
Interpretatio vel expositio cnystica in sacram Scripturam.
Concordantise morales sacrorum biblioruai." This last \^
divided into five books. *
ANVARI. SeeANWERY.
ANVILLE (John-Baptiste Bourignon d'), first geo-
grapher to the king of France, member of tlie academy
of inscriptions and belles lettres, and of the society of
antiquaries, London, and joint-geographer of the academy
of sciences, was born at Paris on the llthof July, 1697.
His father's name was Hubert Bourignon, and bis mother's
Charlotte Vaugon.
M. d'Anville discovered a taste for geography from his
earliest years, excited by meeting accidentally with a cliart
when about twelve years olcl^ and throughout the course of
his youthful studies, he paid less attention to the language
or sentiment of a classic than to the maps of the countries
treated of, which ^ he endeavoured to delineate, and to
trace the sites of battles, and the march of generals. He
had so improved himself in this branch that, at the age o£
twenty-two, he published some charts which obtained the
approbation of 'the abbe de Longuerre, whose opinion was.
then considered as highly honourable. In these charts, it
has been said that he exhibited every thing that was
kno^n, and was ignorant in nothing, but that of which it
was impossible for him to have acquired a knowledge at.
the time he delineated them.
To the study of modern geography, M. d'Anville joined
that of ancient geography and of the middle ages, which
unites the two. He perused with care thei works of geo*
graphers, philosophers, historians, orators, and even poets,
soleljL with a view to the object of his researches ; but iu
the study bf ancient geography.iie bad to encounter with
miany difficulties. Such was the state of science when he
undertook the task, that he had no guid^ but a few very
inaccurate astronomical observations, and no geometrical
determination of positions and distances. He was likewise
obliged to take an infinite deal of pains in ascertaining the
kinds of measurement employed by the ancients, some:«
times because the same measurei^ went under different
names, -and sometimes, although bearing the same name$^
* Moreri.«»Sa;U€t Vies des SaiDts.-^Ci^T(3^ tpU IL
344 A N V 1 L L E.
because they differed according to the country or age in
which they were adopted. In a word, this study was so
much in its infancy when M. d' Anville began his researches,
that he had innumerable difficulties to surmount, of which
they who have profited by his labours and by the advanced
state of knowledge, can have no idea.
In the pursuit of all his studies he had every advantage
of nature and disposition, a strong memory, an indefati-
gable ardour, and a depth of judgment which enabled him
to compare, select, and decide upon the most accurate
principles. While thus employed, he was elected a mem-
ber of the academy of belles lettres, whose volumes he
enriched with many valuable papers. The accuracy of
M. d'Anville's maps will, perhaps, appear the more ex-
traordinary when it is considered that he had never tra-
velled, and knew very little either of geometry or astro-
nomy« When the question of the oblate figure of the earth
was debated among the astronomers, he endeavoured to
resolve it from the geographical knowledge he had ac-
quired, and published a work entitled ^^ Mestire conjee-
turale de la terre^ous Tequateur,*' and his result was con-
trary to thfit which had been founded on astronomical ob-
servations.
In 1773, the academy of sciences appointed him joint-
geographer, and although he was now enfeebled by age^
he wished to testify his respect for the honour, by pre-
senting the society with some memoirs. In the first and
most important of these, he corrected an egregious error
which bad appeared in every map, respecting the situation
of Mesopotamia, and this he had been enabled to do by
examining the astronomical observations of the Arabians.
M. d' Anville had made an immense collection of maps,
which he had an opportunity to increase by the rep(|tatton
he enjoyed in foreign countries, and his correspondence
with men of learning, navigators, and statesmen of liberal
and enlightened minds ; every one, indeed, who cultivated
the study of geography, was desimus to obtain his opinion,
and happy to add to his collection, as to a general fund for
the benefit of mankind. This collection was purchased by
the late king of France in reversion, and the last employ*
ment of M. d'Anville's life was to arrange and methodize
the various articles, that they might be consulted with easQ
as well as advantage : he had no sooner finished this labour
than bis faculties rapidly decayed, and he died of age and
AN.VILLE, 345
I
infirmity on the 28th of January 1782. Hia countiymea
have spoken in high. terms of bis character and accomplish-
ments. He appears to have been an ardent enthusiast in
his favourite study, and to have relished no branches of
science that had not some distant connection With it. In
conversation he maintained the opinions he had formed
with resoluteness, and did not bear tamely to be contra-
dicted by those who, he knew, had not taken equal pains
to attain knowledge : oh other occasions he was mild and
unassuming. .
His constitution was delicate, and yet, until he was
Bearly sixty years of age, he studied at the rate of fifteen
hours a day : his habits of temperance, and regularity, and
the pleasing varieties of a study which i was every day be-*
coming easier, and every day becoming honourable, ncr
doubt made such excessive application more safe than it
might have proved under less prudent, management, or less
favourable circumstances. In 1730 he married Mad* Tes-
tardy by whom he left two daughters ; one of them took
the veil, and the other was married to M. de Hauteclair,
treasurer of France. His wife died about a year before
him, but such was his imbecility of mind at that time, that
be was incapable of being made acquainted with his loss.
Besides his numerous maps, he published the following
treatises, ^' Geographie ancienne ?ibreg6e," 1768, 3 vols,
12mo. ** Trait6 des Mesures itineraires anciennes et mo-
dernes,*' 1769, 8vo. " Dissertation sur I'etendue de Tan-
cienne Jerusalen^i," 1747, 8vo. " Memoir sur TEgypt an-
Yiienne et moderne, avec une description de Golpfae Ara-
bique,'' 1766, 4 to. " Etats formes en Europe apres la
chute de I'empire Romain en Occident," 1771, 4to. *^ No-
tice de I'ancienne Gaul, tir^e des monumens Romains,*'
1761, 4to. '^ Proposition d'une mesure de la terre dont
il resulte une diminution considerable vers sa circonference
^ur les paralleles," 1735, 12mo. '^ Mesure conjecturale de
la terre sur Tequafccur, .en consequence de Tetendue de la
tner du Sud," 1736, 12mo. ** Analpe geographique de
ritalie," 1744, 4to. ^^ Eclaircissement sur la carte du
Canada," 1755, 4to. ^< Memoire sur la carte des c6tes d^
la Greee," 1751, 4to. " L'empire Turc consid^r^ dans
sonetablissmentet sesaccroissemens," 1772, 12mo. ^* L'era*
pife de Ru^sie, consid^^re dans son origine et ses accroisse-
Tnens,'* 1772, 12mo. " Memoires sur la Chine," 1776, 8vo,
^^ Memoires sur la mer Caspienne^ sur le cour de TEuphrate
ii^ A N V I L L E.
*i du Tigre, su r la Mesopotamie et V Irak/' 1774. Besides
these^ he was the author of two Memoirs in the academy
of sciences^ and of thirty-seven in the volumes of the
roy^l academy of inscriptions and belles lettres, beginning
with vol, XXVI. His " Compendium of Ancient Geogra-
phy*^ was translated into English, and published in two
volumes 8vo, in 1791, illustrated with maps, and with very
Qsefml prolegomena and notes by the translator. '
ANWERY, or ANVARI, one of the most celebrated
poets of Persia, was born in the twelfth century, and wa»
incited to turn poet from the honotirs bestowed on that
class by the sultan • Sandjan He presented a composition*
to that sultan, who ado^itted hin^ ^to his court, and here
Raschidi was his rival. These two poets were for some
time of opposite parties ; Anvari was in the camp of Sangiar
when he attacked Alsitz, governor and afterwards sultan of
the Kouarasmians, with whom Raschidi had shut himself
up. Whilst the two snltans were assailing and repulsing
each other, the two versifiers were skirmishing in their
own method, reciprocally throwing at one another rhymes
fastened to the end of an arrow. Our poet was at the
same time an astrologer; but in his predictions he was
particularly unfortunate, and his enemies took advantage of
this to injure him with the sultan, and he was obliged to
retire to the town of Balke, where he died in 1^00. This
Persian bard corrected the licentiousness that had been
customary in the poetry of his country, but nothing of his
remains except two small pieces, one of which is inserted
in the Asiatic Miscellany, No. I. 1786, and translated by
capt. Kirkpatrick; the other, translated into German by
Chezy, was published in the secoud number of the Oriental
Mine, a journal printed at Vienna, under the patronage
and at the expense of count Rzewuski. ^
ANYSIUS (Janus, or Giovanni Aniso), a modern La-
tin poet, was born at Naples about the year 1472, and to
oblige his father studied law ; but, . from an irresistible in«
clination, devoted himself to. poetry, travelling frequently
to different parts of Naples, and to Rome, where he formed
an intimacy with several member^ of the academy, and^
* Elogas des Academiciens, toI. lU, edit, 1799.— Diet. Hist, the editors of
which say t)iat d'Anvilie was brother to the celebrated Grairelot, the engraver,
and that neither of them would use the name Bourgnignon, becaue it was the
frequent name of footmen. In 180^>M. de Maime publiihed his Eloge, with a
<oniplete list of his charts and works, 8ro.
s D*Uerbelot.*-Biog, Universelle.— 'Asiatic Miscellaiiy, No. 1%
A N Y S I U S. Uf
iceorciing to a v^ry common practice then, assumed fhe
classioal'name of Janus Anysius. He is ss^id to have been
an ecclesiastic, but we have no account of him in that pro-
fession. As a Latin poet he acquired great reputation,
which, it is thought, he would have preserved in the opinion
of posterity, had he been more select in what he published.
Ccetio Calci^nini, however, bestows thd highest praise on
him, as inimitable, or rarely equalled. He died about the
year 1540, His works are entitled, 1. *'Jani Anysii Po-
emata et Satyrse, ad Pompeium Columnam cardinalem,**
Naples, 1531, 4to; but in this title we ought to read
** SententisB*' instead of " Satyrae," which no where ap-
pear. His ^^ SententisB,*' in iambic verse, were reprinted
in ^^ Recueil des diversauteurs sur I'education des enfans,"**
Basil, 1541, and his Eclogues in '^ Collection des auteurs
bucoliques,'' ibid. 1546, 8vo. 2. " Satyr» ad Pompeium
Columnam cardinalem,'' Naples, 1532, 4to. 3. ** Proto-
fenos," a tragedy, Naples, 1536, 4to. The hero is Adam,
ut the piece is prolix, and in a bad style : the opposition
it met with occasioned his next publications. 4. ^^ Commen*
tariolus in tragcediam : Apologia : EpistoIsB : Correctiones,'*
pieces printed without date. 5. " Epistolse de religione, et
epigrammata,*' Naples, 1538, 4to. Anysius had a brother
Cosmo, a physician by profession, and also a Latin poet.
His works published at Naples, 1537, 4to, consist of dif-^
ferent pieces of poetry, satires, epigrams from' the Greek,
and a commentary on the satires of his brother Janus. ^
ANYTA, the name of a Greet lady, author of some
verses in the collection entitled ** Cajrmina novem poeta^
rum fceminarum,*' Antwerp, 1568, 8vo, reprinted at Ham-
burgh, 1734, 4to« In this last edition there a^re but eight
poets, Sappho being printed separately, London, 1733, 4tOr
To these two volumes has b^en added a third : " Mu-
lierum GreBcarum quae oratione pros& usset sunt, fragrhenta
et elogia, Graec. et Lat." Gottingen, 1739, 4to. These
three volumes were edited by J. Christian Wolff. *
APACZAI, APATZAI TSERE (John); a man of sin-
gular character and learning of the seventeenth century^
was born in TraosylVania, in the village of Apatza, ana
was sent at the expense of the government of his country
to Utrecht, where he studied the Oriental languages, tbeo«
1 Biof . Uniterselle.— Carm. llliist* Poet.. Ital. II f. 6t,
-t X)i«t. Hist.— •Vossius.-^Saxii Onomasticeii.
94$ A P A C Z A r.
)Qg}% and philosophy, with such distinguished socoess m
fo be offered the rank of professor. But this he refused
out of regard to his country^ to which he returned in 165S.
He was then appointed to. teach geography^ natural phi-
losophy, and astronon^, in the college of Weissenburgfa,
but having declared in favour of the philosophy of Descartes,
and many of the opinions of the reformed church, hh
enemies were so inveterate as to sentence him to be thrown
«
from the top of a high tower. By powerful intercession,
however, they were induced to change his sentence to
banishment. He now went to Clauseuburgb, and taught
for some time, but a fresh persecution arose, in which he
would probably have been sacrificed, had he not died a
natural death in 1659. Rewrote ^' Dissertatio continens
introductionem ad philosophiam sacram,'^ Utrecht, i650«
fi, ** Magyar Encyclopediat, &c." an Encyclopedia in the
Hungarian language, Utrecht, 1653. 3. ^^ A system of
Logic," in the same, Weissenburgh, 1636. 4. ^*Oratio
de studio sapientiae," Utrecht, 1655. 5. ^< Dissertatio de
politia ecclesiastica," Clausenburgh, 165S.*
APEL, or APELLUS (John), a lawyer, the contem<^
porary of Luther, was one of the professors of the univer-
sity of Wittemberg, and assisted in the reformation. He
was born at Nuremberg,* in 1486, of which place his father
was a citizen. Having married a nun while canon of Wurz-
burgh, he was arrested by orders of the bishop, but pro-
tected by an imperial regiment in the garrison of Nurem-
berg. He was, however, obliged to resign all bis prefer*
ments, in lieu of which he was afterwards appointed advo-
cate of the republic of Nuremberg, and counsellor to the
elector of Brandenburgh. He died at Nuremberg in 1536.
He published a defence of his marriage, addressed to the
prince bishop of Wurzburgh, entitled L^^DefensioJo. Apelli
pro suo conjugio," with a preface by Luther, Wittemberg,
1523, 4to. 2. ^^ Methodica dialectices ratio, adjurispru-
dentiam accommodata,^^ Norimb. 1535, 4to. This is a
treatise ou the Roman law, or rather a system of logic ap->
plicable to that study, and divested of the rage for allegory
which had long prevailed in the schools. Reusner re-
printed it in bis " Cynosura." 3. ^* Brachylogus juris ci-
viUs, sive corpus fegum,'* an abridgment of the civil law»
^ Bioga Unit en«Ue«
A P EL. »4#
which was long thought to be a production of the sixth
centuiy, aad was even attributed to the etnperor Jus*
tiaian. ^
APELLES, one of themost celebrated painters of an*
tiquity, was bom in the isle of Cos, according to PHhyi
but Lneian and Strabo assign* Ephesus as the place of his
birth, and Suidas, Colophon* He fioarished in the fourth
century B. C. and in the time of Alexander the' Great. He
was in high favour with this prince, who made a law that
no other person should draw his picture but Apelle^ : ' he
accordingly drew him, holding a thuhderbolt in his haikl,
and the piece was finished with so much skill and dexterity,
that it used to be said there were two Alexanders ; one in*
vincible, the son of Philip, the oth^ inimitable, the pro-
duction of Apelles. Alexander gave him likewise another
remarkable proof of his regard i foi*' when he employed
Apelles to draw Campaspe, one of bfs mistresses, having
found that he had conceived an affection for her, he re«>
signed her to him ; and it was from her that Apelles is said
to have drawn his Venus Anadyomene. This prince went
often to see Apelles when at work ; and one day, as he
was oveiiooking him, he is said to have talked so absurdly
about painting, that Apelles desired bim to hold his tongue;
telling him that the. very boys who mixed the dolc^urs
laughed at him. Freinshemius, however, thinks it incre-
dible that Apelles wonld make use of such an expression
to Alexander; or that the latter, who had so good an edu*
cation, and so fine a genius, would talk so impertinently
of painting : nor, perhaps, would Apelles have expressed '
himself to this prince in such a manner'.upon atiy other
occasion. Alexander, as we are told, having seen his
picture drawn by Ap^H^s, did not commend it so much a^
it deserved : a little after, a horse happened to be brought,
, which neighed at sight of the horse painted in the same
picture : upon which Apelles is said to have addressed
Alexander, *^ l^r, it is plain this horse understands paint«
ing better than your majesty." Bayle, with some reason,
doubts the truth of these anecdotes, and thinks, if true, he
must have been a capricious buffoon, which is not con-
iistent with the character usually given of Jiim. ^
One of Apelies's chief excellences was the making his
* Biog, Uaiv«rseile.— WiUs's Oictionary of the learned men of Nurmbevy.'-*
Prebrmanu^i Suppl. to the Hiit. Dictionary of Qrohman.
>
S50 A P E L L E S.
pictures so exactly resemble the persons represented^
that, the pbysiogooimsts were able to form a jodgment ebs
readily from liis portraits, as if they had seen the ori^nals.
His readiness and dexterity at taking a likeness was of sin^
euiar. service in exti'icating him from a difficulty in which
he was involved at the court of Egypt. He bad^ not the
good fortune to be in favour with Ptolemy^ but a stdrm
forced him to take shelter at Alei:andria) during the reign
of this prince ; where a mischievous fellow went to him,
and in the king's name invited him to dinner* Apelles
went; and seeing the king in a violent passion, told
him, by way of excuse, that he should not have come to
his table but by his order. He was commanded to shew the
man who had invited him ; which was. impossible, the per-
son who had put the trick upop him not being present :
Apelles, however, drew a sketch of his image upon the
wail with a coal, the first lines of which discovered him
immediately to. Ptolemy.
Apelles left many excellent pictures, which are men-
tioned with great honour by the ancients ; but liis Venus
Anadyomene is reckoned his mastervpiece. His Anttgohus
has also been much celebrated : this was drawn with a
side-face, to hide the deformity of An tigoniis, who had lost
an eye. His picture of Calumny has also been much no-
ticedy and is thus explained by Lucian : Antiphilus the
painter, being piqued at the favour shown to Apelles at
the court of Ptolemy^ accused him of being an accomplice .
in the conspiracy of Theodotus, governor of Phcenieia :
he affirmed that he had seen Apelles at dinner with Theo<-
dot^s, and whispering to him all the time of his entertain-*
mem. Ptolemy was also informed by the same person,
^hat by the advice of Apelles, the city of Tyre had re-
volted, and that of Pelusium was taken. Although it was
certain that Apelles had never been at Tyre, and that he
was not acquainted with Theodotus, Ptolemy was so en-
raged, that, without examining into the affair, he deter-
piined tp put to death the person accused ; and if one of
the conspirators had not convinced him that this* was a
jnere calumny of Antiphilus, Apelles must undoubtedly
have suffered death upon this accusation. Sut as soon as
Ptolemy knew the, truth of this affair, he condemned An-
tiphilus to be a slave to Apelles^ and gave the latter a hun-
dred talents. Mr. Bayle remarks upon this' account of
Lucian, that he has fallen intq a great anachronism \ for
A P E L L E 3. S5t
the conspimcy of TbcodoCas was in the reign of Ptolemy
Philopater, whieh did not begin till an hundred years after
the death of Alexander the Great ; and for what he asserts^
he quotes the audiority of Polybius (fib. iv. and v.) " We
inuft therefore/' says he, ^f suppose one or other of these
two things ; either that Lucian speaks of an Apelles, dif«
ferent froin him who was in such reputation at Alexandria ;
or that he has confounded some plot which was contrived
.under Ptolemy^ Philadelphus, with the conspiracy of Theo*
/ dottts/'
To this account of Apelles, taken principally from Bayle^
it may be necessary to add the opinion of a very superior
critic, who observes, that *^ The name of Apelles in Pliny
is the ^ynonime of unrivalled and unattainable excellence^
but the enumeration of his works points out the ihodifica*
tion which we ought to apply to that superiority : it neither
comprises exclusive sublimity of invention, the most acute
discrimination of character, the widest sphere of Gompre**
beosion, the most judicious and best balanced composition^
nor the deepest pathos of expression : his ^reat preroga-
tive ponsisted more VP the unison than in the extent of his
powers : he knew better what he could do, what ought to
be done, at what point be could arrive, and whatlay be«
yond his reach, than any other artist. Grace of conception
and refioement of taste were his elements, and went hand
iO'hand with grace of execution and taste in finish, power-
ful and seldom possessed singly, irresistible when united:
that he built both on the firm basis of the former system,
not on its subversion, his well-known contest of lines with
Protogenes, not a legendary tale, but a well-attested fact,
irrefragably proves; what those lines were, dmwn with
^neariy miraculous subtlety in different colours, one upon
.the other, or rathet within each other, it would be equally
.unavailing and useless to inquire ;. but the corollaries we
inay deduce from the contest, are obviously these : thai
the scboob of Greece recognized all one elemental prin-
ciple ; that acutenesss and fidelity of eye and obedience
of hand form precision, precisioti proportion, proportion
beauty : th;at it is the * little more or leys' imperceptible
to vulgar eyes, wbi^h constitutes grace, and establishes the
superiority of one artist over another ; -that the knowledge
of the degrees of things, or taste, presupposes a perfect
knowledge of the things themselves : that colour, grace,
and taste, are ornaments, nor substitutes of form, expres-r
152 A P E L L E &
sion, arid cbAracter, and when they osurp that title, dege<t
nerate into splendid faults. Such were the prineiples on
which Apelles formed his Venus, or ratbar the personifi^
cation of the birthday of love, the -wonder of art, the de^*
spair of artists ; whose <>utline baffled every atteiilpt' at
emendation, whilst imitation shrunk from the purity, the
force, the brilliancy, the evanescent gradations of bef
tint^."»
APELLES, an heretic of the second century, was n
native of Syria; whence coming to Rome, he was cor-i
nipted in "his doctrinei by a woman, who wa$ called Phi-
lumena, and pretended to prophetic illunnnations. He
became a rigid disciple of Marcus, but, being excommu->
nicated for bis incontinence, he fled to Alexandria, where
he broached a new heresy, which chiefly diffused itself
through Egypt and Asia. TertuUian speaks thus : *' The
Holy Ghost foresaw an angel of {Reduction in a certain i^ir-^
gin named Philumena^ transforming itself into an angel of
light, by whose delusion Apelles should be taught a new
heresy." By the oracular responses of this demoniac: vir-
gin, be learned to deny the veracity of the prophets^ the
resurrection of the body, to reject the law of Moses, and
in many writings to blaspheme the divine oracle> Deceiv^
by her diabolical possession, he wrote the revelations which
he learned from her. The book was entitled ** The ftro-
phecies and Revelations of Philumena,*' but no part of bis
works is extant, and indeed ihuch of his history is doubtfuk
Apelles lived to be very old, and iUv^ his latter days ap^
peared very grave and rigid. Du Frcsnoy places thi» sect
A.D. 175; Echard, A.D. 180; Dansus, 181. They were
called Apellites, Apelleians, or Apellicians. *
APER (Marcus), one of the finest orators of his tioie,
was a Gaul by birth, and flourished in the first century.
His inclination leading him to travelling, he extended'hifii
journey as far as Britain, but afteiwards returned to Rome^
where he fixed his residence, attended the bar, anfd ac^
quired great reputation for wit and elocj[uence. Although
considered at Rome as a foreigner, this circumstance did
not prevent his rising tb the highest offices, as he became
senator, questor, tribune, and praetor ; but none of these
promotioiHs had charms so attractive to him as his original
< Geo. Diet. — Fu8eli*s Lectures.
' Lardaer's HUl of Heretics.-— Card, vol. I.
A'F e.r;. w*
proCesjAou* He ii mOBt celebr^tefd for hid ^^ Dialogue oiir
the corruptioa of eloquence," tbe object of wbidb^ is tp)
prefer tbe modern to the ancient eloquence* This dialogue;
i^ .suppose^- to haife been written in tbe 16 th year of ye$ a
pasiaii^ or they^ar 74 of our a&ra, and bis death has been,
fixed at the year.^3« Tbedialogue, however^- h^s'been at-,
tributed to Qi^ntiliau and to Tacitus, and is usually printed
in their v^orks^^ but modern critics are of opinion it was nofc>
written by eit^b^r^ ,and D. Rivet, from whom this artiste. i%
t^en, attributes it^ in his dilteniiy hi$t0r y of J^ranoe, to Aper>
auid. ad\[ances sucb..p9!opfa as appear )tQ hftve^,gi?eait.weigbtis
Aq ekcellant dissertation on it mity .be seie^ ip Murphy'a
traiM»laJtion of Tacitus^ . vdL IV. p.^ 445* ' . ij
APHTHONiUS, of. Antio«?K a ,©elebmted rhet^ricjao..
^d. sophist, who lived in the third ceoti^ry,. wiH^e ip^Gree]^
a:t^^tise on rbetoiri^ whipb ha? tle)sceuided to us^ ^ni SQO^
other works. . Hi& rhetoric has be|en.tran$lated into Ls^«
The best edition \)^as printed by ^e Elzivirs ^j^iAf^slt^tdBm^
lig45,J2mp,,uad^ the title ^VAphlhonii Progyng^^mata^
partiin a Jlodolpho Agricola, partim a Joadne^Mar^a Ca4
t^n»o lajtinitfkte dQnjati^, cumiSfboUi^ R. Lori^Iui." ' •
APIC1U3. r Th^e were.tbreie an<^ient Rctmans of thia
liaqr^e, all v^ryilluBtriona^ npt fbr gepiu?,,jfpi^Jvir!fcMe, ft>r
gre^t, oi: gQpd , qualit;iies, .but for gluttony.; ^^r,, if , we may
solten }^e term ineomplaisMceito the Rowing ta$te.of the
times we write Xn^ for the art -of refinin^g^ in tji0 ^pieupe of
eating. The . first . lived uvd^r i SyUa, the secpi^ .. uqtdef
Augustus w4 Ti^rius, .^n4: idi^ thkd, under Trajiinv .The
lecopd hpwevje^ is the mq^t. Ulni^iQlis :pevsoni^^j9if th^
three, and is doubtless the. )»a|n&. of wbpm Sei^c% If Uq^i
Juvenal, Martiail, ^p. so my^hj&peak* . Aihens^s^^pdU^es
him under Tibpripf, ^pd. telte>i|9,'.ith«tt he speg|tj|$BiQien$0
aums in- gratifying. his a^p|pQtit^.,^^i4 inventsd fivers spisll
§:£ cake?, which Mb$»e his jnam^v iVI^e ieftr^jfipWk.SeiieQai
Jth.at.iie»live4 ip hi$ tm(^i.mA,k^ miife w^^m,^ sj^qoI g|
gluttony: at Bja^mi© j.,th^fe.fe^^pepiA?i!eO(fl^ ajB,hrtf
la entertc^inasl^n^ ;r|ha^ finckii|g,hip^*df ^r^ry.piiu^in d^btt
h^ was force^ »t: length to l^fiikMq tb^^tatftjqjjfc^^ffajr&j
and that, seeing be had but 250,000 crowns r^fj^§.v^gfi h^
p^gii^ned hwaelf^from m ^mbi^mop oi hms^0f^t9^
15^ such a su^ip, ,pipp .r^l^ji^ t!^^: SIWR^ .s^^rLj^M^IT
"l Chaufepie.^tavkisfeft.Llttl v^l.4?pS%i-iWi— M6r4f^ ^ -: -aH t
* Moreri* — Suidai in Aptb»— ^axiLOnomasU .
Vol. II. A a
:fi!4£ A'PEH.
liientions very frequently the ragouts hiB ioventecl) and
caiU him the complelest glutton l^at eve^ appeared in the
vTorid : ^' nepotum omnium altissimus gurges/* The third
Apidus lived Under Tra)an : he had an admirable secret to
preserve oy&ter^^ which lie shewed by sending Trajan some
as for as Partbia, very ftesh when they arrived^
• The name of Apibiu^ wa6 applied long after to several
^rts of meat : it made iflttsO a i$ect among the cooks: There
i^ extant a treatise, <* De r<^ c^inaria^^' under the name of
C*liu9 A{yicia«, which- i»' judged by the critics to be' very
ancient, though fhby do n^t suppose it to be written by any*
^i ):be above three. A fair- edition of it was given by Mar-
tin Lister, with the difle of ^^ t>e obsoniis et condimentis,
tfiVe de arte coquinarift,'' Lo^oidon, 1705^8vo, and reprinted
at Am^terdtoi in 1709y 12^mo. Bemhoid published a new
editioiV at Lubeck, in 1 79 1 , 8 vo. It was humdumusly ii«'
diculed by Dr. King in his « Art of Cookery.'? »
APIAN,^of APPIAN (Pbtbr), called in X>erman Bi-
FNRWIT^, &: celebrated lietrouomer and mathematician, was
born at Leisnig or Leip&ic'in Misoia, 1495, and made
professor of mathematics at Ingolstadt in 1534, where he
diediu I55£^ aged Moj-^m^^ He Wl»ote treatises upon
Aviny i6f the ihathematicifeil* scieiidei^, and gready improved
tbemi' es^eeiatly astronomy ^nd aerology, wfateh in th^
ag^'Were iKkiieh the fiafue thing: also geometry, geo-
gfs^hy^i tirithndetic. H^ patrteularly enf^iched astronomy
with toMiy instruments^ add 'Observations of eclipses, co-«
ftiets, &t« His princip«Ll W^ik Was the ^* Astronomicum
Ceesk^emA," published iti foUo M: Ingobtadt in U40) and
Wlvich G^nlainS a number' df interesting observations^ witb
the^^s^Hptioiis and^iviMoUs Of instrOmeDts. In this work
h^ predicts ' eclipses, ^nd' adhstrucfas 'the figures of* them
iin^piafio. ' In the seck)Ad ^ai^ of 1^ wOrk^ or the ^^ Meteo**
i^scdpiiite Plaliu^,'^' ¥e g^s the desctiption Of the most
lM;(iurafe- fts«i^6fiH)iiiie«l ^ll^htnt, and hs^ uiies. To it ai^
Mdeid*oVservuti6n^<)f fiv^difl^i'entcomet§,vi0. in the y^tun
i53^ 1582: 1533, 1588^^^iid 1539 r where he first sbowl
that the'^MM of^a'cometii^e ill Ways projecited -in a directioik
fpOB^fW^unv
- Apkij 'al«b wrote a li^e^ttoe, entitled ^* Ooininograpbfa,^
<Qf Which Ih^^'ba^ been ^Hkteiy- editions, from 1529, when
Frisius published it in 4tpj» to 1575. In J 533 he made, .at
^ Gen. Diet*— Fabric' Bib].' Latk—Saxii Ooioinajticoiu
r. A
APIAN, 355
>J'orimberg| a curious instrvm^t;, which from its figure hoi
called Folium PopuU^ yfhicYi^ by.^he suuVt^^^ v^^wed:
the hour in all parts of the eartb| and e^ve^ the unequi^t
hours of the Jews, In 1534 he published his ^^ Inscrip-^
tiones sacro-sa^ctae Vetust^tis variae^'' Ingost. foL apd in.
thf same y^ar, his ^Mnstvumeutum Sinuumi siye^ Primi:
Ajlobilis/' foL with 100 probleqis; and was the a^tl^or of
many other wp^ks; among which may be nientiaAed,.tha;
Sphemerides from the year 16 $4 for several years, fM^d hpoks^
upon Shadows, Arithmetical Centilpgues; books upo^.^^rithrt
metic, with the ru)e of Coss {Algebra) demonstrated $ upon;
Guagin^ ; Almanacks, with Astsologicfil direct tiqns; a bookr
upon Conjunctions; Ptolemy with very cprre^ct figures^;
qrawu in a quadrangular form ; Ptolemy's work^ in Greek i;
books . of Eclipses ; the works of Azpph, a . very ancient
astrologer ; the works of Gebre ; the perspective of yitellp^
of Critical Pays, and of the Rainbow ; a new Astronomical
and Geometrical Radius, with various uses of 3ines and;
chords; .Universal Astrolabe of Numbers; maps of th^
world, and of, particular countries, &c* r
Apian lefj^ a son, Philip, who jnany ye^rs afterwa|rdsi
taught mathematics at IngoLstadt, and at Tubing, Tyqh^
has preserye4 hi^ letter to the landgrave of Hes^e, in whicl|.
be gives ap. opinion on the new star in Cassiopeia, of the^
year 1572. |He died at Tubing in 1589. Qne of tbq
comets obsedTved by the elder Apian, viz. that of V532, had
its elements nearly the sHme as of one obsferved 12B year%
and a quarter after, viz. in 1661, by Hevelius and other
astronomers ; frf3m hence Dr. Halley judged that the^
were the same comet, and that therefore it mighi; be ex^t
pected to appear again in the beginning of 178$. ^ut it
Ffs not found that it returned at this period, although tbq
astronomerf th^n looted anxiov^ly for it : aqd it is doubt^
ful whether the disappointment might bq owing tp its pa^s^t
ing uqiobserved, or to any e^rprs in tjae observations o^
Apian^ or to itff pef-iod being disturbpd a^d greatly altered
by the actipni^ of the superior planet^. ^ . ; ; . .
' APION, ^ ^wous. grammarian, bprn at Oasis in Egypt^
lyas a professppr at Rome in Tiberius'sreign. l\^ was uu-*
deniably |9< n^a of learning, had made the most diligent
inquiries into the a^tj^usest s)ibj.ects of antiquity,; a^d waf
; * Hutton's Mathematical bicti(mary.*^ea. Plct.*-MaDy yaluable refer«noei
|i Saxii OaoitatiUoon. '
. A A 2
ifiastcff or till those points ivhich give to erudition the cha«* -
radtef of acburatcy and variety. But he appears to have^
often been ah arr6gaht boaster, and most importantly bu-*
8ted in d^ifficult and insignificant inquiries. Bayle quotes*
Jiilius Africanus, as catling him ^* the iriost minutely cu-
riidiis of all grammarians V'- and he might'havip applied to;
0im>' what Strabo has to a pedant^ •^ #ho Vainly trifles
About the* readihg of a pas^^,'* though the sense was
exactly the same, sts far as they were concerned with*
k$ whichever wdy it was read. An idea may be formed of ^
this writer from his imagining that he had performed some-»
thing Extraordinary, when he discovered that the two first
liters of the liikd, taken numerically, made up 48 ; and
Ihat Homer chose to begin'his Iliad with a word, the two.
first letters of which would shew, that his two poems would'
contain 48 books.
Apion iised to boast, with the greatest confidence, that'
he gave immortality to those to whom he dedicated hir
#orks, but none of these works remain ; aiid his name and'
person had long ago been buried in 6blivion,*if other writer^
bad not made mention of them. One of his chief works
was " The Antiquities of Egypt,*' in which he takes occa^
Bion to abuse the Jews ; and not content with thisj he com*
^osed a work expressly against them. He had before shewn
his malice iigainst this people : for, being at the head of
i,n embassy, which the Alexandrians had sent '%o Caligula,
to complain of the Jews in their ^ity, he accused them of
several crimes ; and insisted principally upon H point, the
inost likely to provoke the empe^er, which was, that, while
all the other people of the empire dedicated tem'^les and
altars to him, the Jews refused. With regard to his writ-
ings against them, Josephus thought' himself obliged to
confute the calumnies contained in 'them. He did not
however write, bn purpose to confute' Apion, but several
critits having attacked his Jewish Antiquities^ he defends
himself against them, and against Apioh among the rest^
Apion was not living when this confutation was published;
for it relates the mantierof his death, which Was singular
etlough^ Ht Ifeast in regard to Apion> who^ having greatly
ridiculed Jewish celremonies, and cird^imcisibn ih particu-
lar, was seised at length with a dis^sise, which required an
operatipn of that nature ; and which^ though submitted to,
could not prevent him from dying under the mosjt. agonizing
tortures. He boasted, that he had roused the soul of
•» *k
. .-^. p 1 0/N; a 557
Homer from the dead, to inquire concerning his country
and ffiraily ; and we. learn from Seneca^ that he imposed
Tery much upon Greece, since he was received in every,
city as a second Honner : which shews, . as Bayle ohs(erves^
that ^^ a man, with some learning, and a good share of
impudence and vanity, may easily deceive the mass of the
people."* . r
APOLLINARIS (Caius Sulpitius), an eminent gram-
inarian, was born (as is said), at Carthage, and lived under
the Antonines. Helvius Per^tinaXf who had been his scho«
lar, was his successor in the profession of grammar, and at
length became emperor. He is thQ supposed author of
the verses prefixed to the comedies of Terence, and con^
taining the argument of them. The lines by him written
upon the order Virgil gave to burn his yEneid ;
Infdix alJo cecidit prope Pergamon igne^ ' •
£t pene est alio Tixua cremata rogo : &o. ^
snake us regret the loss of his other verses* Aulus Gellius,
who studied uyder him, gives the highest idea of his learn-
ing : and adds, that he had nothing of that pedantic arro«
jgance, nothing of that magisterial air, Vhich but too often
makes learning so very disagreeable, and raises emotions
of contempt and anger towards men, even wheu aiming at
our instruction. *
AP0LLINARIU8 (Claudius), bishop of Hierapolis in
Phrygia, about the year 1 77, presented to Marcus Aure-
lius an apology for the Christians, which was praised for
its eloquence and truth. He wrote other works against the
heretics of hia time, and especially the Montanists, but
these are all lost. Eusebius mentions Five books against
the Gentiles; two books of Truth; and two against the
. Jews. As he bad spoken in his Apology of the victory of
Marcus Antoninus, which happened in the year 174, and
of the thundering legion, Lardner places him at the year
176 or 177, though possibly he was then in the decline of
life. There are two fragments ascribed to him in the pre«-
face to the Paschal, or, as it is often called, The Alexan-
drian Chronicle, but these are doubtful. *
- APOLLINARIUS, the elder, a grammarian and divine,
was a native of Alexandria, and flourished about the mid*
^ 1 Gen. Dict^Workt of the Le^me^, 1740.
' • Auius Gelliufl, Noet. Ait. lib. 18. cap. 4.— Ota. Diet*
> tardoer's W«rki.-^Pupiii.r-C|ivc,
854 A P O L L I N A R I U S.
die of the fdarth century. When, under the reign of Ju-
lian, the Christians were prohibited the tfee of the Greek
and Roman classics in tbeit schools, he drew up a grammar
in a Christian forfti^ and translated the books of Moses,
and the whole history of die Hebrews down to the time of
Saul, in Greek heroic verse, dividedj in imitation of Ho^
mer, into twenty-four books. He translated other parts
of the Old Testament into verse, which Sozomen has
praised, but of which it is now impossible to form a judg^*
Bient. He was the father of the Apollinarius in the next
article.'
APOLLINARIUS, the younger, is mentioned by Je-
rom, in his Catalogue of Eoclesiastidal writers, as bishop of
Laodicea in Syria. Jerom adds that he employed his
younger days chiefly in grammatical studies, and after-
wards published innumerable volumes upon the hbly scrip-
tures, and died in the time of the emperor Theodosius ; be
mentions his thirty books against Porphyry, as being then
extant, and esteemed the most valuable of his works.
Apollinarius is placed by Cave as flourishing about the year
370, but Tillemoiit thinks he was bishop of Laodicea in
the year 362, at the latest. Lardner thinks it certain that
he flourished in the time of the emperor Julian, and after-
wards ; and it seems probable that he died about the year 382*
He wrote commentaries upon almost all the books of holy
scripture, none of which haye. descended to our time ex-
cept a ** Paraphrase on the Psftlms," which has been often
reprinted in Greek and Latin, and of which an account
may be seen in Fahriciud. In his early days, he wrote and
preached the orthodox faith, but afterwards swerved so
far from it, as to be deemed a heretic, and thus became
the founder , of a sect called the Apollinarians. This sect .
denied the. proper humanity of Christ, and maiatained that
the body which he assumed was endowed with a sensitive
and not 9. rational squI ; but tjiat the divine nature supplied
the place of the intellectual principle in man. Their doc-
.trine was first condemned by a council at Alexandria in
the year 362, and afterwards in a more formal manner by
a council at Rome ii\ the year 375, and by another council
in th<5 year 378, which deposed Apollinarius from his
bishopric. He is . said to have held the doctrine of the
MHlenium, or the personal reign of Christ on earth for
* Lardner's Works.— Dupin.— Care.
A P O L L J N A IR-I U k «J^
n thousand years. The reAderroay ftftd'd^ ^ery elaboratte
account of him and of bis writings in Dr. Lardqer's wotkS|
vol. IV. p. 380—397.
APOLLINARIUS SIDONIUS. See SIDONIUS.
APOLLODORUS, a celebrated Athenian painter^
flourished about the year 408 before the Chr}«»tian sera.
He applied the essential principles of his predecessor
Polygnotus to the delineation of ihe species, by investi-
gating the leading forms that discriminate the various
classes of human qualities and passibns. The acuteness
of his taste led him to discover that as all men were con^^
nected by one general form, so they were separated each
by some predominant power, which fixed character^ and
bound them to a class : that in proportion as this specific
power partook of individual peculiarities, the farther it
was removed from a share in that harmonious system which
constitutes nature^ and consists in a due balance of all its
parts : thence he drew his line of imitation, and personified
the central form of the class, to which his object belonged-;
and to which the rest of its qualities administered without
being absorbed: agility was not suffered to destroy firm-
ness, solidity, or weight; nor strength and weight agility:
elegance did not degenerate to effeminacy, or grandeur
swell to hugeness. Such were his principles of style ; his
expression extended them to the mind, if we may judg«
from the two subjects mentioned by Pliny, in which he
fieems to have personified the characters of .devotion and
impiety : the former, in the adoring figure of a priest, per-
haps of Cbryses, exptoding his gratitude ^t the shrine of
the God whose arrows avenged his wrongs and restored his
daughter : and the latter; in the figure of Ajax wrecked,
and fixHn the sea-swept rock hurling defiance unto the
murky sky. As neither of these subj^ts can present
themselves to a painter's mind without a contrast of the
most awful and the most terrific tones of colour, magic of
light and shade, and unlimited command over the tools of
art, we may. with Pliny and with Plutarch consider Apollo-
dorus as the' first assertor of the pencil's honours, as the
first colourist of his age, and the man who opened the gates
of Art which Zeuxis entered.*
APOLLO DORUS j a celebrated grammarian of Athens,
flourished in the l6Hh Olympiad, or about iQ4 years be-
i Fuselt's Lectures.
9M ;A P O L L O D O R U,Si
fore ibt Chfi^tiEn jera> nj^dfit the reign pf Plotemy Eixet^
getes, king of Egypt. He was the soa of Asclepiades, and
the disciple of Aristarchus the grammarian, and of the pbir
losopfaek* Pancetius. He. composed i^ very voluminous work
(on the origin of the gods, of which Harpocration has quoted
the sixth hook, Macrobiua the fourteenth, and Hermolaus
•the seventeenUi. Besides this .work he wrote a ^^ Chro^
nicle^'^ a ^^ Treatise on legislators,'* another/' on the phi^
losQpbical sects^" and others which we find mentioned in
the writings of the a,ncients. There is, however, only now
jextaut, an abridgement of his book on the origin of the
gods, Rome, 1555, and Antwerp, 1565, of which M. le
Fevre of Saumur (Tanaquil Faber), published a Latin
translation, under the title of <' Apollodori Atheniensis
bibliotbecsB, siye de Diis, libri tres." Imperfect as this
abridgement is» it is very useful in illustrating^ fabulous
J)istx>ry. It C(»nmenees with Inachus, and comes down to
/Thefieus, prince of Athens, conseq^ently comprising the
€paceof 622 years, from A, M. 2177 to A. M. 2799. But
we owe a very superior edition to the labours of that emi«
nent classical scholar and critic, Heyne,; who published
in 1782, '^ Apollodori Atheniensis BibliotbecaB Libri tres.
Ad codd. MSS. fidem recensiti," Gottingen, 8vo, and the
following year, '^ Ad Apollodori Atheniensis Bibliothecam
Notee, cum commentatione de ApoUodoro argumento et
consilio operis et cum Apollodori fragmentis," ibid. 2 vols.
:8vo. Four years before the first of these publications,
Mr. Heyne gave a course of lectures on ApoUodorus, which
became veiy popular and interesting to young scholars.
At the c(»nmepcemept of this undertaking, be found that
.the editipQs pf ApoUodorus were very scarce, and Gale\
•although the best, yet very inacpurate. He determined
therefore to publish . one hin^^elf, in executing which he
-was assisted by three Qianuscripts, one formerly belonging
to Oorville, a second prepared for the press by Gerard
jjames Vanswinden, and a third in. the king's library at
Paris. None of his .works do Heyne more credit, and his
notes are highly valviable and entertaining to students of
^mythology. • . .
APOLLODORUS, a famous architect under Trajan
and Adrian, was born at Damascus ; and bad the direction
pf that ino^( in^gnificent bridge, which the former ordered
1 Moreri.—- Saxii ODomisUcoiid— >Biog. Uiurerwll*^
A P 0 L I- O D O R U S. |6|
to be built over the Danube, in the year 104. Adrian^
whq always valued himself highly upon his knowledge of
arts and sciences, and hated every one of whose eminence
in his profession he had reason to be jealous, conceived a
very early disaffection to this artist, upon the following
^occasion : As Trajan was one day discoursing with Apol*
iodorus upon the buildings he had raised at Rome, Adrian
gave his judgment, but shewed himself ignorant : on which
the artist, turning bluntly upon him, bid him ^^ go paint
pitruls, for that he knew nothing of the subject they were
talking o.f :^' now Adrian was at that time engaged in
painting citruls (a yellow kind of cucumber), and even
boasted of it. This was the first step towards the ruin of
ApoUodorus ; which he was so far from attempting to
retrieve, that he even added a new offence, and that to9
dfter Adcian was advanced to the empire. To shew ApoU
iodorus that be had no absolute occasion for him, Adrian
«ent him the plan of a temple of Venus ; and, though he
asked, his opinion, yet he did not mean to be directed by
it, for the temple was actually built. ApoUodorus wrote
his opinion very freely, and found such essential faults
with it, as the emperor could neither deny or remedy. He
shewed, that it was neither high nor large enough ; that
the statues in it were disproportioned to its bulk; "for,^*
jsaid he, ^^ if the goddesses should have a mind to rise and
go out, they could not do it." This irritated Adrian, and
prompted him to get rid of ApoUodorus* He banished
him at first, and at last had him put to death; without
stating the true cause, of which he would have been
.ashamed, but under the pretext of several crimes, of which
Jie procured him to be accused and convicted. *
APOLIyONlUS, a Greek writer, born in Alexandria,
tinder the reign of Ptolemy Euergetes king of Egypt, was
a scholar of Callimacbus, whom he is accused of having
Jbreated with ingratitude ; by which he drew upon himself
the indignation of this poet, who gave him the name of
Ibis, from a bird of Egypt, which used to purge itself
with its bill. ApoUonius wrote a poem upon the expedi^
.tion of the Golden Fleece ; the work is styled " Argo-
Dautica," and consists of four books. Quintilian, in his
/^ Jnstitutiones Oratoriae,'' says diat this performance is
written ^^ sequali qu&dam mediocritate :^* that the author
1 Geo. Diet,
i6i A P b L L'O N I U S.
observed an exaot medluni between the sttblitne and low
style in writing. Longinus says also that Apollonius nevei
sinks in his pbem, but has kept it up in an uniform and
equal manner : yet that he falls infinitely short of Homers
notwithstanding the faults of the latter ; because the sub-
lime, though subject to irregularities, is always preferable
to every other kind of writing. Gyraldus, speaking of
this poem, commends it as a work of great variety and
labour : the passion of Medea is so finely described, that
Virgil himself is supposed to have copied it almost entirely,
vand to have interwoven it with the story of Dido.
Apollonius, not meeting at first with that encourage-
ment which he expected at Alexandria, removed to
Rhodes, where he set up a school for rhetoric, and gave
lectures for a considerable time ; thence acquiring the
name of Rhodius. Here it was that he corrected d.nd put
the finishing hand to his Argonautics, which being pub*
' licly recited, met with universal applause, and the author
was complimented with the freedom of the city. He is
said to have written a book ** Concerning Archilochus," a
treatise " Of the origin of Alexandria," " Cnidos," and
other works. He published his poem of the Argonautics
at Alexandria, upon his return thither, when sent for by
Ptolemy Euergetes, to succeed Eratosthenes as keeper of.
the public library. It is supposed that he died in this
office, and that he was buried in the same tomb with his
master Callimachus. The ancient Scholia upon hb Argo-
nautics are still extant : they are thought to be written by
Tarrhaeus, Theon, and others.
• Of late years his reputation has rather increased in this
country. Mr. Hayley has bestowed great praise on him.
•" His poems," says this excellent critic, ** abound in ani-
mated description, and in passages of the most tender and
pathetic beauty. How finely painted is the first setting
forth of the Argo ! and how beautifully is the wife of Chi-
ron introduced, holding up the little Achilles in her arms,
and shewing him to his father Peleus as he sailed along
the shore ! But the chief excellence in our poet, is the
spirit and delicacy with which he has delineated the pas-
sion of love in his Medea. That Virgil thought very highly
of his merit in this particular, is sufficiently evident from
-the minute exactness with which he has copied many ten-
der touches of the Grecian poet." The best editions of
Apollonius are those printed at Oxford in 4to, by Dr. Johu
A P © t t 6 ^ I tJ S. 36S
Bbaw, fellow of Magdalen college, 1777, and by the same in
8vo, 1779, that of Brunck, Argentora, 1780, 4to and 8vo;
thatof Flangini,Roine, 4to, 1794, and of Beck, LiBipsic,1797,
2 vols; 8vo. ThiB princeps editio is a quarto, dated Florent.
1496, a copy of which sold at the Pinelli sale for seventeen
^guineas. Several English poets have contended for the
honoardf transfusing the beauties of ApoUonius int6 our
language. Dr. Broome published many years * ago, the
Loves of Jason and Medea, and the story of Talus. Mr.
West also published some detached pieces. In 1771, Mr.
Ekins translated the third Book of the Argonautics, and a
part of the foiirth, 4to, with very valuable preliminary
tnatter. Iri 1780, two translations of the Argonautics ap-
peared, the one, a posthumous work of Fawkes, the other
by Edward Burnaby Green ; and in 1803, another transla-
tion was published in 3 vols. 12mo, by Mr. Preston. *
APOLLONIUS, of Perga, a city in Pamphilia, was
a celebrated geometrician who flourished in the reign of
Ptolemy Euergetes, about 240 years before Christ ; being
about 60 years after Euclid, and 30 years later than Archie
medes. He studied a long time in Alexandria under the
disciples of Euclid ; afid afterwards he composed several
curious and ingenious geometrical works, of which only
his bboks of Conic Sectipns are how extant, and even these
not perfect. Fbr it appears from the author's dedicatory
epistle to Eudemus, a geometrician in Pergamus, that this
work consisted of eight books ; only seven of which how-
ever have come down to us. *
Frofai the collections of Pappus, and the commentaries
tjf Eutocius, it appears that ApoUonius was the author of
various pieces in geometry, on account of which he ac-
quired thetitle of the Great Geometrician. His Conies was
the principal of them. Some have thought that ApoUo-
nius appropriated the writings and discoveries of Archi-.
medes; Henaclius, who wrote the life of Archimedes,
affirms it; though Eutocius endeavours to refute him.
'Although it should be allowed a groundless supposition,
that Archimedes was the first who wrote upon Conies, not-
withstanding his treatise on Conies was greatly esteemed ;
yet it is highly probable that ApoUonius would avail him-
self of the writings of that author, as well as others wh6
"had gone before hini ; and, upon the whole, he is allowed
\ Geo. I>iot«-*Fabr. Bit>l. JGlrcc.— VoMios*— ^ann >OnOflia8ticoiK<— DibdiniB
daisies, vol. I.
964 A P O L L ^ N I U S.
the honour of explaitiuig a difficult subject better thttt
had been done before ; having made seve)*al improvements
both in Archimedes's problems, and in Euclid, His work
upon Conies was doubtless the most perfect of the kind
among the ancients, and in some respects among the mo-
deras also. Before ApoUonius, it had been customary^ a$
yfG are informed by Eutocius, for the writers on Conies to
require three different sorts of cones to cut the three dif*-
ferent sections from, viz. the pari^bola from a right angled
•conCy the ellipse from an acute, and the hyperbola from
an obtuse cone; because tbey always supposed the sec-
'lions made by a plane cutting the cones to be perpendicu^i'
lar to the side of them : but ApoUonius cut his sections all
from any one cone, by only varying the inclination or posi-
tion of the cutting plane ; an improvement that has bee&
followed by all other authors since his time. But that Ar^
chimedes was acquainted with the same manner of cutting
any cone, is sufficiently proved, against Eutocius, Pappus,
and others^ by Guide Ubaldus, in the beginning of h»
commentary on the second book of ^irchimede^'s Equif*
ponderants, published at Pisa in 1588."
The first four books of ApoUonius^s Conies only have
come down to us in their original Greek language; but
the next three, the fifth, sixth, and seventh, in an Arabic
version ; and the eighth not at all. These have been com-
mented upon, translated, and published by various authorsii
Pappus, in bis Mathematical Collections, has left some ac^p*
count of bis various works, with notes and lemmas upon
them, and particularly on the Conies. And Eutocius wrote
a regular elaborate commentary on the propositions of
several of the books of the Conic^.
The first four books were badly translated by Joan, Bap*
tista JVIemmius. But a better translation of these m Latin
was made by Commandine, and published at Bononia in
1566. — ^Yossius mentions an edition of the Conies in 1650;
the fifth, sixth, and seventh books being recovered by Golius.
— Cls^ude Richard, professor of mathematics in the impe^
rial college of his order at Madrid, in the year 1632, exr
plained, in his public lectures, the first four books of ApoU
lonius, which were printed at Antwerp in 1655, in folio.— r
And the grand duke Ferdinand the second, and his brother
prince Leopold de Medicis, employed a professor of the
Oriental languages at Rome to translate the fifth, sixth,
.«Qd seventh books into L^tin. These were published at Fk»«
APOLLONIUS. S6S
ffencein 1B61, by BoreHi, with his own notes, who also,
maintains that these books are the genuine production of
Apollonius, by many strong authorities, against Mydorgiu«
and others, Who suspected that these three books were
not the real production of Apoilonius.
• As to the eighth book, some mention is made of it in a.
book of Golius's, where he had written that it had ndt'
been translated into Arabic, because it was wanting in the
Greek copies, from whence the Arabians translated die.
others. But the learned Mersenne, in the preface to Apol-
lonius^s Conies, printed in his Synopsis of the mathematics,
quotes the* Arabic philosopher Aben' Nedin for a work of
his about the year 400 of Mahomet/ hi which is part of
that eighth bookj and who asserts that all the books of
ApoUoniusare extant in his language, and even more than
are enumerated by Pappus ; and Vossius says he has read
the same ;' De Scientiis Mathematicis, p. 55. — A heat edi-
tion of the fiirst four books in Latin was published by Dn
Barrow, at London 1675, in 4to. — A mag^iificent edition of
all the eight books, was published in folic, by Dr. Halley,
at Oxford in 1710; together with the lemmas of Pappus,
and the commentaries of Eutocius. The first four in
Greek and Latin, but the latter four in Latin only, the
eighth book being restored bv himself.
The other writings of Apoilonius, mentioned by Pappus,
are, 1. The Section of a Ratio, or Proportioiial Sections^
two 'books. 2. The? Section of a Spdce, in two books*
3. Determinate Section, in two books. ' 4. The Tangen-
cies, in two books. 5. The Inclinations, 'in two booksL
6. The Plane Loci, in t\v6 books. Tli^ cfantewts of illf
these are mentioned by Pappus, and many lemmas are:
delivered relative to them ; but none, or Very little of these
books themselves, have descended down to the hiodernsi
From the account, however, that has been given of their
contents, many restorations have been made of these works,
by the modern mathematicians, as follow: viz. Vieta.
Apoilonius Gallus. The Tangencies, Paris, 1600, in 4to.
Snellius, Apoilonius Batavus. Determinate Section. Lugd.
1601, 4to.' Snellius; Sectio Rationis & Spatii. 1607;
Ghetaldus; Apoilonius* Redivivus. The Ihrftnations. Ve-
nice, 1607, 4tp. Ghetaldus, Supplement, to the Apoilo-
nius Redivivus. Tangencies, 1607. Ghetaldus, Apollo*
nius Redivivus, lib. 2, 16131. Alex. Anderson, Supplem.
iVpoL Redivivi. Inclin, Paris, 1612, 4to. Alex. An^er-
366 A P O L L O N I U S,
son. Pro Zetetico ApoUoniaoi problematis a se jam pri*-^.
dem editioin Supplemento ApoUonii Redivivi. Pari^^ 1615,
4to. Scbooten, . Loca Plana restituta. Lug. Bat 1656*
Fermat, Loca Plana, 2 lib. Tolos. 1679, folio. ,Halley,
Apol. de Sectione Rationis libri duo ex Arabico MS. La-
tinp vfirsi duo restituti. Oxon. 1706, Svo. Simson, Loca
£iana, libri duo. Glasg. 1749, 4to. Simson, Sectio De-'
t^rminat. Glasg. 1776, 4to. . Horsley, ApoL Inclinat.
libri duo. Oxon. 1770, 4to. Lawson, The Tangencies,
in two books, Lond. 1771, 4 to. Lawson,. De^rminate
Section, two books. Lond. 1772, 4to. Wales, S^termi*
Bate Section, two books. Lond. 1772^ 4to.. jBurrow,.
The Inclinations. Loud. 1779, 4to»^ . *
APOLLONIUS {Dyscolus, or the meagre, from kis,
starved appearance), was a native of Alexandria,. and flou->
rished about the year 138 B.C. He passed his life at
Bruchium, a quarter of the city wh^re several men of
learning were lodged and oi^ntained ajt the ezpence of
the kings of Egypt, but some agcoui^t^ say tl^atrh^ lived in
great poverty. He was the first ;^ho reduced grammar ta
a system, and wrote many works on the subfect,. which are
not now extant, but of which Pri;5cian availed l^imself in
writing his Latin grammar. We have, however, 9. treatise
on " Syntax," by AppUonius, which has been often,
printed. The best edition is that of Frederic Sylburgius,
with the Latin translation and notes of Portus, JFraiKfort^
1590, 4to. In Reltzius^s edition of ]\|attaire's Greek Dia-^
lects, 1738, and in Sturtziusi's edition, 1867, are several
extracts from ApoUonius's graoi^iar,^ which Vossius copied
lirom a MS. in the royal library of Paris, but this nuuiu-
«cript is more full, and deserves printing at large. Ano.
ther work, entitled " Historiae Mirabiles," Gr^ and Lat.
of which Meursius published the best edition, Leyden,'
1620, 4 to, is attributed to ApoUonius, but upon doubtful
authority. ApoUonius was the father of Herodian, the
grammarian.^
APOLLONIUS TYANEUS, a noted impostor, was a
native of Tyana, in Cappadocia, and born some years be-
fore the Christian aera. He studied the philosophy of
Pythagoras in his infancy, and professed it dunng his
1 Gen. Diet. — Martin's Biog. Philosophica.— Hutton's Mathe;m&tical Pict-^
Saxii Ooomastioon.
* VoMius de AUt. Gr«6c.— Falnr, BibU Gfaec—^Bios, Uiuf«cseile,— Baxii
Onoinastiooa.
A P O L L O N I U S* 367
Whole life. He practised every tigid precept of abstinence^-
gave bis [nroperty to.tbe poor, lived in the temples^ quelled
seditions, and instructed the people with persuasive force
and suavity. . He affected a preciseness and mystery when *
be spoke, which made a- wonderful impression on the vui-.
g9Jt ; all the world, we, are told, followed him : artizans
<}uitted their employments ; cities sent deputations to bim^.
and even die oracles chiaunted his praises. He made dis«
cipfes everywhere : be conversed with the brachmans of
India, the magi of Persia, and the gymnosophists of Egypt^
compelliug all to ^admire him. At Nineveh, at Epbesus, at
Smyrna, at Athens, at Corinth, and other cities of Greece^,
be preached his djck:trines, condemning amusements, visits
ing the temples, coj^rectiug the public morals, and recom-
mending the reforsoation of all abuses. At Romej where
be said he can^e to see. what sort of an animal a tyrant was^^
he inyeighed .against the bagnios: with great severity.,;
Having accidentally met the funerd of, a young lady of
consular family,. be approached the bier^ atul after sp^ak-.
ing some wt>rds in a.lpw voice, the dead arose and went
back to h&: ftl^ber^rs bQuse* Her; parents offered him a
large sum, whl^b ke refused. Here alsc^ he pretended to
Htter- pcopbecios. The emperor V/^pasian was so much
bis dupe, as to ask bis advice, which be gave in his usual
iniposif^ manner. .This be had done at other courts, and
most •absurd stories are ijOld of his wisdom and prophetic
gifu, Domitiaii, bowe^'er, confined him for some time ia
prison, -and after bis rele^e he died, about the end of the
fest century. Sitatue^ were erect^i, and divine honours
paid to bim» One JDapis, the part^^r. in bis impositions^
inrote his life, but it was more fully; written by Philostratus^
who lived 200 years aften It is among Philostratus's
works, with . aome letters attributed to ApoUonius. The
b^thens wej}e feed of opposing tbe.pi^etended miracles
of this man to tbo^ie of .our Saviour :; «and , by a treatise
Whacb Eusebiua wrote iagai^nst one Hierpcles, we find that
the drift of the latter, in the treatise iwjuch Eusebius re^^
fiites^ had been to idi^aw^ a'pai*sdlel bel^^iKt Jesus Christ and
ApbUoniiis, in w^ii^^e give^ .the^{)<feference to this phi-
losopbex^
• Mr. Du Pin has w)?itten a confutation of ^* Philostratus's
Life of ApoUonius," in which he proves, 1. That the bis?
toty/i :ofi!d)is philpsopber is destitute of such proofs as can
bd crenfited. 2. That PhilostFat^£f hs^s pot written a his*
toty, bat ^ romance. 3. That the miracleil aseribed ta-
Apollonius carry strong marks of falsehood ; and that tliere '
is not one which may iiot be i^nptited to chance or Uttifieeb
4. That the doctrine of this philosopher is iii m^y partW
cnlars opposite to right sense and reason.
• Apolionins is said to hare written four books on judicial:
astrology, and a treatise npon - sacrifices, which ar^ notf
lost. His general character seems to have been that he
added the arts of an impostor to the learning of a pfarlo«'*
■opher. Those who are curious^ however^ in bis hiatcny,.
may meet with copious information in his Life by Pbilo*
•trattis, in Bayle, Brucker, Lardner, and Du Pin. A new
edition of his life was recently published by the rev. Dr,
Edward Berwick of Ireland, 1810, 8vo. '
APONO, or ABANO (Peter), a physiciaa and astro-i'
loger, was boru in 1250, at the village of Abano near
Padtia, of which the Latin name is Apoiiuft, and hence he
is frequently called Petrus de Apono, or Aponbwsis. Ha
is also sometimes called Petros de Padua. When young,
he went, with a view to study Gredk, to Constantiiiople,
or according to others, to some of the islands belonging ta
the Venetian republic. Having afterwar<ls a desire to study
medicine and mathematics, he returned^ and spent somie
years at Padua, and at Paris, where he was adoiitted to
the degree of doctor of philosophy and medicine^ He wasy
however, recalled to Padua, and a professorship of inedi*
eine founded for him. He attained great reputation as 4^
physician, and is^said to have been very exorbitant in hia
fees. We are not told what his demands were in theplao^
of his residence, but it is affirmed that he would not at-
tend the sick in any other place under 150 florins a dayi
and when he was sent for by pope Honoriiis IV. he de^
manded 400 ducats for each day*8 attendance. > Bat these
reports are. thought to have been exaggerated, as perbapa
are many other particc^lars handed down to us, rach as hia
abhorrence of milk, which waa so great, that he &mted if
be saw any person drink it.
' His works shew that he had read every thing which ap-
peared before his time, bn the subject of medicine, but
unfortunately he mixes, with a great deal of real koow«
ledgCj all the reveries of judicial astrology, and caused the
dome of the public school at Padua to be painted witii
above four hundred astrological figures, and when de«
utroyied by a fire in 1 420| they were replaced by the eelo*
A P O N O. S«»
>ibrated^Giotlx>4: 0k attachmeot to. astarofbgtcalipttrsnite,
and a superior acqiiaiutaiice 'i«>itb ntitural pliiiosppby and
mafcheaaaitiofl)' procared^hi^l the >charac€er of a magiciaBf
ahdi Ji».wa$ accused of hetesy. , Tim acousatioii, of which
he had cleared himself at Pearls, was twice r4Bnewed at Fa«
ibia^ b^ the >£&^ultj.aiid others whoii^^re jiaaloai c^his re*
|iiitation, and it iMas saifl he owed his extraordinary skill to
aeves familiar spirits whom he kept inclosed in ^a •bottle.
'By. means of some- powerful frieods, he escaped the in<|ui^
sition on one oecasion, and was about to have been tried a
.aeqiBidtim^ but died before the process was fiaisheidy in
ABilSv la spite* o^ the professioh^ which hp* made before
isritnessesy* when dyilig, of his. adherei^ce ico the cathohq
,£uth>'aiid which he/ likewise soleohily expressed in his wiU^
the inquisitixm' f6kiqd him guilty of h^esjp^ aiid^ ordered
.libe Jnagistrates of/Badua to take, his body np^> audi bum it,
A female s^rvaat, boiiiEever» oo hearing this order, con-r
slariired, in the mgl^ * to have the body removed t^ Another
^tifcLl The iftquisitors wcmld bay# - pvoce^ded against
'^fae persons- 4c:o&oeriied in tbis^iafiairi but wei^ -at'l^hgtb
-siktik&ed: W9th buiHiing-the -deceased- in effigy. • J A cettuiiy
.afterwssffds)' hif ieUow^'Cicizeos placed a bu^tl tioi b&s) m^-
«iory *in the pmUic ^pailace. His; principal rWO^ks^-were,
dj ^^ Conciliatoi: differeutiaram' philosophoiuoM ^^f»cipue
jnedieprum/.' Venice, .1471 , 'a work often rffnrittted, and
Hfhieh 'ppociired* him- the tide of Conciliator.-- He oftea
quotes A^ervoeSi and was t^e first Italiaa wiuistndi)ed his
(wbrk9.^:v 2, ^* OeViBtieiMS, eoramque rea»edii$)'' also often
i<C|i#intedy . but now very scarce. 3. ^^ £xpositi0 pro-
tienai»m>Ari8totelis/V Mantua, 1^7 5, 4to^ of which them
liaTO .heea mKoy editions. 4.> ^^liU Fisionomi^ dn ooti^
^iitajtdr Pierre de Apono," Padua, 1474, Svo^iand in Latin,
<^ I^tecisiones physioBomicsD/' 154S^ Svo. . In the imperial
lifanry of fivi8,.i8 a mannsoript <^athe same ^ub^ect, which
iat miQ$» during his residence' in that city. 5.^ ^ Hippo*
jiQSRalast deniedicorum astrologia Itbellu^,'^ from the Gi^ek
iato; Latin, Venice,- 14^5, 4tx>« 6. ^^ Quss^iones de fer
ihaiam,'*' Padna, i4$if a > manusonpt in the imperial li>
i3«ry. % Jf Tektua Mesues iiovit^r^mendatus, ice;'*' Ver
:iii6e^ 1505, Sto. 8» ^^ Astrolabium plenum in tabi^Iis as«
.eciftdens, continens qoalibet bora atque minuta o^patioiies
domorum coeli,*' Venice, 1502, 4to. 9. ^^ Geomanti^,"
Venice, 1549, Svo. 10. " Dipnocides dige&tus alphas
betica ordioe/' Lyons, 1512, 4to. U. '^ G^eni tractates
Vol. II, . B b
<-
'370' Jl^OKO.
tarii a. P«tro Padiisno latioilate donsty a weoiiseKipt ^
tbelibTsuy c>£ ScMark^ Venice. 12*. A LaUa.tnimlaibim
jof seven asti^logical treatiBes writieu by^ tbe ceWH^tod
Spanish jcabbi ii)eQ*£ara, and usually printed wkb his
tfeadsie on critical days.' .r a* > . . .
APQSTOUUS (MiCHAEt), a leacned Giedk, a i^atite
ofiCbn^tantinople, caine into Italy about dieiiuiddle of tlfe
iifteenth icentuiy, but being unfia?oui»dbly treated by >car-
dinal Bessarion whom be visited, he jse turned to the island
>of Cretei and wrote some books > onexif them entitled
<^ Imta, ortheViolet-l^ed," a collection of ^popbthegmai
has not been published, but of his collectsontof provililbs,
an epitonie was published .at Basil,' 1538, in 6va^ and
afterwards the whole in.Gr.and Lat. by-Pootimis, Leydeo,
1619, ^tOy^ndat tbe^ame place, by P. Baulious, i6£l,
i4to. The epitome published at Basil ds a very xace bock,
but a cdpy is'in the British 'Museiun.? .
APPIAN, aaemineot hifitoriaD, who.wroleTthe £oHi»r
history in .the Greek language, flourished uadei' the resgw
of Trajan and Adrian abcmt the year 128 A^Dcaad speaks
of the d^truction of Jerusalem, as of an eveiA that hap*
pened i in. his time. He was born of a good £unily . im
Alexandria, from whence he went tp Boem| «id there <dia»
tinguished himself so niuch at the bar, that lie was chosen
one of the procurators of the emparor, and the govern-*
ment of a.proviuce was committed to him. He wrot»iihe
Boman history in^a very peculiar method ; Jiot' .cfoia|iilii|g
it in a continued series, after the manaer ofXivy, hut
-giving distinct histories of all the nations 'thaVhfid.bfcii
.eonqufiired by thq Aom^n^ and plying. every thisgiyalft*
-tive to those nations in one c^mnecl^ and lunmibBtrfaiptsM
uarrative. Jt was. divided into three voluilies, which can^
taiued trwenty-four bpokis, or twenty riv^. aecordtn^l tb
. Charles Stephens, Volatermnus, • and : Sigimins.. i Pbodiis
tells ;us,' tliere were Jttnie: books cowerning the etlKiiwafli,
though ther^ are butfit^ now extant • ThisKperforniaiuse
*has^ been oba/ged with uuKny errors and amperfedtioas^
*but Ph(9ldus is.of opinieu,iie wrote? .with tbeuttaoitanagfiKd
-tp, truth, > and has -shewn gi^eater kDonded^ of militBigr
»;^ffair9 then any of the historiana, and depiictshattle^tand
:9tber .great events witli^the skill of au aitisc But his dMti
► ■■■, * ' .' *.«'
I Geii. Dipt.— 1»J0£;. Universelle.-^Manget and Halkr in 4rL Aba|io.«-T&uGU
'QaoOUffiticon. ' ' ^
* . «vi9^ii.'Pirt-*Cfaatffefie«-^l^abdc. BiU«<Jitec«««^«ui, vqLIX.
. .A-fe'l?"i.*A J»i. A crc
4
talent ^ (toiilsiiuesi4ib«t ailtMr) ^» ^pbjredr in Im oatdand^
in which h^ producer aistiodg ^ffe^t^ontJlepasgion^^eitlsar'
in anifsatkig. the resolution of the atcyu;^. oip'rep9#fein^ tfaii^
impetuoflity af the pi»cipitftt&« In tbe-pri£m| Ijtegiv^jaf
general denrippon of the Eomasr ismplt1e^ ' !:.•>' ■ n ^ : : t
. He tells iiS'f this empire w^s hfiHU!i4eAo9i ^he.eMt^jyt^ei
riter Euphratee, mount GaUc&9]ib,i the/'^jhreatirJbm^nie^t
and^Cokbis^ andton the narfeh fc^t^thr BiUDube.; bejrbBdt
which, 'however, thte Bomaas {p6l|Sef«4'»33aQ)ii^va3/3l^^r^iD
several othdr nations b^bnid^tbefillhiJB^' (Tbe}^>wc«ie itf^^
ter9' of ahovethalf of Brit^ini; bdtiiiegielQleA the-.r^t,- ^she
iafocmi m^ tb^caliseat wasitof no^^ej^ d^m^; an4.the5rfrer
ceHred but' littlariiailirafiiUag^ii&dmtiwhat th^: possessed;
There were several other^cmtntisles, 'v^hidi 'Ortrt moiie thanr
they gained i^daeio^^ttfc tbey*tbaughtiitidi^ht)t|MirabIe.to
^andoii'tbdHi.1 This oeosaioned^ thw» to^oegk^ttheidp^n
portunities of malfiimg'^tbemaelvmt tna^t^ of; many dtfaosr
nations^ ^d'to satisfy then^elvesrjwilihfrgifiiig.themkmgSy'
as they did'to the f&oeaiteft Arm^i^;i) tteEM&ui«s .«^ iike«».
wise^that hd satvutRosie^ iambA^adoraiboiN^ sey^ld^pOfua^
tries of tbeihiai^bariani, wh^ jdesired to siiy^miti^ to.iile AoiimB;
empitey bbt.wdrei.rejected j)y:the,e|[9f}erQr!b)ec3iise thegn
were poor^ ' .i^d/ so adwuatiagfts ; eouldi Isiei expected, firoor
them.' 1- 1.'"./-. r ,»•/'. '■ ' ••'-'V '• * - • ^s
Of alii this ^olttminouis work, thesce . remnias oliiy .irbat;
treats ofi the Punio^. Syma^.^X^hiany 'Mitbadat^e>; aiui?
Spanish <wadrS|^wtt^ those a^aiast Halimbai^ : the icavU wUr^
^nd this wales :in IUymu0^^add seme fhagm^ts. $>£ the CeiU
tic o£ (Bailha wars. ^.Appian wltapuhli^d hy JHei>ry Ster
phena(wil)h,a Latiiiiteesii()ife^ ^€.lQeneva> M^^y infoti^;. hats
the best J^diiMNasf are; those* x)£ToUius9,i<Sr jHSl hfLU2 vola.
SyO) .Amst.M 16110, 02)4 o£:i$dhw^i^bemc^r|. Lips* 17349
:i. vols* SvOt of whiMfbJast the. editor jof the. Bibliographicid
I>ictionaryi]as giv^n a very paorUaidAr bceount..^
ApimE£C£.or RUE$Q.'(JidttK),.an IQngUsh writai oi
thft mteeoydi A^GMtmy, ,<de»$en4ed Aroai: an aucient wA
hoiaoara^le>famify in Wah^s./ He was educated, at Qxfoj»l^
butih what^faaUior oolkgetjis mucerl^ain : pmbablyinrthe
aaqieiit faotel) 'nbw Pemb/oke cafiege> in which several oi
his.'naiiiiifwereieducated about tbo sq^e period^ . lir 1534/
]ba«:i^vaa ^mitl^A bachelor of civil law. Patronised bjf
WiUliaiB'eadl idf'PemhipkfSi^ihe pursued his studies wij^
\ Gen. Diet. — Su^ Qsi0nKi>t,r'r<^lio0rai>hIpU I^ct.— <aiifi JDib4in'» Clas«icg«
BB ^
373. A P P REE C E.
akcrilsf ) mui > becaan^ emineotly liMtrned, pai^ularly uni
tbebfttory and. antiquities of bis own country. Wood says,
that ki 1546<;7 be was knighted, with many ottiers, by Ed-
ward, lord protector of England, and tbat be died in tbe
reign of queen Mary. Pitts gives him the character of a
learned and elegant writer. He wrote, 1. <^ Fides bisto*
siar Britannia, > contra Pdyd^ Virgilium/* a manuscript in
tbe Cotton libmry* S. ** Defensio regis Artburi.^* 3. ** His*
toriffi BritannisB defansio," 1573* 4. ^' Cambriae descrip-
tion-? corrected and augmented by jHiumpb. Lbuyd, and
translated in«a English by David Powel, Oxon. 1663, 4to.
5. I>e Variis anttquiti^bas^-^Traetatum de Eiicbaristia-—
of tbe restittitioa of tbe Coin, written in 1533, all in ma-
suiscript in New College library. ^ ^
APROSIO (ANGeLico), bom^ tt Ventiiniglia, in the np-
publiO'Of G^noa, l§01^ was a< man of great reputation. in
the learned' world, and wrote several books. At fifteen
years oi age he entered into tbe order of tbe Augustins,
where be isieoame so much esteemed, thilt he was appointed
vicar-g^ieral of the congregation of our Lady of Conso*
lation at Genoa. As soon as be bad finished his studies,
he taught philosopbyi which he continued- to do for five
years; after. whi<^ he traveUi^d hito several parts of Italy,
and settled at Venice in 1639, in the convent of St. Ste-^
phen; What rendered him most fismous was . tbe library of
tbe Ao^ttstins at V^itinHg^ia, which being chieBy collected
by him, /was a proof of Us ardoair for learning, and bis ex*
cellent taste. He pubUsbed a bode concerning this library^
which is much sought after by the cprious. Morhof men-
tions Uiis work in several places of his PolybistcH*, published
in 1688 (p. 38| 39), and always as if he thou^t it bad
not been yet published ; nevertheless Mr: Bay le discovered
that the ^ Bibliotheca Apiosiana^* was printed at Bologna
in 1673 ; and that Martin FogeKus, or Vogelius, professor
at Hamburgh, had a copy pf ^ it.«^He used to disguise
himself under ficdttous names in the title-pages of his
books-; which conduct might, perhaps, be owing to the
subjects he wrote upon, tiiey not being always suited to- a
religious life ( such, foriastance, as the Adonis of tbe ca*«
valier Marino, &q. And if we consult the authors who
ha^e given us a catsJogue of the writers of Ltguria^ we find
that he assumed sometimes the name of ^Masoto Galistoni^
1 B^le^^^a»<^Tmmf.'^Aau.Os. vol I.
APROiSIO.' ITS
ilmnetiiiies tfiat of Culo Oftlfotbni, Sdpfo GfatrMno, Sapri*
eio Saprici, Oldauro Scioppio, &Ci TheroanrddierStTgKMii
having published the book of ^ TOchMe/^ or the Sp^^
tacles, which » ft severe censure on the <^ A^ok/* hewti
attacked on^ all sides; but amongst all the • advocated far
Cavalier Marino, nobody -shewed more zeal for the AdonM
than Aprosio: the pieces he wrote in defence of it catiMl
abroad with the following titles : '^ Ochiali stritolato di
Scipio Glareano per risposta al Signor CaVttUere Fra To^
maso Stigli'ani }**— The Spectacles broken, by Scipio Gla*-
riano, being an Answer to signor cavalier Fra Tomaio
Stigliani% ** La Sferva poetica di 'Saprido Saprici, lo
tcantonata accademico heteroclito per risposta alia pridia
censura dell' Adone del cavalier Marino, fiitta del cavalier
Tbttiaso ^Stigliaiii;*' — The poetical scOurge of Sapricio
8aprici, being an Answer to the first Censure of th^ eai^a*
Her Marino's Adonis, by eavaiief Tomaso Seiglianl. *< Del
veratro, apologia di Sapricio Saprkci perrispi^sta alia fle«
conda censura dell' Adone dell cavalier Martno, (atta del
c:iv'alier Tomaso Stigliani f — Hellebore, or aft Apology of
Sapricio Saprici, being an answer to the second C^sure of.
'Cavalier Marino's Adonis, by cavalier Tomaso Stigliani.
This treatise consisted of two parts,, one of which was
printed in 1645, and the other in Idi?.
Apro^io's life is written in the book-^bove mentioned^
La Bibliotheca Aprosiana^. Several authors have bestowed
upon him very great encomiums, some of whom have been
perhaps rather too extr^va^a^t. He- was admitted as a
member into various academies, particularly that of Gli
Incogniti of Venice, as appears by the book entitled ^ Le
glorie de gli Incogniti, overo gli Hnomini lUustri dell*
academia de* i signori incogniti di Venetia,** 164T, 4to»
where there is a very high eulogium on him. The Biblio-*
theca Aprosiana is a very scarce bo6k, and contains, be-^
sides many particulars of the author's life, a list of persons
who presented him with books, and the titles and some cu-
rious ttotices respecting those books, in an alphabetical
order, which however reaches no farther than letter C*
There is a posthumous wot% of his, full of anecdotes of the
pseudonymous writers of tiis time, which is not less rare.
It is entitled '< La Visiera alzata hecatoste di scrittori.^
Aprosio died in 168!.* .
jn A.© U^OEJ c a
illj^>lh^|j$0($i^d -cen^urf, uWerrt^e Anfeonmea^ ^ ^ms born at
M%^mi.^ Bi^ Bi6m^ colony tin Africa. With ability be'
HfiMieiii if^die&ligablev iitdusNtry^; jwheooe hei became ac-
qj;t^i9^<3ed. with ^almoatthe wbole circle of sciences aadlf
^terti)3iire. * His owi>jaocoUnt«f himself is, libaib be not ODiy
i(fMtfiA.^{ the cu|^ of 4iiteratujve xind^t gramoiariaps and rbe«
lorleians at Carthage, but at Athens dl^nk freely of the
8i|ere(i<fauiil:aiti of poesy ^ the clear stream of geometry^
the sveet waters of musici the rough current of dialectics,
^d tb0 iie^tarious but unfathomable d^ep of philosQphy;
aid. Hl short, that, with mqre.good will indeed than genius
bi^ paid equal, homage .to every ivitise. He was oertaialy a
9)^n of a curious and kfquisitive disposition, especially m
^%iotts niaiteiiS) which pi?oniptea him to take sevecat
jp»nftie?j.j and. tp' enter into several societies of religion,
fle^had a s^otig di^sire to be acquainted with their pre-
tended mysteries, and for this reason got himself initiated
into them. He spent almost his whole fortune in trayeU
(ing; so that,, at- his retnr^Ei to Rome, when he was about to
dedicate bimoelf'to the service of Osiris, he had not money
enough to defray the e^pe^ce attending tlie ceretnonies of
bis reception, and was obliged to piavm his clothes to raise
tlie necessary sum. ' He supported himself afterwards by
pleading causes^ and, ts he was both eloquent and acute,
many considerable causes were trusted to him. But he
l>enefited himself more by a good marriage, than by his
pleadings: a widow, named Puden|}lla» who, was neither
young nOr bandspme, but very rich, accepted his hand,
Thi» marviage drew upon him a.troubl^sonie law-suit; the
relatipns of the lady pretended be made use of sorcery to
gain her heart and money, and accordingly accused him of
being a m<'i^ician, before Claudius Maximus, proconsul of
Africa* Apuleiu§ w^s ujider no great difiipulty In making
his defence ; for as Pudentilla was determined, from con«
siderations of health, tq enter upon ' a second marriage,
l^en befoi^e she had seen this pretended magician, the
youth, deportment, pleasing conversaticoi, vivacity, and
other agreeable qualities of Aptileius, we^e charms suffi-
cient to engage her heart He had the roost favourable
opporjbunities t^ .of gaining her friendship, for he lodged
some time at her house, and was greatly beloved by Pu-
dentilla^s eldest son, who was very desirous of the match, •
(and solicited him in favour bf his indtfaer. Apuieius also
A P u E K hu St > ar;
s.
t0ertA to prtrve'f by b» mamnge^cOtitraQt, thai: be wcrold
gain- bat a moderate sum by it. * Hi» apology is still >Q2iii
lant; it is reckoned a performance- of considerable merit,
and contains examples of tbe shameless artifices which the*
HUshood of ikn impudent calumniator is capable of practis-
ing. There were many persons who took for a true history
all that be relates in his femous work, the ^* Golden Ass/^-
St A^igustio was even doiibtful upon this bead, nor did he*
eenainiy know that Apuleias had only given this book as a
m>mance. Some of tbe ancients have spoken of this per-
iformance with great contempt, In tbe letter which the^
emperor Severua wrote to the senate, Therein he complains
of fthe honours that had. been paid to Claudius Albinus,
amongst which they had' given him the title of Learned,
he expresses great indignation, that it should be bestowed^
on a man, who had only stuffed his bead with idle tales
and rhapsodies taken from Apuleius. Macrobius has al-
lotted the ^* Golden Ass,'* and all such romances, to the
perusal of nurses. Bishop Warburton, in the second edi-
tion of his ^'Divine Legation,** supposes that the ^^ Golden
Ass** is an allegory, intended nbt only as a satire upon the
▼ices of the times, but as a laboured attempt to recommend
tbe mysteries of the Pagan religion, in opposition to Christ-
ianity, to which he represents him as an inveterate enemy.
In confirmation pf this opinion, he points out the resem-
blance between tbe several parts of the story and the rites
of initiation^ ' both in the greater and lesser mysteries ;
and explains the allegory of C^ipid and Psyche, which
makes a lopg episode in Apuleius, upon the same prin-
ciples. This opinion, however^ has been contested by Dn
Lardner (Works, vol. VIL p. 462.)
Apuleius was extremely indefatigable in his studies, and
Composed seTeral books, some in verse, and others in
pt0^; but Most of them are lost* He took pleasure in
declaiming, and was heard generally with great applause |
wben be declaimed' at Occa, the audience cried out with
0|ie voice, that they ought to confer upon him the honour
of citizen* Tbe oitizens of Carthage heard him with much
satisfaction, and erected a statue to him ; and several otlier
cities did him thesaih^ honour. The time of bis death is
not known, but after his Apolog}"^ took effect, he is said to
have passed his- days quietly in study.
His printed vyorks have gone through forty-three edi-
tions, nine of which appeared in the fi.fteeutlx. pentury^
arfi. A P u L E 10 S*
T^e ftrst^ ^hich is very, rare) ftod was not mutilated by thi
Inquisitioi)^ was printed a^ Rom^ by order of carUioal Bes^
sarioni and Andrea,, bishop of Aleria^.was editor, 1469|»
fi>l. This volume consisted of, J • The " Goldeij Ass, .
Qu which his reputation chiefly rests, and of whi^h ther^i
have been many separate editions and translations inta
French, Italian, Spanish, German, £nglish (by William
Adlington, 1571, &c.) Of the episode of Psyche, ther0
have been an equal number of separate editions and tr^ns-*
lations, and some French ones superbly ornamented with
engraving. 2. His Apology, entitled *' Oratio de Magia,**
Heidelhefg, 1594, 4to, &c. 3. ** Florida," or fragments
of his speeches, some on history a^ud mythology, Stra^-*
burgh, 1516. 4. '^ Three books on philosophy^ entitled
** De habitudine doctrinarum et nativitate Pla^onis.^'
5. ^^ Oe Deo Socratis,*' which St. Augustiae refuted, Pa«
ri.H, 1624, 16mo. 6. <^ De Mundo,*' which has beeil
considered as an exact translation of what Aristotle wrote
on the same subject, Memmiiigen, 1494, fol. and Leyden^
1591, 8vo, with that of Aristotle in Greek. Another iisfc
of works has been attributed to him on doubtful autbo<*
rity,*asa Latin translation of Asclepips. ^^ De Natura De^
orum ;*' a book ^' De nomiuibus, virtutibus, seu medica*
minis herbarum ;^' another, ^^ De notis adspirationis, et de
diphthongis ;^* ^' De ponderibus, metisuris, acsignis cujius*
que;'' " Anechonienos,'* a heroic .poem, and *^ Ratio
Spherse PythagoricsB.'* Besides these a great number of
his writings, on almost every subject, are said cp nave been
lost Daniel William Mo]ler published an essay on his life
and works, y\ltdorf, 1691, 8vo. '
AQUAPENDENTE. See FABRICIUS.
AQUAVIVA (Andrew Matthew), Duke of Atri in
the kingdom of Naples, and son of Julius Aquaviva^ count
of Conversano, added to the splendour of his birth a greal
jihare of learning) which rendered him very illustrious to-*
wards the end of tbe fifteenth^ and beginning of the six-
teenth century. He was at first addicted to the military
art, and distinguished himself by his bravery, although he
was unfortunate, and in the last battle in which he fought^
was woiinded and taken prisoner. When released he ap-
pears to have devoted his linse to study and the conversa*
tion of men of letters, by whom he was highly esteemed*
* Gen. Diet— Fabric. Bibl. Gnec.«i-yos8iu8 de Hist. Lat — Brucken—Biof*
CFniverielie.'^SAxii ODOoiasticoiu -
A aU A V J V.A. $7f
Alexander ab AleiKtiidra dedicated to; Uim Uf ^^.DtatiGe*
HiaW^ and ^^ Pontana^'* two of hi* yrorkst He died in
1528^ aged seveiity'^twb: years. Hiaivi^orks w^re^raii f^Enn
cylopsdia/^ ' left vei^ ioifierfect ;>and Bayle aays he cms**
pbsedabook ^^De re Equestri^v. :His best Jsiuowh iworitt
is ^* Disputationes de Virtute iliorali/' Helenop. 1 60d> 4tiEi^
which it seemsidoubifal whether ; Bay te ev/tfc' sliw;; His
Inrbther Belisarios also became an author, and pubiuhed &>
treatbe ^ T>i Venatione^?' and >:otbers >f De Aucupio^'*
'* De Principum liberis edotandiV and.^^ De Certamine
Singnlari.'' These were first priirited at ^Naples, 1519, foL
and reprinted at Basil, ISl^-^vOj by Leunclavias, with
Mauuel Palaeologns on the fi^ducation.of Kings. ^
A dU A VIVA (ClaCdius), son to John Jerome, duke of
Atri, was born at Naples in 1542, aiid in 1581 was elected
general of the Jesuits, ih which station, he conducted him*
self with great mildness and prudence, and died Jan. 31^
1 6 15. ' He left several religious works : among others^ ** Iq-
dustria? ad curandos animae morbos," Paris, 1603, BVoyand
Rome, 1 606, 8vo. A French translation of this was pub-
lished at Paris in 1776, 12mo, under the title of ^^ Manuel
^s 8uperieurs.*' He wrote also Meditations in Latin, oii
the forty ^fourth'* and ninety-third Psalms. . His most cele-
brated work drawn up for the use of . bis order, entitled
*^ Ratio Studiorum," anid pubiishedat Rome in 1586, 8vo,
was suppressed by the Inquisition^ and .much displeiased
the Jesuits and Dominicans, by containing more liberal
tentitnents than were consistent with tbeif interest. It was
republished in 1591, but in a mutilated state; Another
work of his, less known, was ^^. Epistolas Prspositorum Ge«*
neralium, ad Patres et Fratres societatis Jesu. Instructio ad
augendum spiritum in societate,'' Rome, 1615, 8vo.'
AQUILA, of Sinope in Pontus, lived in the time of the
emperor Adrian in the second century, by whom he is siaid
to hare been sent to assist in the rebuilding of Jerusalem,
where he embraced Christianity; but, his attachment to ju-
dicial astrology having subjected him to censure among the
Christians, he became a Jew^ and was advanced to the
rank of Rabbi. He now employed himself in acquiring
a perfe.ct knowledge of the Hebrew language, and trans-*
lated the Old Testament into Greek. But although he
made this apparently a literal translation, he is said to have
1 Gen. Diet.— Diet. Hiitorique. * Diet. Historique.<^Biof. UnivenfUe.
t7t ^AiOtV I VA: J
S'vin some pmaugesi i-eBpectin]^ Jesw ClarfetatacB-mor;^
roumble to the Jewashpri^ttdiccs. than the Septuagiatt
tif&ibsItLtion*' ' Fra^mento only'^ tjiis trsnslation of Aqirib^^:
hsw 'descended to 119. rr. Some piiiiticalars o£ him may her
Ibutid in Gahre, aind ih the ecclesiastical htstoriafis. of hiir
AQUILANO (SEftiFiKO)^ so ealted from Aqnila^ a.oitjr
id Abruzzo in the kingdom of .Naples^ was. liorn there iti
li&Sy and gained oonmderable fame by his kalian poeoMi,
but more by his talents as.aa-.improviaatdri^ wbidi were in*
high esteem with the pODces aad. patrons of literatnre in
Us country. He was the contemporary and rival of Te*
baldeo di Ferrara^ and together they cpntribitfed ^not-.a
little to the refinement of Italian poletry^ but their rc|>«ta-
tion sunk before that of Sannazarius and Bembo* Aqiiilano
died at Rome, Aug. 10, 15lt>0. . His poems, connstiiigof
soanets, eclogues, epistles^ j&c. were printed at Bion»e. in
1503, Svo, but the best edition is that of the Giuati, 151:6.?
AQUILANUS (Sebastiahus), or Sebahtian d'Aouijua^
his true name being unknown, an Italian physician, bora sil
Aquila, a town of Abruzzo in. the kingdom of Naples, pnon
fessed bis art in the university of Padua. He was id
rq>atatioa at the time of Louis de • GonsAiga, bishop of
Mantua, to whom he inscribed a book. He died in 154-5.
We have of .his a treatise " De Morbo Gallico^" Lyciis^
1506ty 4to, with the<fworks of other pJiysicians, Boulogne,
1517, 8vo; and ^* De.Febre Sanguinea^" irt the ^ Practinar
de Gattinaria,'* Basle, 1537, in Svo; and* Lyons, li53d^
4to. Aquilanus was one of the most zealous: di^f^mdera olf
Galen, and is said to have been one of tbe firstiwbo. em^
ployed meroury in the cure of the venereal disease,; whitit^
however, he administered in very small dosesu^
* AQUINAS (St. :Thomas),< commonly called tbe AageU
ical Doctor, of the ancient family of the counts pf Ai}iiinoi
desceiuled ftom the kings of Sijcily and Arragon^ W9^ horn
in the oastle of Aquino^ in the I'evra di Lavoro^ in Italjr^
about the year L234. . At 6ve years of age ha wiasi coqamil^
ted to the care of the monks of Mount G^^inoy with whom
he remained till he was sent to the university of Naples^
In the year 1241 be entered into the ordeif of the preaeh<-
■ ' ^ .t . .
* Gen. Diet.— Cave, vol. I.-rLirdiiPT's Wor|6R. — ^Saxii Onomasticon.
• Biog-. Universatle. — Ginguene Hist. Lit. d'ltalie, vol. IIL 544.— Roscoe's
Leo.— Tiraboschi.
^lliiltar and Mangftt — aieg. Univerftelle.
S a,U: r N A; &. W«
Kig fn$j^ at Kap}^s,.i^khoiiJt. |b«i)ai^wledge!oC hmpueiktnj
His iQotber, bfsitigjn^mied of tbiS) > need', her utmottef*^
fort^ tpj induce hinlvto leave tU^societ^^ to pceinentwbich^
the Doinioicans removed ^im tajTeiracina, and from ithenoel
to AnagBa, . and at la&t to , Borne*. His inotjier foliowed > hiaD
tbitfb^Yf and when sbe could iH>t obtain leave of the monkv
to see him, by the assistance of her tivo eider sbns, she seised
the yoQth in his journey to Paris^ to which he was sent by die
monks of bis prder, and caused :hmi to be shut up in her
9astle; whence, after a ^confinemeiitof two years, ho made
his escape, and fled first to Naples, and tben to Rome*
In 1244 he went to Paris with Jobiiy^he master of the Teu^
tonic order, and froo^ thence removed to Cologne, to hear
the lectures of Aibertus Magnus. Here he remained till
he was invited again to Paris, to read lectures upon the
^^ Book of Sentepces,^' which be did witb great applause,
)>efore a very large audience. In the year 1255 be watf
created D. D. at Paris* He returned to Italy about the
year 1263, and was appointed definitor of his order, for
the provinpe of Rome ; and. having taught school divinity
in fnpst of the universities of Italy, he re-settled at last 9/t
Naples, where he received a penaion from king Charles;
Here he spent his time in study,, in reading of lectures^
and exercises of pi€^ty ; and was so far from' any views of
ambition or profit, that he refused tbe archbishopric d^ that
city when it yr^s offered him by .Clsemenjb IV*. In 12.74 be
was sent for to the second. |(^f>uncil of « Lyons, by pope€kie«»^
gory.X, that he might read before tbem the. book he. had
written agaipst tbo Grei^ks, ^t jtbe .cpi^mand. of Ulrbari IV.;
but he feU s^ck^on his jcHirneyy at th0, jnonsfiitery of Fessaf
nova, nev Terrao^nfi,. wl^efe be died onjiihei?tb>of March,
age4 fiftyjy^ar? . .' .. • i -i •'• > ••;• '-m.ih ,: ■■ i . » •-'*"'
The wjji9le, W^s>:era vcffl^i a^fter bis/ c^ec^ase^ .began to*
-load the.fi^y^oryof.TbQmaft'AquifiaS'witb bpn4trs. Th^.
Dominican^ firat^rnitj ];^Q»Qyed his, body'stOnTbo^iouisirr;{
pope John XXIL canom:$gd. him.; })^ius»Ar. giwe bbn^tbc)
title of tbe fifth Doctor of.tl^eCburpb^ tb^'laaisaed world
honoured him with the. appellation ^f The Uiiaversal and
theAngelip Doctor; apd JSUbptus.SanensiS'. tells us,, thals
he approached: so nearly tio St.. Augustin in the knowle<^
of true djvinitys and penetrated so deeply into the most
abstruse meanings of that father, that, agreeably to. .the
Pythagor^s^i mq^mpsychpsi^.it; was a conuixm expression
atQpng fSAl ffx&o^ of [ea|:;QiQg, . that Sts AugAlstiu's so^l hadr
AQXJTK A S^
transmigrated into St. Tliomai Aquinas.- ftapin flfpeaks also
of iiim with high honour, and represents him as one of the
great improTers of scfaool^innitjr. Lord Herbert of Cher-*
bury/ in his Life and Reign of Henry VHI. tells as/ that
one of the principal redsons, ivhich induced this king to
write against Martin Luther^ was, that the latter had spoken
contemptuously of Aqutilas« The authority of Aquinas in-
deed has been always very great in the schools of the Ro-
man Catholics. But notwithstiinding all the extravagant
praises and honours which hare been heaped upon this
saint, it is certain that his leaniing was' almost wholly
confined to scholastic theology, and that he was so little
conversant with elegant and liberal studies, that he was not
even able to read the Greek language. For all his know*»
ledge of the Peripatetic philosophy, which he so liberally
mixed with theology, he was indebted to the defective
translations of Aristotle which were supplied by the Ara^
bians, till he obtained, froth some unknown hand, a mord
accurate version of his philosophical writings. Adopthig
the general ideas of the age, that theology is best defended
by the weapons of logic and metaphysics, he mixed the
subtleties of Ariistotle with the language of scripture and
the Christian fathers t and, after the manner of the Ara-
bians^ framed abstruse questions, withdut end, upon vari-
ous topics qf speculative theology. He excelled, therefore-^
only in that subtile and abstruse kind of learning which
1^8 better calculated to strike the imagination, than to im-^
prove the understanding. He maintained what is com*
mm\j called the doetrine of free-will, though he largely
quoted Augustifi, and retailed' 'many of his pious and de-
votional sentiments. ^His Ari^stotelian subtleties enabled
him to give a specious colour to the absurd doctrine of
traiisubstantiatioo, which- jn him 'found a vehement de-
fender. He held many CftHefemyn^eous opinions^' but it^
must be acknowledged,' there ate in his writings, and par-
ticularly in the account of his' discourses during his last
sickness, traces ^ gi^eat de^dtidn, ahd a strain of piety very
similar to thial! of ht. AugostiR. . Aquinas left a vast num-
ber of worlcs, which were priited in seventeen volumes in
folio, at Venice in 1490: at Nuremberg in 1496; Rome
1570; Venice 1594; and Cologne 1612; and many times
after.
The five first volumes contain his Commentaries upon
the w^rks of Aristotle. I'he siltfi and seventh a dm-
A a Ul N A S. ttt
i&enlUiiy upon the four Books of Seoteticeii. The ei]ghth
eoi^ists Ol Questions in Divif^ity. The ninth volume cdn-t
taios tbe.iSum of the Catholic Faith, against the Gentiles ^
divided into four bdoka. The .tenth, elerventh, and twelfth^
the Sum tof Divinity, with the Commentaries of cardinal
Cajetanus* The thirteenth consists of several* Commenta*
Ties upon the Old Testament, particularly a Comttoentary
upon the! Book of Job,* a literal and analogical Expositioili
upon tbe.nrst fifty Psalms, an Exposition upon the Can«
tides, which he dictated upon his death*bed, to the monks'
of Fossanova i Commentaries, upoii the Prophecies of ibalah
and Jeremiah, and uppn the Lamentations. ' The fourteen th
contains the Commentaries upon the gospels of St. Matthew
and St. John; the former > is said to have been written 4)y
Peter Scaliger, a dominican iViar 'aiid bishops of Verona.
Tlie fifteenth volume contains the Catena upon the fou(
Gospels^ extracted. from the fathers, and dedicated to pope
Urban IV. The sixteenth consists of the Commentary
upon St. Paulas Epistles, and the Sermons of Aquinas
preached 'on .Sundays and the festivals of saints. The
seventeenth contaiins divers tracts in Divinity.
There have been ako published separately^ under his
natme, several* other commentaries upon tlie^scriptures^
particularly upon Genesis^ Lyons, 1573, in Svo ^ upon the
{MTophecy of Daniel; upon the book of the Maccabees, Paris,
1596, Svo; upon all the canonical Epistles, Paris, 1543^
8vo» We have likewise a commentary upoh Boethius^s
Conflation, of Philosophy, published under Aquinas*^
aame,: at Louvain in 14S7, in folio.
: Several difficulties have been raised in regard to his
*^ SummaTheoIogisB,'' whicii have occasioned some authors
to: doubt whether be was really the author of it. Thefe is
a very. accurate examination of these difHcullies in CasiMit
Oudins* '^ Commentarius de scriptoribus ecclesise antiquis
eorumque scriptis ;^' wherein he determines, that Thomas
Aquinas is the real author of the ^* Summa Tbeologiae.'*'
* Of aU these, in Bracker*s opinion, the most celebrated are,
his ** Sumnia Theologi®," Heads of Theology — of which
^e second section, which treats of moraU, may be read
with advahtagre ; his commentaries upon the 'a-naly tics, in^^
tapHysics, and ethics of Aristotle, and upon his book ••* t)€
Inteipretatiaae." * ' •
•' ' '
*^«i?.''Ditt!.-^ave,'vol. [.— Brucker. — ^Du Pin.— Moreri.-^aiU OnoniasU*
CQn.-— MiineHy Church ilist. vol. IV, p. SS.
3M AQUINO.
AQUINO (GHAitLfi8DB}yft'niiscdlMeousi«>ritJi$rpf con*
siderable fame, was born at Naples in l€S4^ '^«n^ died at
{tome ill 1740. He was of 'this order of JdsuitSy ami ace*,
iebrated teacher of chetorijc. His workss, which dkcoYef
tnuch learning and taste, ace wiitten.in Latiti. ' The prfn-^
cipal are, " Votmaiviy* Rome, \1(^^ 3 vds^ ; i" Oratione^,'*
1704, 2 vclsi 8voV* ** Lexicon Militate," in 2i vols., folio,
1724. This contains, under some, of the articles^ v^'y
learned dissertations on die n\ilttary art. Another lex^
IPCMi^ entitled ^^ <Nonienclator Agriculturse,** 1736, 4ta, is
not held in the same esteem. He published also, ^^ His-^
Morical Miscellanies^" 172i^ and an interesting ^* Uist^y
of' the war in. Hungary,". 1726, ISmo, undeivthe title of
<< iFragmenta historica de bello Hungaritc^*^ * , i ' .
. AQUINO, or, AQUIN (Louis:CLAiJtD&DE),»^eefebrated
French musician, was born, at Paris, July i 4/ .1694»,^ where
he died June \5^ 1771^. . He was so remafirhaUe £or qatly
gi^nius, .that at, the age <if six heiperfiormed on the ba^i-psi*^
uixord before Louts XIV; at eight yecir^'old theiceleb rated
jBertiier declared he could teadx him* nothing m^ ; and
at twelve he was made organist at the church of Petit St.
Ant<Hde^ i^ometime after, beobtiiined a trimmph highly
^t|;eriug to. ]a person of his poofesston, by suceessfelly
contending for the place of organist at the chnrcti of* SL
^aul, against Rameau, who at that time wished to be eatah*
U^hed ui Pscris. . Wonders are told of the powevs ^f exe*
cution and taaite which Aquino displayed, and it is said
tj^t Handel visited France on purpose to hear him« He ii
celebrated also for his simple and amiable manners, and his
a^t&cbment t^ religion. Two onlyof his works have been
fi^ngraved, the one a collection of pieces for the^ harpsi-
chord, and the other some carrols with ^variitions; but he
]fify to hi3 son a considerable number of manuscript per«
form^nceS}.^ - -*
. AQUINO PE Chatrau Lyoj< {Peter Louis), son' ^
the preceding, and a bacbdbr of medicine, was a miscel}a«
^pus writer At Paris, where he died about the year 1797,
inritbopt leaving 4 reputfition equal to that of his father*
Yet. some of bis publications were useful. la the list we
find) . L ** CoMes mis en vers pjix un.petit c9U6dn de Ra-
^flais,'* 1775, QvQ. 2t ^^ L^ttres sur ies hommes celebres
dans Ies sciences," 1752,. 2 vols. re-i)ubli&bed. in 1753,
. ^ Diet. Illst.— Biog. UHiveneUe. s xticU Hj&t--^BMls;.U^WeiMl|^
L
' AQUINO. tm
juuferrtbe ittle o£ <f::fiittcfeUtte/a»De<€le (Louis XVJ"
j?i. ** Se*aioe Litteraire;^ Vr59, 4.T0I5. ISmo.^ 4.'*! A*.
jnmPiacb litterair^ ou £tvehnes d'ApoUoiiy'^ nn-^S^Qyi.ltlf
|?i^o)^^<^«coUectipaof tDiaeeliaaieB in inroseimd i^ecisev He
^ilbUsk^ SQfue.ptlieviworiiS'With JeBsisUxroessiy^andU'qsdii
1^ l^ S9i4^ ia aUmiofi- todtts* facher^e pvofesaiony ' ' : ;
./• ,1 '«tO»soufta^<MirM|feWJ;Onsiffl8(;poarl6'flfe."«^ •
' AQT^INO' CPhiup 'd% ' a Mrned ' 't^bbi' of Carpentras^
wWse^pl'dper riame^w^s Mardocai/or' Mar'do'cHeus, was.'ex-
l^ijifed ifrtim the'syhijgdgtie of ATignoii, in 16^ d, on'aCpOunt
af'Btiachmiht'tb CtristSamtyl On this he weht to the
rotdd himself ptinqipklly to'teaching Hebrew, and Lolui's
XTIf. kppohtted Jilin professor in the Royal (?olIdge,;dnd
H'febrew' interpreteri which honourable^iation heiXeidf iJiStil
his dfektfi in"i65a, at whirch tlmfe he>vlis'preparirf^*;a hew
/wrsion tAf the New Testament, with'"iiotQs on Str *P^ur?
* tJpistlesJ 'Le Jay al^* ewiployett him ffi ' co^-rettfu^ ' the
B^breir^ud Chaldee parts of ^i^ P|:)ij^!5t. . l^is pf|ridipal
sprinted wdrit^ Hife*^ • 1. ** Dikioter^iafp* tffebrao-dhfstldao-
'Talmiiaieb^l^bbinicatti,'" 'Peri's, 'l62l?i'^. 2.^^ jftactne^
de'laiarigue Mritey'''VMis,i62d/i6\: i/ « Ekplicatiop
ttes tt^;tfe moyenyti6nt'se'servai€fftt iWi^bbmspb^^ enteri-
arele'Pe^iteuqii^, retoteilUs du T^mud.*' 4/ *'Ari Jt'a^
flttil^ll^khsIaHon of *ihe'ApOphth^gijas of thcj'ancieW'Jdv^isli
AfctorS." "5r. ^^ Latrrifai^S in obitum'fllust. cardinal de B^^'
rtH$," Wif'patrotl:-^ eT^ fikamen rtiaiial/*'-^7. '**DiSCoiirs
dtt tslBeritacle'et ati'e&m des IsrkefiteC*' Paris,'. 162^,
4t6.' '^. "Voces
16tad, -arid others:
«S'|;*et|t3an idept asiift^felher in Hhd'Orretitai tongues, left
V^birfd hitti 'seV^rai Ta)ibimt4i^w0rks.— Anto4ne i>*A^iic
fitit physicidn t6' Lcfiiis XIVII who diefibih 1096, at Vlchi}
A^^*sohWthela?£iminHonedLdtiis.« . • :.- iujI
' ARA:M;LDA^^(Sl*tJARt), ; comtaonly 'called the la'dyArai
bidla, was'So bften tirlkfejl of for a' qlicfen, that cdstdtn secerns
**KaV^''g}\fdn hfeVrfi?|!tt\i fin article In this mann^^uiVdei*
h^ ClirfttWh^ ria«*; ^'^%t' liy ^hJcla bpif historians 'dik^^
iWiguSsl^Oier. ' Sfi«'«ri^ tll^diu^toi^bfqhaTle^ Stuart, '^^^^^
of -Lelio*, who it^At^WWi»^i? btoth^r io^leVy'lotdDarnley^
• -i, ,1 v '.' f ' ' '. :ij:^itV 'U ' ''JIK. ,f.. • . .• ••. •
<Sn A. a A B £ L L A.
'faitber Jto kibg James VI. of Scotland, and First of 'England,
t»y Elizabeth^ daughter of sir William Cavendish, knt. She
9fas born, as: near as can be computed, in 1577, and edu«
dated at Lbndon, under the eye of the oM countess of
Lenox, her grand-mother. She was far from bein^ either
J>eautiful in. her person, or 'from being distinguisned by
any extraordinary qualities of mind; and yet she met with
maDjr admirers, on account of her royal descent^ and near
relation to the crown of England. Her father .dying in
1579, and leaving her thereby sole heiress, as some under*
stood, of the bous^ of Lenox, several matches were proi-
jectea for her at home and abroad.. Her cousin, king
James^ iDclined' to have married her to lord Esme Stuart,
whoni he hail created duke of Lenox, and whom before his
marriage he considered as his heir; but this match was
prevented by queen Elizabeth, thouen it was certainly a
very 6t one in all respects. As the English successiofi, was
at this time very problematical, the great powers , on the
Cohtine^njL speci^latQcl on many husbands for the. lady Ara-
bella^ , such a$ the, cl^uke of Savoy, a prince of th^ house of
Farpese, an4 others. • la the mean time, this lady had some
tliought^ of marrying herself at home, as Thuanus relates^
to a SOB .of .the earl of Nortbumberlau^, but it is not ere*
dible thtat: this took) e^ept, though he says it did privj^tely.
The very, att^^ip^prooifred her queen Elizabe^hTsdisplea-
sur^j whp confined heir for it. In the i^ean . timje ^er title
t^ the crown, sych ias it was, became the subject|^(aaipng8t
ihapy <^tlier^^ of father iPersons^s fao^ous book, whejc^in ape
all' the arguments for and against her,, and which serv^ to
divufge'hec.hame and descent all over Europe^ and yet
ibis book wps not y^ry fayoiirable to her interest.. On' the
death of the <j,ueen,. some malconte^nts, framed an odd dc^
•igh o£ •Jist^irWi.g >be ;p^^^^^^ and amonigpt .pther
branches of their dark schej^^ one was to seize the ladj
Arat>ella, and to. cover their proceedings by the sanction of
her title, intending also to have married her to some
English nobleman, the mor^ to injcrease their interest, and
the better to please the people. • But this conspiracy was
fatal to none but its authors, an^ !^9^. who conversea with
them; l>eing speedily defeated, ipfany^keiii and some w-^
ecuted. As for the lady Arabelfa^, it does not appear that
ihe had any knowledge of thia eng;^^ent ^i ^er^ behalf,
whatever it was ; for domestic writers are perplexed, and
foreign' historians mis into absurdkieSf -^hen they endea^
A R A B E L L Ap SW
deivour to explain It. She ; continued at liberty, an^ ia
apparent favour at court,, though her circumstances were
liarrow till the latter end of the year 1698, wh^n by
spme means she drew upon her king Jameses displeasure.
However, at Christmas, when mirth and good-humour pre-
vailed &t court, she was again taken into favour, had a ser-
vice of plate presented to her of the value of two hundred
pounds, a thousand marks given her to pay her debts, and
9ome addition made to her annual income. This seems to
have been done, in order to have gained her to the interest
of the court, and\o put the notions of marriage, she had
entertained. out of her head; all which, however, proved
ineffectual ; for in the beginning of the month of February
1W9,' she was detected in an intrigue with Mr. William ^
Seymour, son to the lord Beauchamp, and grandson to the
earl of Hertford, to whom, notwithstanding, she was pri-
vately married some time afterwards. Upon this discovery,
they were both carried before the council, and severely re-
primanded, and thej?i dismissed. In the summer of 1610,
the marriage broke out, on which the lady was sent into
close custody, at the house of sir Thomas Parry, in Lam-
beth ; and Mr. Sevmour was committed to the Tower for
his contempt, in marrying a lady of the royal family with-
out the king's leave. It does not appear that this confine*
ment was attended with any great severity to either ; for
th^ lady was allowed the use of sir Thomas Parry's bouse
and gardens, and the like gentleness, in regard to his high
quality, was shewn to Mr. Seymour. Some intercourse
they had by letters, which after a time was discovered,
and a resolution taken thereupon to send the lady to Dur-
ham, a resolution which threw her into deep affliction.
Upon this, by the interposition of friends, she and her
husband concerted a scheme for their escape, which waa
successfully executed in the beginning, though it ended[
unluckily. The lady, under the care of sir James Crofts^
^as at the house of Mr. Conyers, at Highgate, from whence
she was to have gone the next day to Durham, on which
she put a fair countenance now, notwithstanding the trouble
she had before shewn. This made her keepers the more
easy, and gave her an opportunity of disguising herself,
which she did on Monday the 3d of June,, 1611, by draw-
ing over her petticoats a, pair of large French-fashioned
hose, putting on a man's doublet,^ a peruke^ which covered
her hair, a hat, black cloak, russet boots with red tops, and
Vol. IL C c •
3S« ARABELLA.
a rapier by her side. Thus equipped, she walked out be^*
twten three and four with Mr. Markham* They went a
mile and half to a little inn, where a person attended with
their horses. The lady, by that time she came thither, was
so weak and faint, that the hostler, who held the stintip
when she mounted, said that gentleman would hardly hold
out to London. Riding, however, so raised her spirits^
that by the time she came to Black wall, she was pretty Unel)
fecovered. There they found waiting for them two men,
a gentlewoman, and a chambermaid, with one boat full of
Mr. Seymour^s and her trunks, and another boat for their
persons, in which they hasted from thence tQwards Wool-
wich. Being come so far, they bade the watermen row on
to Gravesend. There the poor fellows were desirous to
land, but for a double freight were contented to go on to
Lee, yet being almost tired by the way, they were forced
to lie still at Tilbury, whilst the rowers went on shore to
refresh themselves ; then they* proceeded to Lee, and by
that time the day appeared, and they discovered a ship
at anchor a mile beyond them, which was the French
bark that waited for them. Here the lady would have lain
at anchor, expecting Mr. Seymour, but through the impor-
tunity of her followers, they forthwith hoisted sail and put
to sea. In the mean time Mr. Seymour, with a peruke and
beard of black hair, and in a tawny cloth suit, walked alone
without suspicion, from his lodging out at the great west
door of the Tower, following a cart that had brought him
billets. From thence he walked along by the Tower-
wharf, by the warders of the south gate, and so to the iron
^te, where one Rodney was^ ready with a pair of oars to
receive him. When they came to Lee, and found that the
French ship was gone, the billows rising high, they hired
a fisherman for twenty shillings, to put them on board a
certain ship that they saw under sail. That ship they
found not to be it they looked for, so they made forwards
to the next under sail, which was a ship from Newcastle.
This with much ado they hired for forty pounds, to carry
them to Calais, and the master performed his bargain, by
which means Mr. Seymour escaped, and continued in Flan-
ders. On Tuesday in the afternoon, my lord treasurer be-
ing advertised that the lady Arabella had made an escape,
sent immediately to the lieutenant of the Tower to set
strict guard over Mr. Seymour, which he promised, after
hksyare mnnnet, " he would thoroughly do, that he would;**
but, coming to the prisoner's lodgings, be found, to bis gfeat
ARABELLA.
38t
am^aeidenty tliat be was gone from thence one whole day
liefore. A pink being dispatcbed from the Downs inter
Calais road^ seized the French bark^ and brought back the
lady and those with her; but, before this was known^ the
proclamation issued for apprehending tbeuL As soozr as
idle was brought to town, she was, after exaixunation^ Qom^
mitted to the Tower, declaring that she was not so sorry for
her own restraint, as she should be glad if Mr. Seymboi^
escaped, for ^hose wel&re, she af&rmed, she was more con«
cerned d&an for her own. Her aunt, the countess of Shrews^
bury, was likewise committed, on suspicion of. having
prompted the lady Arabella, not only to her escape, but to^
other things, it being known that she had amassed upwardly
of twenty thousand pounds in ready money. The earl of
Shrewsbury was confined to his house, and the bid earl of
Hertford sent for from his seat. By degrees things greW
cooler, and though it was known that Mr. Seymour con-^
tifiued in the Netherlands, yet the court made no £nrther
applications to the archduke about him. In the begin^^
ning of 1612, a new storm began to break out; for the
lady Arabella, either pressed at an examination, or of her
own free will, made some extraordinary discoveries, upon!
which some quick steps would have been taken, had it no€
shortly after appeared, that her misfortunes had turned her
head, and that, consequently, no use could be made of her
evidence. However, the countess of Shrewsbury, who be*
fore had leave to attend her husband in his sickness, wa^
very closely shu^ up,> and the court was amused with' abun-'
dance of strange stories, which wore out by degrees, and
Ae poor lady Arabella languished in her coniinem^it tilt
the 27th of September, 16 15,- when her life and sorrows
ended together. Even in her gvave this poor lady was not
at peace, a report being spread that she was poisoned, be«-
cause she happened to die within two years of sir Thomas
Overbury. Sir Bull. Whitlocke has put this circumstance
in much too strotig a light ; for it was a suspicion at most^
and never had the support of thei least colour of proof. As
for her husband, sir William Seymour, he soon after her
decease, procured leate to return, distinguished bimselC
by loyally adhering to the king during the civil warsy
and, surviving to the time of the Restoration, was re««
stored to his great-grandfather's title of duke of • So<^
m^rset,- by ap act of parliament, which entirety cancelled^
his attainder ; and on the giving his royai assent to this ^ct,
c c 2
3&$ ARABELLA.
king Charles IL was pleased to say in full parliament^ wbaft.
perbaps was as honourable for the family as the title to
which they are restored. His words were these: " As this
b an act of an extraordinary nature, so it is in favour of a
person of_n6 ordinary mierit: be has deserved of my father^
and of myseifi as much as any subject possibly could do ;
and I hope this will stir no man's envy, because in doing it
I do no more than what a good master should do for such a
servant." By his lady Arabella, this noble person had no
i«8ue: but that he still preserved a warm affection for her
meinory, appears from hence, that he called one of hi&
daughters by his second wife, Frances, daughter and co-
heiress of Bobert Devereux, earl of Essex, Arabella Sey«>
mour.'
Mr. Ballard has given a place to the Jady Arabella, ih
his Memoirs of British Ladies,^ who have been celebrated
for their writings or skill in the learned languages, arts, and
sciences. His reasons for so doing are, that Mr. Evelyn,
in his Numismata, has put her in his list of learned women,
and Mr. Philips, in his Theatrum Poetarum, has introduced
her among hit modern poetesses. Though no works of this,
lady have appeared, which can serve to shew on what
foundation her literary reputation is built, yet it i^ not
probable that Mr. Evelyn and Mr. Philips should, without
cause, have assigned her the raqk they have done. Three
letters of her^s are transcribed, by Mr« Ballard, from a MS
Tolume in Mr. Ashmole's study, which prove her to have
been a woniian of good understanding. It also appears,
froni Mr. Oldys^s manuscripts, that she had, at least when
young, a far greater share of beauty than is above repre-
sented^ From a picture of her, which was drawn at full
length in wiiite in 1589, when she was thirteen years and a
half old, it appears that she was, at that time, very beautiful
in her person. Her complexion was fair as alabaster; she
had sweet large grey eyes and long flaxen hair, flowing al-
most to . her waist, and . finely curled at top. Mr. Oldya
says that she was born in 1 575. *
AEAB-CHAH (Ahmed Bw), an Arabian historian of
the fifteenth century, is principally known as the author of
a life of Timour^ or Tamerlane, entitled " The wonder-
ful effects of the divine decrees in the affairs of Timour,'* a
work in which there is a considerable display of eastern
fluicy^ but xnatiy obscurities of style. It was published by
A R A B-C H A H. S8»
GoliiiS) at Leyden, 1636, and by Manger, with a Latin
translation, 1767, and 1772, 2 vols. 4to. The i|nperiai
library at Paris contains two excellent manuscripts of this
work. The author died in 145oV
ARAGON (TuLLiA d'), a celebrated poetess of Italy^
ill the sixteenth century, was the natural daughter of Peter
Tagliava d'Aragon, archbishop of Palermo, and a cardinal^
himself an illegitimate descendant of the royal house of
Aragon. Her father made a settlement on this daughter
sufficient to enable her to live genteelly.. She was beauti-
ful in her person, and highly accomplished by taste and
education. She spoke and wrote in Latin and Italisin with
the ability of the most eminent scholars^ and enjoyed during
life great reputation for the elegance of her manners and
writings. The most distinguished scholars of the time ce-
lebrated her praises, and were proud to be ranked among
her admirers. She resided mostly at Ferrara and Rome,
and when advanced in age, went to Florence under the
protection of the duchess Leonora of Toledo, and at that
place she died very old, but the time is not mentioned*
Her workc, which have not preserved the high character
bestowed by her admirers, are, 1. " Rime," Venice, 1547,
6iro, and often reprinted. 2. ^^ Dialogo dell' infinita d'A-
more,-^* Venice, 1547. 3. " II Meschino, o il Guerino,
poema,'* in the ottava rimi3i, Venice, 1560, 4to. *
ARAM (£ug£Ne), memorable for his erudition^ and for
superior Abilities disgraced by an enormous crime, was borii
at Ramsgill, in Netherdale, Yorkshire, and received but ^
mean education, as it appears that all his mental acquire-
ments, which were prodigious, were the result of indefa-
tigable diligence and application, assisted by uncommon
talents. His father was a gardener at Newby, whom hQ
lattended in that occupation, and where his propensity to
literature first discovered itself.. Mathematics now engaged
his attention, and he soon understood quadratic equations,
and their geometrical constructions. Prompted by an ir-
resistible thirst of knowledge, be determined to make himr
«elf master of the learned languages. He got and repeated
all Lilly's grammar by heart. He next undertook Cam-
den's Greek grammar, which be also repeated in the same
manner. Thus instructed, be entered upon the Latin
classics, and at first pored over five lines for a whole day ;
never, in all the painful course of his reading, leaving ^ny
^ P* Herbelot.— Biogp. Uaireraelle. * Biog* UiiiTerMlle««->Ro9coe*s Leo»
SdO ARAM.
passage till he thought he perfectly comprehended it
Having accurately perused all the Latin classics, both his<»
torians and poets, he went through the Greek Testament,
and then applied to^esiod, Homer, Theocritus, Hero-
dotus, Thucydides, and all the Greek tragedians. In the
midst of these literary pursuits, he went, in 1734, on the
inTitation of William Norton, esq. to Knaresborough, where
lie became much esteemed ; and here, with indefatigable
diligence, he acquired the knowledge of the Hebrew tongue.
In April 1744 he came again to London, and taught both
Latin and writing, at Mr. Painblanc's, iii Piccadilly, above
two years. He next went, in the capacity of writing-
master, to a boarding-school at Hayes, in Middlesex, kept
by the Rev. Anthony Hinton! He at length succeeded to
several other places in the south of England, making use
of every opportunity for improvement. He was afterwards
employed in transcribing the acts of parliament to be re-
gistered in Chancery, and about the beginning of Decem-
ber 1757, went down to the free--5chool at Lynn. From
his leaving Kn'aresborough to this period, which was a long
interval, he had attained the knowledge of history and an-
tiquities, and also of heraldry and botany. Few plants,
cither domestic or exotic, were unknown to him. Amidst
nU this, he ventured upon the Chaldee and Arabic, but
had not time to obtain any great knowledge of the latter.
He found the Chaldee easy enough, on account of its con-
nection with the Hebrew. He then investigated the Celticj
as far as possible, in all its dialects; began collections,
and made comparisons between that, the English, the
Latinj the Greek, and even the Hebrew. He had made
tlotes, and compared above three thousand words together,
and found such a surprising affinity, that he was determined
t^ ptoceed through the whole of all these languages, and
form a comparative lexicon. He was also far ^om being a
contemptible poet.
With this immense stock of learning, acquired withont
the assistance of a master, and the most extraordinary ta<»
lents> which might have made him shine in any station of
life, it is to be lamented that he was guilty of an action in*
consistent with every principle of humanity ; for, in 1758,
he was taken up at Lynn, in Norfolk, for the murder of
Daniel Clark, a shoe*maker of Knaresborough, who had
keen missing upwards of 13 years, and removed to York
castle, where being brought to bis trials on the third of
A R A M. 391
August 1759, he read a most admirable di^fence, in whith
he displayed equal modesty, good sense, and learning; but
was found guilty, and the next morning confessed the
justness of his sentence, acknowledging to a clergyman,
that his motive for committing the murder was his suspect-
ing Clark of having - unlawful commerce with his wife.
When he was called from bed to have his irons tak^n off,
he refused to rise, alleging that he was very weak* On
e:xamination it was found that he had attempted to take
awisty his own life, by cutting his arm in two places with o
razor. Though weak, he was conducted to the gallows of
York, and there executed, and hung in chains in Knares*
borough forest. '
ARANTIUS (Julius C^sar), a celebrated Italian ana-
tomist, was born at Bologna, about the year 1530. He
studied under Vesalius and his uncle Bartholomew Maggius,
took his doctor's degree at Bologna, and was soon after
appointed professor of surgery and anatomy, which office
■ he h$ld for thirty-two years, and until his death, April 7j
IS^S9. He studied with most attention the anatomy of the
m^scles, and arrived at some knowledge of the doctrine of
the circulation of the blood. He wrote, 1. ^* De humano
fcetu liber,*' Venice, 1571, 8vo, Basil, 1579, and Leyden,
1664. In this work he explains at great length the struc-
ture of the uterus, the placenta, &c. ^The Venice editions
of 1587 and 1595, 4 to, have the addition of some anatomi-
cal observations, and an essay on tumours by Arandus.
a, ^^ In Hippocratis librum de vulneribus capitis commen-
tarius brevis, ex ejus lectionibus coUectus," Lyons, 1580,
Ley^en, 1639, 1641, 12mo.*
ARATOR, the secretary and intendant of finances to
Athalaric, and afterwards subdeacon of the Romish church,
fiouri^ed in tlie sixth century, and, according to some
accounts, was born in the year 490, but the place of bisbirtk
has been contested. He certainly was pf Liguria, but in
his time Liguria comprehended a great part of Lo'mbardy,
and Milan was the chief city. He was educated under
Laurentius, archbishop of Milan, who died in the year 504.
Arator is said to have died in the year 556« At first h^
employed his poetical talents on profane subjects, but af-
terwards on those which were of a more serious kind. In the
y^ar 544, he presented Pope Vigilius with the Acts of the
J92 A R A T O R.
Apostles in Latin verse, with which the pontiff wag so much
pleased that he ordered the work to be read in the church
of St. Peter ad Vincula, and it met with universal appro-
bation. We find in it many of the allegories which the
venerable Bede introduced in his commentary on the Acts.
It was printed with other poetry of the same description,
lit Venice, 1502, 4to, Strasburgh, 1507, 8vo, Leipsic,
1515, 4to, and in the Bibliotheca Patrum, Paris, 1575,
1589, &c. Father Sirmond published at the end of his
edition of Ennodius, a letter in elegiac verse, which Arator
wrote to Parthenius. *
ARATUS, a Greek poet, celebrated for his poem en-
titled the Phenomena, flourished about the 127th olym-
piad, or near 300 years before Christ, while Ptolemy Phi-
ladelphus reigned in Egypt. Being educated under Dio-
nysins Heracleotes, a Stoic philosopher, he espoused the
principles of that sect, and became physician to Antigonus
Gonatus, the son of Demetriusr Poliorcetes, king of Ma-
cedon: The Phenomena of Aratus gives him a title to the
character of an astronomer, as well as a poet In this work
he describes the nature and motion of the stars, and shews
their various dispositions and relations ; he describes the
.figures of the constellations, their situations in the sphere,
the origin of the names which they bear in Greece and in
Egypt, the fables which have given rise to them, the rising
•and setting of the stars, and he indicates the manner of
J^nowing the constellations by their respective situations.
The poem of Aratus was commented upon and translated
by many authors : of whom, among the ancients, were
Cicero, Germanicus Caesar, and Festus Avienus, who made
Latin translations of it ; a part of the former of which is
itill extant. Aratus must have been much esteemed by the
ancients, i»ince we find so great a number of scholiasts and
commentators upon bim ; among wh6m are Aristarcbus of
Samos, the Arystylli the geometricians, Apollonius, the
£v8eneti, Crates, Numenius the grammarian, Pyrrhus of
Magnesia, Thales, Zeno, and many others, as may be seen
in Vossius, p. 156. Suidas ascribes several other works to
Aratus. Virgil, in his Georgics, has translated or imitated
many passages from this author : Ovid speaks of him with
admiration, as well as many others of the poets : And St
Paul has quoted a passage from him ; which is in hi^
^ Mor««i<— CaTe.-*Biog. Umveihselle.^Larchier's Works,
A R A T U & 393
speech to the Athenians (Acts xvii. 2S.) ^here he telb
them that some of their own poets have said, ^^ For we are
also his offspring,'* these words being the beginning of tha
5th line of the Phenomena of Aratus.
His modern editors are Henry Stephens, who published
.bis poem at Paris in 1566, in his collection of the poets, in
folio, and Grotius, who published an edition of the Pheno-
mena at Leyden in 4to, 1600, in Greek and Latin, with
the fragments of Cicero's version, and the translations of
Germdiiicus andAvienus; all which the editor Iras illus-
trated with curious notes^. The edition of Aratus published
at Oxford by Fell, 1672, Svq, with the scholia^ is much
esteemed ; but the best is that recently published by J. Th«
Buhle, at Leipsic, 1793 — 1801, 2 vols. 8vo, which is en-
.riehed by additions from manuscripts. ^
ARBAUD (Francis), Sieur de Porcheres, one of the
first paembers of the French academy in toe seventeenth
ceiitury, was born in Provence, and was, descended from
the ancient family of Porcheres. He was the scholar and
follower of Malherbe. and imitated him in the turn of his
verse, and was also tutor to the son of Mr. de Chenoise,
^nd afterwards to the son of the count Saint- Heran. The
abb6 Bois-Robert^ who was particularly eminent for the
generous use which he made of his interest with cardinal
Richelieu, procured him |l pension of six hundred livres
from that great man. On March 10, 1636,. he spoke aa
oration in the French academy upon the ^^ Love of the
Sciences*" He retired at last into Burgundy, where he
married, and died in 1640. He wrote a gre^t number of
verses, which were never printed. But there are others,
which were ipublished, as particularly his ^< Pai^phrase
upon the Psalms of Degrees," to which are added his
** Poems upon divers subjects," Paris, 1633, 8vo. He
had a brother, John, who had likewise a talent for poetry,
and translated several of the Psalms into French verse, two
editions of which have been publishet/d) the former at Gre-
noble in 1651, and the latter more complete at Marseilles
in 1684.'
ARBUCKLE (James, A. M.), was boru in Glasgow, 1700,
jand educated in the university of that city, where h^^took
his degrees, and afterwards kept an academy^ iti the north
of Ireland. He wrote several poems, which have been
rOea.Dict^VoMiusv— Fabr^BlbUGriec. * Gen. Diet.
39^ A E B U C K L E.
pablished in one vol. 1 2mo ; and undertook a translation
of Virgil, but did not live to finish it* He was a person of
fine taste, and much esteemed by the learned iu general.
He died 1734, aged 34. * - .
ARBUTHNOT (Alexander), principal of the univer*
sity of Aberdeen, was the son of the baron of Arbutfanot,
and was born in the year 1538. He studied philosophy
and the classics in the university ctf Aberdeen, and civil
law in France, where he was five years under the care of
the famous Cujacius. Having taken the degree of licen*
tiate, he returned home in 1 563, and appeared very warmly
in sAippo^ of the reformed religion. At this time queen
JAary was resident in her kingdom ; but the earl of Murray
having the supreme direction of all things, the reformed
church of Scotland was iu. a very flourishing condition*
The friends of Mr. Arbuthnot prevailed upon him to take
orders, but whether be received them from a bishop or
from presbyters is unceritain. In 1^6S, he assisted as a
member of the general assembly, which was held in the
month, of July at Edinburgh. By this assembly he was
intrusted with the care of revising a book which had ^iveii
offence, entitled '^ The Fall of the Roman Church,'* print*
ed by one Thomas Bassenden, in Edinburgh. The ex- ,
ception taken to it was, that the king had the style of the
supreme head of the cburc^ : at the same time there was
another complaint against this Bassenden, for printing a
lewd song at the end of the Psalm booL On these mat>»
ters an order was made, forbidding the printer to vend
any more of his books till the offensive title was altered,
and the lewd song omitted. The assembly also made an
ordeir, that no book should be published for the future, till >
licensed by commissioners of their appointment.
A little after, he was appointed minister of Arbuthnot and
Xogy-Buchan. The year following, viz. 1569, on a vi-
sitation of the King^s College at Aberdeen, Mr. Alexander
Anderson, principal, Mr. Andrew Galloway, sub-pnnci*
pal, and three regents,' were deprived. Their sentence
was published on the third of July, and immediately Mn.
Arbuthnot was made principal of that college. He wa&
a member also, of the geaeral assembly which sat at St.
Andrew^s in 1572, when a certain scheme of church-govern«-
1 Introduced in the last editiea of tbjs Dictionary, we know not on wl>at va»
thoritj.
A R 9 U T H N O T. S9S
ment was pfoposed and called the Book of Policy, an in«
vention of some statesmen, to restore the old titles in the
church, but ivith a purpose to retain all the temporalities
formerly annexed to them, amongst themselves. The as-'
^embly, being apprized of this, appointed the archbishop
of St. Andrew^s, and nineteen other commissioners, o£
whom Mr. Arbuthnot was one, to confer with the regent
in his council ; but these conferences either came' to no«*
thing, or, which is more probable, were never held. In
the general assembly which met at Edinburgh the sixth o£
August 1573, Mr. Alexailder Arbuthnot was chosen mode-
rator. In the next assembly, which met at Edinburgh the
$ixth of March 1574, he was named one of the commis-
Itioners for settling the jurisdiction of the church, which
seems to be no more than had been before done about the
book of policy. This business required much time and
pains, but at last some progress was made therein, and a,
plan of jurisdiction proposed. In the general assembly,
which met ^ Edinburgh the first of April 1577, he was.
again chosen moderator. At this time the assembly were
persuaded, upon some specious pretences, to appoint a
certain number of their members to confer in the oiuorning
with their moderator, in order to prepare business. This
Committee had the name of the Congregation, and in a
abort time all matters of importance came to • be treated
there, and the assembly had little to do but to approve their
resolutions. At the close of this assembly^ Mr. Arbuth-
not, ^ith other commissioners, was appointed to confer with
the regent, on the plan of church policy before mentioned.
In the general assembly held at Edinburgh the twenty-fifth
of October ^578, he.was agaia appointed of the committee
for the same purpose, and in the latter end of the year,
actually conferred with several noblemen^ and other lay^
commissioners, on that important business. In 1582, Mn
Arbuthnot published Buchanan's History of Scotland, in
which, though he acted only as an editor, yet it procured
him a great deal of ill-will, and in all probability gave his
majesty king James VI. a bad impression of him. The
practice of managing things in congregation still subsist-*
ing, the king forbad Mr. Arbuthnot to leave his college at
Aberdeen, that he might not be present in the assembly,
or direct, as he was used to do, those congregations which
directed that great body. This offended the ministers very
fnuch^ and they did not fail to remonstrate upon it to the
»« A R B U T H N O T-
king, who, however, remained firm. What impression this,
might make upon Mr. Arbuthnot's mind, a very meek and
humble man, assisting others at their request, and not
through ai>y ambition of his own, is uncertain ; but a little
sfter be began to decline in his health, and on the 20th
of October 1583, departed this life in the forty-fifth year
of his age, and was buried in the college church of Aber^
deen. His private character was very amiable : he was
learned without 'pedantry, and a great encourager of learn-
ing in youth, easy and pleasant in conversation, had a
good taste in poetry, was well versed in philosophy and
the mathematics, eminent as a lawyer, no less eminent aa
a divine ; neither wanted he considerable skill in physic.
In his public character he was equally remarkable for bia
moderation and abilities, which gained him such a repa-^
tation, as drew upon him niany calls for advice, wl;iich made
him at last very uneasy. As principal of the college of
Aberdeen, he did great service to the chiircb in particular;^
and to his country in general, by bringing over many to
the former, and reviving that spirit of literature which waa
mudh decayed in the latter. These employments took up
so much of his time, that we have nothing of his writing,
except a single book printed at Edinburgh, in 4to, 1572,
tinder this title, ** Orationes de origine etdignitate Juris;''
** Orations on the origin and dignity of the Law.*' It waa
esteemed a very learned and elegant performance, as ap-t
pears by a fine copy of Latin verses on its publication, by
Mr. Thomas Maitland, who was equally admired as a poet
and a critic. Arbuthnot's countryman and contemporary^
. Andrew Melvil, wrote an elegant epitaph on him, (Delit*
Poet. Scot. vol. II. p. 120.) which alone would have been
sufficient to preserve his memory, and gives a very just ide%
of his character. ^
- ARBUTHNOT (Dr. John), a celebrated witandphy^
sician in queen Anne's reign, was the son of an episcopal
clergyman of Scotland, nearly allied to the noble family
of thsLt name. He had his education in the university of
Aberdeen, where he took the degree of doctor of physic.
The revolution deprived the father of bis church prefer^
ment ; and though he was possessed of a small paternal
estate, yet necessity obliged the son to seek bis fortune
abroad. He came to London, and at first, as ' it is said^
1 Bio^. Briunnica.—' Mackeiuie'8 Scotch Writersi vol. Ill«p* 18^
AJRBUTHNOT.
297
for hU support taught the mathematics. About this tim^^
viz. 1695, Dr. Woodward's *^ Essay towards a natural
history of the Earth'* was published, which contained such
an account of the universal deluge, as our author thouglit
inconsistent with truth : he therefore drew up a work, en^
titled ^' An examination of Dr. Woodward's account of
the Deluge^ &^. with a comparison between Steno's phi'-
' losophy and the doctor's, in the case of marine bodies dug
up out of the es^rth, &c." 1695, ^vo, which gave him n^
small share of literary fame. His extensive learning, and
facetious and agreeable conversation, introduced him by
degrees into practice, and he became eminent in his pro-
fession. Being at Epso.m when prince George of Den-
mark was suddenly taken ill, he was called in to his as«
stst^nce. His adyice was successful, and his highness
recovering, employed him always afterwards as his phy-
sician. In consequence of this, upon tlxe indispqsition of
Dr. Hannes, he was appointed physician in ordinary to
queen Anne, 1709, and admitted a fellow of the college^
as he had been some years of the Royal Society,
His gentle, manners, polite learning, and excellent ta«
(ents, entitled him to an intimate correspondence and friend^*
ship witfi the celebrated wits of his time. Pope, Swift,
Gay, and Parnell, whom he met ia.s a member of the Scrib-
lerus club- . In 1714 he engaged with Pope and Swift'in a
design to write a satire on the abuse of human learning in
every branch, which w^ to have been executed in the hu-
morous manner of Cervantes, the original author of this
species of satire, under the history of feigned adventures.
But this project was put a stop to by the queen's death,
when they bad only drawn out an imperfect essay towards
it, under tlie title of the first book of the " Memoirs of
Martinus Scriblerus *.!' " These Memoirs," says Dr. John-
son, ** exbend only to the first part of a work, projected in
concert by Pope, Swift, and Arbuthnot. Their purposie
* Dr. Warburton tells us, that the
travels of Gulliver, the treatise of the
profound, of literary criticism ob Virgil,
and the memoirs of a Parish Cleric, are
^nly fo many detached parts and frag-
ments of this work; The same writer
deeiares, that polite letters never lost
more than by the defeat of this scheme,
in which each of this iUostrions trium-
virate would have found exercise for
tils own peculiar talent, besides con-
^lUit em|»loyment for that they all had
in common. Arbuthnot was skilled in
every thing which related to science.
Pope was master of the fine arts, and
Swift excelled in the knowledge of th«
WQi'ld : wit they had in equsil measure^
and that so large, Chat no age perhapc
ever produced three men on whom mu
ture had more bountifully bestowed itg
or art brought it to higher perfection;
See War burton's note» to these Me-
moirs. .
39S A R B U T H N O f .
was to censure the abuses af learning by a fictitioixs life
of an infatuated scholar. They were dispersed ; thcf de^
sign was - ne^er completed ; and Warburton laments itsr
miscarriage^ as an event very disastrous to polite letters.
If the whole may be estin(iated by this specimen, whicb
seems to be the production of Arbutbnot, with a few touches
perhaps by Pope, the want of more will not be much la^
mented ; for the follies which the wrher ridicules are sa
little practised, that they are/ not known ; nior can the satirer
be understood bu4; by the learned ; he raises phantoms of
absurdity, and then drives them away; ' He cures diseases
that were never felt. For this reason, diis joint prpduction
of three great writers has never attained any notice from
nankindJ'
: The queen's death, and the disasters which fell upon his
friends on that occasion, deeply affected our author's spirits ;
and to divert his melancholy, be paid a visit to his^brother^
a banker at Paris. His stay there, however, was but very
short; he returned to London, and having lost his former
residence at St. James's, took a house iri Dover-^street. In
1727, he published "Tables of ancient Coins, Weights,^
and Measures," 4to. He continued to practise physic with
good reputation, and diverted his leisure hours in writing
papers of wit and humour. / He^ contributed in 1732 to-
wards detecting and punishing the scandalous frauds and
abuses that had been carried on under the specious name;
of the *' The Charitable Corporation." The same year he
published his " Essay concerning the nature of Aliments,
the choice of them, &c." which was followed the year after
by the "Effects of Air on Human Bodies." He was ap-
parently led to the subjects of these treatises by the con-
sideration of bis own case ; an asthma, which gradually
increasing with his years, became shortly after desperate
and incurable. In 1734 he retired to Hampstead, in hopes
of finding some small relief for this aflliction, but died at his
house in Cork-street, Burlington-gardens, Feb. 27, 1.734-5.
He was married, and had children, particularly George
and ^nne; the former enjoyed a place of considerable
profit in the exchequer-office, and' was one of the exe*,
cutors to Pope's will, and the other a legatee.
Pope, in a letter to Digby, dated Sept. 1, 1722, tells
him, that the first time he saw the doctor, Swift observed
to him, that he was a man who could do every thing butr
waik. He appears to have beeu in^ all respects a most ac*
ARBUTHNOT. i99
complished and amiable person. He has shewn himself
equal to any of his contemporaries, in humour, vivacity,
and learning ; and he was superior to most men in the
moral duties of life, in acts of humanity and benevolence,
,** Arbuthnot^" says Dr. Johnson in his life of Pope, " was
a man of great comprehension, skilful in his profession,
. versed in the sciences, acquainted with ancient literature,
. and able to animate his mass of knowledge by a bright and
active imagination ; a scholar with great brilliance of wit;
a wit, who, in the crowd of life, retained and discovered
a noble ardour of religious zeal.'* Dr. Warton also is very
copious in his praise, and says, that he had infinitely more
learning than Pope or Swift, and as much wit and humour
as either. His letter to Pope, written as it were upon his
death-bed, and which no one can read without the ten-
derest emotion, discovers considerable fortitude of mind at
the approach of his dissolution. In 1751, came out, in two
vols. 8vo. printed at Glasgow, " The miscellaneous works
of the late Dr. Arbuthnot^'* which are said to comprehend,
with what is inserted in Swift's Miscellanies, all his pieces
of wit and humour : but the genuineness of many piece*
in that collection is more than apocryphal ; and a collec-
tion of his works, as well as a life of the author, are still
desiderata. Several of the pieces in the above miscellany
were written by Fielding, Henry Carey, and other au-
thors, who are known ; and some of them were written after
Dr. Arbuthnot's death, or when he was too ill to compose
such trifles. *
ARC-JOAN. See JOAN.
ARCERE (Louis Etiennr), priest of the oratory, born
at Marseilles, in 1698, died Feb. 7, 1782, at an advanced
age, is less known by his^ having borne away the prizes
for poetry, at Toulouse, at Marseilles, and at Pan, than
by his " History of the town of Rochelle, and the country
of Aunis," 1756, 2 vols. 4to, and in 6 vols. 12mo. This,
work had been long expected, and evidently cost the au-
thor much attention and labour. It is a full and complete
history of one of the smallest provinces of France (accord-
ing to the ancient division), by one who had spent many
years in collecting and digesting his materials. The na-^
* Biog. Brit. — Swift's Works, passim. See Index. — Pope's Works by Bowles.'
•— Forb«s'« Life of Beattie ^Ty tier's Life of Kames. — ^Dr. Johnson's Woirks.—
BosweU»8 Life of Johnson.-*-Blair*s I-.ectures. — JDfodsley's Puems, vol, I. —
^ichols'8 Atterbury's Correspondeiice, &c. fcrr.
400^ A R C E R E.
tural and civil history are treated with great ability and
precision. He may, however, be blamed, in conamon
with many topographers, for a certain degree of prolixity
which general readers seldom can relish. His other works
are « Eloge de P. Jaillot," 1750, 4to ; "Journal Histo-
rique de la tentative de la flotte Anglolse sur la cflte d'Au-
iiis," 1757, 4to# This alludes to a well-known expedition,
which few Englishmen have much pleasure in remember-
ing. *^ Mempire sur la necessity de diminuer le nombre
des ffites,'^ 1763, 12mo; " De I'etat de I'agriculture chez
les Romains depuis le commencement de la Republique
jusqu'au siecle de Jules Caesar relativement au gouvern-
ment, aux moeurs, et au commerce," .1777, 8vo. This *
work, which discovers much research, and profound re-
flexion, was an answer to the prize questions on the sub-
jects handled, proposed by the Academy of Inscriptions
and Belles Lettres, and obtained the accessii of that
learned body. To his learning, M. Arcere is said to have
joined great probity, and suavity of manners. *
ARCESILAUS, a celebrated Greek philosopher, about
300 years before the Christian ajra, was born at Pitaoe, in
Eolis. He founded what in the history of ancient phi-
losophy is denominated the Second Academy. He was a
man of great learning, and versed in the writings of the
ancients, remarkable for the severity of his criticisms;
but, in his private character, no enemy to the utmost licen-
tiousness of his age. He had, however, a great number
of disciples. His doctrines were different in many respects
from what his predecessors had taught ; but, instead of re-
forming their errors, he plunged into as great and perhaps
more pernicious absurdities. It was the opinion of his.
school that we could know nothing, nor even assure our-
selves of the certainty of this position r thence they in-
ferred that we should affirm nothing, but always suspend
our judgment. They advanced, however, that a philoso-
pher was able to dispute upon every subject^ and force
conviction whichever side of the question he chose to
adopt ; and that there were always reasons of equal force,
both in tlie affirmative and negative of every argument.
Neither our senses nor our reason were to have any credit.
Stanley and Brucker, in tlieir ^Histories of Philosophy,
may be consulted for a detail oi the reveries of Arcesi-
laus ; and Bayle has an elaborate article on the same sub-
i Diet. Hist.— Biog. VoirerselUt
A R C £ S I L A U S. «0I
♦ •
|ect. Arcesikus is said to have died of excessf, in his 75th
je^r^ in the fourth year of the 134th olympiad. He ap«
pears to have been a man of good ^ste, as he studied
Hooter with a relish approaching to reverence. ^
ARCHELAUS, a Greek philosopher^ the disciple of
Anaxagoras, flourished about 440 years before the Chris-
tian aera. He read lectures at Athens^ not dissimilar from
those of his master. , He taught that there was a double
principle of all things, namely^ the ^expansion and con-^
densation of the air, which he regarded as infinite. Heat^
according to him, was in continual motion ; but cold watf
ever at rest. The earth, whiph was placed in the midst of
the universe, had no motion. It originally resembled «
wet marsh, but was afterwards dried up ; and its figure^
he said, resembled that of an egg^ Animals, including
man, were produced from the heat of the earth ; he held
also, that all animals have a sou), which was born with
them ; but the capacities of which vary according to tha
structure of the organs of the body in which it resides*
His principles of morals were very pernicioiis, but gave
way to the purer opinions of Socrates^ who was the mo$€
illustrious of his disciples, and his successor. '
ARCHIAS (AuLUS Licinius), a Greek poet of Antioch
in Asia, is more known from the eloquent orations pro<«
nounced by Cicero in his favour, than by the few frag-^
ments of his that are come down to us. He was denied
the title of Roman citizen, which Cicero caused to be
confirmed to hiin, by maintaining that he had it; and that
even if he had it not, his probity and his talents ought
to have procured it for him. He lived about 60 years be<^
fore the common sera. Archias composed several pieces ;
among others, a poem on the War of the Cimbri, and
had begun another on the Consulate of Cicero, but none
of his works have reached our timus, except some epigrams
in the Greek Anthology^ and in Brunck's ** Analecta ve-^
terum poetarum Gnecorum," vol, II. p. 92. They were
also lately published, with notes and a Latin translatioa
by Ilgen, 1800, who has subjoined a critical inquiry mto
the life and genius of Archias. It is not from these, how-
ever, that we can estimate the value of Cicero^s high
praise of this au^or. Except two or three^ these epi;*
grams scarcely rise above mediocrity. '^
» Octt. Diet.— Brttcker.^Sta,n1ey, « Diid^
* Vamins.— Fabric. W>U Or9c.— Cicero pro Arohia.
y ojL, iL p i>
40» A R C H I L 0 C H U $.
ARCHILOCHUS, a Greek poet, born in the isle of
ParoSy was the son of Telesicles ; and, according to Mr.
Bavle, flourished in the 29th olympiad, or about 660
years before Christ. His poetry abounded with the most
poignant satire, and his satirical vein had such an eflfeet on
Lycambes, that he is said to have hanged himself. The
indignation of Archilochus against Lycambes arose from
the latter*s not keeping his word with regard to his daugh*
ter, whom*he first promised and afterwards refused to Ar-
chilochus. It is not unlikely that he attacked the whole
family of Lycambes in his lampoon, for it is said by Ho-
race, that the daughter followed the example of her father;
and there are some who affirm, that three of Lycambes's
daughters died of vexation at the same time. In this piece
of Archilochus, many adventures are mentioned, full of
defamation, and out of the knowledge of the public.
There were likewise many indecent passages in. the poem ;
and it is supposed to have been on -account of this satire
that the Lacedaemonians laid a prohibition on his verses.
" The Lacedaemonians," says Valerius Maximus, " com-
i^anded the books of Archilocnus to be carried out of their
city, because they thought the reading of them not to be
very modest or chaste : for they were unwilling the minds
of their children should be tinctured with them, lest they
should do more harm to their manners than service to their
genius. And so they banished the verses of the greatest,
or at least the next to the greatest poet, because he had
attacked a family which he hated, with indecent abuse.**
It has been affirmed by some, that be himself was banished
from Lacedsemon ; and the maxim inserted in on^ of his
pieces is assigned for the reason thereof, ^^ That it was
better to fling down one's arms, than to lose one's life ;'*
he had written this in vindication of himself.
Archilochus was so much addicted to raillery and abuse,
that he did not even spare himself*. He excelled chiefly
in iambic verses, and was the inventor of them, as appear^
from a passage \\\ Horace: Epist. xix. lib. i. ver. 23. He
is one of the three poets whom Aristarchus approved in
^ << We should not have known, had abused both friends and enemies ; that
it not been for himself/' says Critias, he was extremely addicted to the de-
<^ that his mother Entpone was a slave ; bauching of women, and very inso-
that .he was forced, by his miserable lent \ and, what is worse than all, that*
condition, to quit the isle of Paros, to save his life, he threw away hit
and go from thence to Thasus ; that shield, and fled.'' iKliao, Var* Uift.-
\ib made himself hated there \ tliat he lib. x. cap. 13.
A R C H 1 L O C H U S. 403
tbiS kind of poetry. Quintilian puts him, in some re-
spects, below the other two. Aristophanes the gramma-
rian thought, that the longer his iambic poems were, the
finer they were, as Cicero thus informs us : " The longest
of your epistles,'* says he to Atticus, ♦^seem to me the
1?est, as the iambics of Archilochus did to Aristophanes.'^
The hymn which he wrote to Hercules and lolaus was so
much esteemed, that it used to be sung three times to the
honour of those who had gained the victory at the Olympic
games. There are few of his works extant ; and this, says
Mr. Bayle, is rather a gain than a loss, with regard to
morality. Heraclides composed a dialogue upon the life
of this poet ; which, if it had remained, would in all pro-
bability have furnished us with many particulars concern-
ing Archilochus. *
ARCHIMEDES, one of the most celebrated mathema-
ticians among the ancients, flourished about 250 years be-
fore Christ, being about 50 years later than Euclid. H«
was born at Syracuse in Sicily, and was related to Hiero,
who was then king of that city. The mathematical genius
of Archimedes placed him with such distinguished excel-
lence in the view of the world, as reiidered him both the^
honour of his own age, and the admiration of posterity.
He was indeed the prince of the ancient mathematicians^
being to them what Newton is to the moderns, to whom,
in his genius and character he bears a very near resem-
blance. He was frequently lost in a kind of reverie, so as
to appear hardly sensible ; he would study for days and
nights together, neglecting his food ; and Plutarch tells us
that he used to be carried to the baths by force. Many
particulars of his life, and works, mathematical and me-
chanical, are recorded by several of the ancients, as Poly-
bius, Livy, Plutarch, Pappus, &c. He was equally skilled
in all the sciences, astronomy, geometry, mechanics, hy-
drostatics, optics, &c. in all of which he excelled, and made
many and great inventions. Among others, he made a
sphei:e of glass, of a most surprizing contrivance and work-
manship, exhibiting the motions of the heavenly bodies*
Claudian wrote an epigram on this invention.
Many wonderful stories are told of his various discove-
ries and machines; and when Hiero was once admiring
them, Archimedes replied, "These effects are: nothing.
^ G«D. Dict,H^xii OnomasticoD,— Vossiusi
PD 2
40«< A R C H I M E D £ S.
Give me some other place to fix a macliine upon^ and I
i^all move the earth.^*
He fell upon a curious method of discorering the deceit,
which had been practised by a workman, employed by
king Hiero to make him a golden crown. Hiero, having a
mind to make an offering to the gods of a golden crown,
s^eed for one of great value, and weighea out the gold
to the maker, who brought one home the full weight ;; but
it was afterwards discovered, that a quantijty of the gold
was embezzled, ahd supplied with a like weight of silver.
Hiero, being angry at this imposition, desired Archimedes
to take it into consideration, by what method such a fraud
might be discovered for the future^ Whilst be was en-
gaged in the solution of this difficulty, he happened to go
into the bath ; where observing, that a quantity of water
overflowed, equal to the bulk of his body, it immediately
occurred to him, that Hiero'» question might be answered
by a like method : on which be leaped out^ aild ran home-
ward, crying, evgnica ! sifma ! He then made two masses,
each of equal weight with the crown, one of gold and the
other of silver: when he had done this, he filled a large
vessel to the brim with water, and put the silver mass into
it, upon, which a quantity of water overflowed equal to the
bulk of the mass ; then taking the mas:» out, he filled up
tixe vessel again, measuring ttie water exactly, which he
put in : this shewed him what measure of water answered
to a certain quantity of silver. Then he tried the gold in
like manner, and found that it caused a less quantity of
water to overflow, the gold being less in bulk than the sil-
ver, though of the same weight. Then he filled the ves-
sel a third time, and putting in the crown itself, he found
that it caused more water to overflow than the golden mass
of the same weight ; whence he computed the mixture of
silver with the gold, and so manifestly discovered the fraud.
But he became most famous for his curious contrivances,
by which the city of Syracuse was so long defended, when
besieged by Marcellus. ** The vigorous eflbrts made to
carry the place had certainly succeeded soojier," says
I^ivy, ^Vhad they not been frustrated by one man: thid
was Archimedes, famous for his skill in astronomy, but
more so for his surprising invention of warlike machines,
with which in an instant be destroyed what had cost the
enemy vast labour to erect. Against the vessels, which
came up close to the walls, he contrived a kind of crow,
A R.C H I M E D £ S. 40S
inrojected above the wall> with an iron grapple fastened to
B. Strong chain. This was let down upon the prow of a
ship, and by means of the weight of a heavy counterpoise
of lead, raised up the prow, and set the vessel upright
upon her poop : then dropping.it all of a sudden, as if it
had fallen frpm the walls, it sunk so far into the sea, that
it let in a great deal of w^ter, even when it fell directly
on its keel." However, notwithstanding all his art, Syra-
cuse was at. length taken by Marcellus, who commanded
his soldiers to have a particular regard to the safety of
Archimedes; but this ingenious man was unfortunately
^lain by a soldier, who did not know him. ^^ What gave
Marcellus the greatest concern," says Plutarch, ^^ was the
unhappy fate of Archimedes, who was at that time in his
museum ; and bis mind^ as well as eyes, so fixed and in-'
tent upon some geometrical figures, that he neither heard
the noise and hurry of the Romans, nor perceived the
ctty to be taken. In this depth of study and contempla«»
tion, a soldier came suddenly upon him, and commanded
him to follow him to Marcellus ; which he refusing to do^
till he had finished his problem, the soldier, in a rage^
drew his sword, and ran him through." Qthers write,
that Archimedes, seeing a soldier coming with sl drawn
sword to kill him, entreated him to hold his hand one mo^
pient, that he might not die with the regret of having left
his problem unfinished ; but that the soldier, without pj^ty-
tng any regard, killed Iiim immediately. Others again
vrrite, that as Archiipedes was carrying some mathematical
insttuments in a box to Marcellus, as sun-dials, spheres^
and angles, with which the eye might jsieasure the magni-
tude of the sun*s body, some soldiers met him, and be**
Jieving there was gold in it, slew him. Livy says he was
slain by a soldier, who did not know who he was, whilst
he was drawing schemes in the dust : that Marcellus was
grieved at his death, and took care of his funeral ; makit^
bis name at the same time a protection and honour to those
who could claim a relationship to him* Archimedes is said
$0 have been killed in the 143d olympiad, the 546th year
of Rome, and about 208 years before the birth of Christ.
When Cicero was quaestor for Sicily, he discovered the
tomb of Archimedes, all over- grown with bushes and br^ixi«
bles : there was an inscription upon it, but the latter part
pf tluB versus was c^ite worn out^ as he himself informs ui.
406 A R C H I M E D E S.
Many of the works of this great man are still extant,
though the greatest part of them is lost. His pieces which
remain are, 1. Two books of the sphere and cylinder. 2.
The dimension of a circle. 3. Of centres of gravity or
aequiponderants. 4. Of spheroids and conoids. 5. Of
spiral lines. 6, The quadrature of a parabola. 7. Of the
commensuration of sand* 8. Of bodies that float. on fluids.
9. Lemmata.
Among the works of Archimedes which are lost, we may
reckon the descriptions of the following inventions, which
may be gathered from himself and other ancient authors.
1. His account of the method which he used to discover
the mixture of gold and silver in the crown. 2. His de-
scription of the Cocblion, an engine to draw water out of
places where it is stagnated. Athenaeus, speaking of the
prodigious ship built by the order of Hiero, tells us, that
Archimedes invented the cochlion, by means of which the
hold, notwithstanding its depth, could be drained by one
man. Diodorus Siculus informs us (lib. v.) that he con-
trived this machine to drain Egypt, and that by a wonder-
ful mechanism it would empty the water from any depth.
5. The Helix, by means of which (according to Athenasus)
he launched Hiero*s great ship. 4. The Trispaston, of
the power of which Tzetzes gives a relation. 5. The ma-
chines^he used in the defence of Syracuse against Marcel-
ius. Of these we have an s^ccount in Polybius, Livy, and
Plutarch. 6. His burning-glasses, with which he is said
to have set Are to the Roman gallies. 7. His pneumatic
and hydraulic engines, concerning which he wrote books,
according to Tzetzes. 8. His sphere, which exhibited
the celestial oiotions, and probably many others.
A whole volume might be written upon the curious me-
thods and inventions of Archimedes, that appear in biift
mathematical writings now extant only. He was the first
who squared a curvUineal space ; unless Hypocrates must
be excepted on account of his lunes. In his time the
conic sections were admitted into geometry, and he ap-
plied himself closely to the measuring of them as well as
other figures. Accordingly he determined the relations
of spheres, spheroids, and conoids, to cylinders and cones ;
and the relations of parabolas to rectilineal planes, whose
quadratures had long before been determined by Euclid:
He has also left us his attempts upon the circle ; he proved
that a circle is equal to a right-angled triangle, whose ba^Q
ARCHIMEDES. 407
Is equal to the circumference, and its altitude equal to the
radius ; and consequently, that its area is equal to the
rectangle of half the diameter and half the circumference ;
thus reducing the quadrature of the circle to the determi-
nation of the ratio between the diameter and circumfer- .
ence; which determination, however, has not yet been
done. But we must refer to Dr. Hutton for the farther
improvenfents of this wonderful man.
There have been various editions of the existing writings
of Archimedes. The whole of these works, together with
the commentary of Eutocius, were found in their original
Greek language, on the taking of Constantinople, from
whence they were brought into Italy ; and here they were
found by that excellent mathematician John Muller, other-*
wise called Regiomontanus, who brought them into Ger-
many ; where they were, with that commentary, pub-
lished long after, viz, in 1544, at Basil, most beautifully
printed in folio, Gr. & Lat. by Hervagius, under the care
of Thomas Gechauff Venatorius. A Latin translation was
published at Paris, 1557, by Pascalius Hamellius. Ano-
' ther edition of the whole, in Greek and Latin, was pub-
lished at Paris, 1615, fol. by David Rivaltus, illustrated
with new demonstrations and commentaries ; a life of the
author is prefixed : and at the end of the volume is added
some account, by way of restoration, of the author^s other
works, which have been lost. In 1675, Dr. Isaac Barrow
published a neat edition of the works, in Latin> at Lon-
don, 4to ; illustrated, and succinctly demonstrated in a
new method. But the most complete of any, is the mag-i
nificent edition, in folio, printed at the Clarendon press,'
in Oxford, in 1792. This edition was prepared ready for
the press by the learned Joseph Torelli, of Verona, who
was discouraged by the prospect of the expence that was
likely to attend the publication. He had finished it some
time before his death ; and, while he was demurring in re*^
gard to the niode of publishing it, he was induced by the
advice and recommendation of the late earl Stanhope,
whose zeal in the cause of science reflects distinguished
honour on- his name and memory, to commence a treaty
with the curators of the Clarendon press at Oxford. Torelli,
unwilling to give up the charge of superintending the
publication, still hesitated, and died before the transaction
was completed. The treaty was again renewed by Alberto
,Albertini| the executor of the learned editor^s wiU^ wKo
40S ARCHIMEDES.
entrusted the work to the university of Oxford. All tbt
papers which Torelli had prepared with a view to this edi-
tion, Albertini presented to the university, and transmit-
ted, at the original cost, all the engravings of figures that
were necessary for the completion of it. John Strange,
esq. the British resident at Venice, was very active in con-
ducting and terminating the business. The arrangement
of the papers, the correction of the press, and the whole su-
perintendance of the edition, were committed by the univer-
sity to Mr. (now Dr.) Abraham Robertso^, of Christ churchy
a gentleman in every respect qualified for the trust reposed
in him. The Latin translation of this edition is a new one.
Torelli also wrote a preface, a commentary on some of the
pieces, and notes on the whole. An account of the life
and writings of Torelli is prefixed by Clement Sibiliati ;
of this a sketch will be given in its proper place. At the
end a large appendix is added, in two* parts: the first
being a commentary on Archimedes's paper upon ^^ Bodies
that flow on fluids,*' by Dr. Robertson ; and the latter is
a large collection of various readings in the MS works of
Archimedes, found in the library of the last king of France^
and of another at Florence, as collated with the Basil edi«*
tion above mentioned.
There are also extant other editions of certain parts of
the works of Archimedes. Commandine published the
two books << On bodies that float upon fluids,'' with a
commentary, 4to, Bologna, 1565. Borelli published, in
fol. 1661, Florence, Archimedes ^^ Liber Assumptorum,"
tratislated into Latin from an Arabic manuscript copy.
This is accompanied with the like translation, from the
Arabic, of the 5th, 6th, and 7th books of Apollonius's
Conies. Mr. G. Anderson published an English transla-
tion of the Arenarius. (See George ANDERSON). *
ARCHINTO (OcTAVius), a Milanese count, the son of
Horace Archi'nto and Leonora Tousa, was born about the
end of the sixteenth century. He was employed in seve-
ral political offices, and received from Philip IIL king of
Spain, the title of count de Barata. He died June 15^
1656. Much of his time had been devoted to the study d
the arntiquities of his country, and he formed a large col-«
lection of antiques, of which be published descriptions.
His principal works are, 1. ^^Epilogati racconti delle an-
1 Geo. Diet. — Hutton'f MmUiemat Diet.— Monthly Review enlarged, toI*
XVII,— Briti&h CritiCi vols, !• It— Sazii OoomastioeD.
A R C H I N T O. 409
.tiehita, e no{;>ilta delLa famiglia Avchinti^ &q. Agginnlavi
una breve expositione degli andchi marmi, che ne' palagi
di questa famiglia si leggono," Milan, 1648, fol. 2./^ CoX-
lectaqea antiquitatum in ejus domo," fol. without date or
place, and so rare a^ to be unknown to Argellati, who
takes no notice of.it in his library of Milanese writers ; but
jit is frequently mentioned by Muratori.^
ARCHINTO (Count Charles), the son of the senator
Philip Archinto, was born at Milan, July 30, 1669, and
fifter studying at Brera and Ingoldstadt, travelled in
I^rauce, Germany, Holland ; and then resided so long at
JRome, that he did not return to Milan until the year 1700.
Two years after he instituted an academy for the sciences
cind mechanics. This he enriched with an extensive and
curious library, and a collection of the finest mathematical
instruments that could be procured in Italy, France, and
England. It is to him the public owe the Palatine society
(^ee AkoELLATi), whose valuable editions began with Mu-
ratori'a vast collection of the Italian historians. He re-
ceived very high honours in his country, being appointed
by the emperor Leopold, a gentleman of the bed«cham*
ber ; and by Charles II. and Philip V. of Spain, a knight
of the golden fleece, and a grandee of Spain. There it
nothing of his in print, except some notes on Arnulphus'
history in the ^^ Scrip. Rer. Ital.'' and a work published at
Venice after his death, entitled ^^ Tabulae, prsecipua
scientiarum et artium capita digesta per ordinem, &c."
But he left a great many manuscripts on scientific sub*
jects, written some in Latin and some in Italian^ and a
collection . of Latin poems. '
ARCHON (Louis), chaplain to Louts XIV. was born
at Riom in Auvergne in 1645, the son of a lawyer. At
his father managed the affairs of the cardinal de Bouillon^
be obtained, by the interest of that prelate, a place of one
of the king's chaplains^ and that of keeper of the orna«
ments, which was created purposely for him. In 1678,
he was appointed to the abbey of St. Gilbert neuf-fon^
taines, in the diocese of Clermont, wher« he died in 1717.
He wrote the *^ History of the Chapel of the kings of
France," Pairis, 1711, 2 vols. 4to. . containing a variety of
curious matter, not only on the chapel, but on the great
1 Bio|^. UDirertelle.— Mazziichelli Scrittori d* Italia, vol. I. part 11. p. 958.— «
il OuoiiiMt«-<»For the family of ArdiiBto« see M oreri. * Ibid.
410 A R C H O N.
almoners, first almoners, confessors, &e. He was lieen*
tiate in theology of the faculty, of Paris. *
AftCHYTAS, of Tarentum, a celebrated mathemati-
cian, cosmographer, and Pythagorean philosophek", flou-
rished about 490 years before Christ, and was the masba:
of Plato, Eudoxus, and Philolaus. He gave a method of
finding two mean proportionals between two given lines >
and thence the duplication of the cube, by means of the
conic section^. His skill in mechanics was such, that he
was said to be the inventor of the crane and the screw :
and he made a wooden pigeon that could fly about, when
it was once setoff, but it could not rise again of itself,
after it rested. He wrote several works^ though few are
DOW extant. It is said he invented the ten categories. He
acquired great reputation both in his legislative and mill*
tary capacity, having commanded an array seven times
without ever being defeated. He was at last ship-
wrecked, and drowned in the Adriatic sea. His philoso-*'
phy as well as his moral character was more pure than that
of many of the ancient philosophers. The sum of hisf
moral doctrine was, that virtue is to be pursued for itsowti
sake in every condition of life ; that all excess is incon-^
sistent with virtue ; that the mind is more injured by pros-
perity than by adversity, and that there is no pestilence so
destructive to human happiness as pleasure. Brucker
thinks that Aristotle was indebted to Archytas for many of
his moral ideas, particularly for the notion which runs
through his ethical pieces, that virtue consists in avoiding
extremes. With respect to his personal character, it is
said of him that he never chastised a servant, or punished
an inferior, in wrath. To one of his dependants who had
offended him, he said, ^^ It is well for you that I am ari'*
gry; otherwise, I know not what you might expect.'*
We have only a metaphysic work by Archytas, *^ On the
nature of the Universe," published in Greek by Camerarius^
Leipsic, 1564, 8vo; Venice, 1571, 4to. Gr. and Lat. and
sundry fragments on " Wisdom," and " Of the good and
happy man," preserved by Stobseus, and edited from him
by Gale. *
ARCKENHOLZ (John), a Swedish historian, was born
at Helsingfors, Feb. 9, 1695, and died July 14, 1777^
He published varit>us political works, principally relating
' Diet. Hist. — Biog. Uuiverselle.— r-Mareri^
« Geo. Diet — Brucltei:. — Stanley. — Uuttou*s Math. Diet.
A R C K E N H O L Z. 411
to the history of his own country, none of which have been
very highly esteemed. He was, however, indefatigable in
his researches for the materials of history and biography ;
and about the time of his death, a *• History of Gustavus
Adolphus, king of Sweden,*' was published at Breslaw in
2 "vols. 8vo. originally written by Mauvillon, a French-
man ; but now much improved from the MSS. of M. Arc-
Icenholz. He published in his life-time, " Memoirs con-
cerning Christina, queen of Sweden," 4 vols.' 4to, Amst.
1751 — 1760, a work which may be consulted with advan*
tage, although it has few of the charms of elegance or con-^
ciseness. A long account of this writer may be seen iu
Adelung's continuation of Jocher*s Lexicon. *
ARCO (Nicholas, Count of), a good Latin poet of
the sixteenth century, the second son of count Oderic,
privy counsellor to the emperor Maximilian, was bom
Dec. 3, 1479, at Afco, a small town of the Tyrol, in the
diocese of Trente, and an ancient fief of his family. He
was at first page to the emperor Frederic IIL the father
of Maximilian ; but devoting himself much to study, ac^
quired a critical knowledge of the ancient languages, and
spoke all the modern ones as easily as his own. He after-
wards served in the army; but the death of his brother
having enabled him to succeed ta his paternal estates, he
obtained leave to retire, and was afterwards in several pub-
lic employments. Still the love of literature predominated,
and induced him to form an intimacy with Paul Jovius,
Annibal Caro, Flaminio, Fracastorius^ and other eminent
men of his time. He is thought to have died about the
end of 1 546. His poems were first published, at Mantua,
in 15*6, 4to, under the title of " Nicolai Archii comitis
Numeri," a very rare edition, but reprinted by Comino,
with the poems of Fumano and Fracastorius, Padua, 1759,
2 vols. 4to. fie wrote other works, which are yet in ma-»
liuscript.^-One of his descendants, count Giambattista
B'Arco, imperial intendant at Mantua, and a member of
^he royal academy of that city, was also author of some
works in great estimation, particularly a learned essay oit
the famous troubadour Sordello, and an eloge on count de
Firmian (17S3). He was a liberal patron of the arts, and
«Mantua is indebted to him for the fine original bust of
Virgil*
^ Bioff. Uaivemlk, ^ It^Id,— Diet. Hi9t.««Morenu
412 A R C U D I O*
ARCON. See MICHAUD.
ARCUDIO (Peter), a Greek ecclesiastic of the isle oS
Corfou^ went to study at Rome, but Clement VIII. sent
)ilm to Russia to settle some disputes about religion. On
ibis return, he was so fortunate as to attach himself to car-
dinal Borghese, a uepbewr of the pope, who found him
worthy of his patronage and esteem. Of his writings we
find: 1. " De concordia ecclesiaB occidentalis et orien-
talis, in septem sacramentorum administratione,'' printed
at. Paris, in Ji672, 4to. 2. " Utrum detur purgatorium ?^'
Rome, 1632, 4to. 3. " De purgatorio igne," ibid. 1637,
4to. 4. " Opuscula de processione spiritCls sancti," ibid.
1630, 4.to. He is extremely violent against all innovators,
whose name he abominates, and under which name be in-
cludes the authors of the reformatioru Eusebius Renau-
dot even charges him with want of veracity, and of com-
mon honesty, and asserts tliat he was employed to cry down
the Greek church. Arcudio died at Rome, at the college
of the Greeks, about the year 1635, in consequence of an
accident. *
ARCY. SeeD'ARCY.
. ARDEN (Edwarp) was descended ef a most ancient
and honourable family, seated at Parkhall, in Warwick-
shire. He was born in 1532, and his father dying when
he was an infant of two years old, he became, before he
inherited the estate of the family, the ward of sir George
Throkmorton, of Coughton, whose daughter Mary he
afterwards married. In all probability, it was his engage-
luent with this family, and being bred in it, that made
))im so firm a papist as be was. However, succeeding bis
grandfather, Tbmnas Arden, esq. in 1562,- in the family
estate, he married Mary (Throkmorton), and settled in the
pountry, his religion impeding his preferment, and his
temper inclining him to a retired life. His being a near
neighbour to the great earl of Leicester, occasioned his
having some alterpations with him, who affected to rule
all things in that county, and some persons, though of
good families, and possessed of considerable estates^
thought it no discredit to wear that nobleman^s livery,
which Mr, Arden disdained. In the course of this fatal
quarrel, excessive insolence on one side produced some
warm expressions on the other ; insomuch that Mn Arde^
1 Fabric^ Bibl. QnBC.<-«Srythnei Pinacc>ttieca.-«»M •mi.
A H D E N. 4l»
opeftfy taxed the earl with his conversing criminally ^th
the countess of Essex in that eari- s life-time ; and also in^
veighed against his pride, as a thing more inexcusable in
a nobleman newly created. These taunts having exaspe-
rated that minister, he projected, or at least forwarded,
his destruction. Mr. Arden had married one of his daugh-
ters to John Somerville, esq. a young gentleman of an old
family and good fortune, in the same county, but who
was a man of a hot ra^h- temper, and by many thought a
little insane. He was drawn in a strange manner to plot
(if it may be so called) against the queen's life ; and thus
the treason is alleged to have been transacted. In the
Whitsun-holidays, 1583, he with his wife was at Mr. Ar-
den's, where Hugh Hall, his father-in-law's priest, per-
suaded him that queen Elizabeth being an incorrigible
heretic, and growing daily from bad to worse, it would be
doing God and his country good service to take her life
away. When the holidays were over, he returned to his
own house with his wife, where he grew melancholy and
irresolute^ Upon this his wife wrote to Hall, her father's
priest, to come and strengthen his purpose. Hall excused
his coming, but wrote at large, to encourage Somerville
to prosecute what he had undertaken. Thi^ letter induced
Somerville to set out for London, but he proceeded no
farther than Warwick, where, drawing his sword and
wounding some protestants, he was instantly seized.
While he , was going ta Warwick, his wife went over to
her father's, and shewed him and her mother Hall's trea-
sonable letter, which her father threw into the 4ire; so
that only the hearsay of this letter could be alleged against
him and his wife, by Hall who wrote it, who was tried and
condemned with them. On Somerville's apprehension, he
said somewhat of his father and mother-in-law, and in^ime-
diately orders were sent into Warwickshire for their being
seized and imprisoned. October 30, 1583, Mr. Somer-
ville was committed to the Tower for high-treason. No-
vember 4, Hall, the priest, was committed also ; and on
the seventh of the same month, Mr. Arden. On the six-
teenth, Mary the wife of Mr. Arden, Margaret their daugh-
ter, wife to Mr. Somerville, and Elizabeth, the sister of
Mr. Somerville,, were committed. On the twenty-third
Mr. Arden was racked in the Tower, and the next day
Hugh Hall the priest was tortured likewise. By these
methods some kind of evidence being brought out,' on the
414 A R D E N*
sixteenth of December Edward Arden^ esq. and Mat
wife, John Somerville, esq. and Hugh Hall the p
were tried and convicted of high-treason at Guili
London; chiefly on Hall's confession, who yet rec
sentence with the rest On the nineteenth of Decei
Mr. Arden and his son-in-law, Somerville, were ren
from the Tower to Newgate, for a nighfs time only
this space Somerville was strangled by his own han.
it was given out ; but, as the world believed, by si:
desired to remove him silently. The next day, 1
December 20, 1583, Edward Arden was executed at S
field with the general pity of all spectators. He died
the s^me higU spirit he had shewn throughout hi.^
After professing bis innocence, he owned himself a p
and one who died for his religion, and want of flexil
though under colour of conspiring against the state,
strenuously insisted, that Somerville was murdere'
prevent bis shaming his prosecutors ; and having thu
tenuated things to such as heard him, he patiently
mitted to an ignominious death. His execution wa
cording to the rigour of the law,^his head being s
Somerville's also was) upon London-bridge, and his
ters upon the city gates; but the body of his son- i
was interred in Moorfields. Mrs. Arden was pardr
but the queen gave the estate which fell to her, I3
and her husband's attainder, tj Mr. Darcy. Hugh
the priest, likewise was pardoned; hut Leicester, dou
his secrecy, would have engaged chancellor Hatti
send him abroad ; which he refusing, new rumours,
to that proud earl's honour, flew about. Holinshed, b
and other writers, treat Mr. ArJen as a traitor fairly
victed ; but Camden was too honest to write thus, i
may be probable, that he died for* being a Arm En;
man, rather than a bad subject. His sotj and heir K
Arden, esq. being bred in one of the inns of court, p-
a very wise and fortunate person : insomuch tliat by
ous suits he wrung from Edward Darcy, esq. the gri*
most of his father's estates, and by marrying Eliza
daughter of Reginald Corbet, esq. one of the justii
the king's bench, he restored the credit and splendc
this ancient family, and was so happy as to see 1.
Arden, esq. his eldest son, knighted by king Jao(ies
married to Dorothy the daughter «&. Basil Fieldii
Kewnham^ esq. whose son beca^ '^nbigb*.
A R D E N. 4)5
< On this account, the last editor of the Biographia Bri-«
tannica remarks, that the conduct of lord Burleigh in Mr.
Arden's fate is somewhat equivocal. If that great man
was convinced of Mr. Arden's innocence, it was totally un-
lyorthy of his character to charge him with having been a
traitor. It is more honourable, therefore, to lord Bur*
leigh's reputation, and more agreeable to probability, to
suppose that he believed Mr. Arden to be guilty, at least
in a certain . degree, of evil designs agaii^t the queen.
Indeed, Arden was so bigoted a papist, that it is i>ot un-
likely but that by some imprudent words, if not by actions,
he might furnish a pretence for the accusations brought
against him. We can scarcely otherwise imagine how it
would have been possible for the government to have pro-
ceeded to such extremities. We do not mean, by these
remarks, to. vindicate the severity, with which this unfor-
tunate gentleman was treated ; and are sensible that, dur-
ing queen Elizabeth's reign, there was solid foundation
for the jealousy and dread which were entertained of the.
Koman catholics. ^
ARDENE (Esprit-Jean de Rome d^), a French poe-
tical and miscellaneous writer, was born at Marseilles,
where his father was a commissioner of the gallies, March
3, 1684, and studied first at Nancy, and afterwards at
home under the eye of his parents. His first verses were
engraven on the trees, and his long residence in the coun-
try inspired him to write in the pastoral style. His parents,
in vain, solicited him to engage in some profession, but he
shewed an invincible repugnance, and was afterwards en-
abled to pursue his inclinations. He married in 1711, and
some time after came to Paris, where he connected himself
with Du Bos, Danchet, and Fontenelle; and during his
residence here, he wrdte his fables. In 1724, he returi^ed
to Provence, and was a competitor for some academical
prizes, and in 1727, published his performances. He
died at Marseilles, March 27, 1748. His principal works,
are, 1. ^* Recueil de Fables nouvelles en vers," 1747,
12mo. 2. " CEuvres posthomes," Marseilles, 1764, 4 vols.
12mo, consisting of a volume of new fables, a comedy,
tlie Novelist, in three acts, odes, epigrams, epistles in,
prose and verse, and an ^academical discourse. His pre-
liminary Essay on Fable, in the first volume, is considered
as an ingenious performance. *
^ Biog. Britaanic^. < Biog. Uaiversellc.
41« A R D E N E.
ARDENE (John Paul de Rome d'), brdther of the
preceding, and a priest of the Oratory, "was born at Mar-*'
seilles in 1689, gained several academical prizes for bia
poetical essays, and became superior of the college of his
congregation. The delicacy of his health rendering retire-*
ment necessary, he went to the chateau d'Ardenne, near
Sisteron, where he passed the remainder of his days in
study, and rendered himself dear to the poor of the neigh-
bourhood by many acts of charity. He died Dec. 5, 1769.
Botany was his favourite pursuit in this retirement, where
he formed a garden that was eagerly visited by persons
curious in rare plants and flowers ; and the result of his
studies appeared in the following publications, 1. ^^ Traite
de Renoncules,'* Paris, 1746, 8vo. 2. " Traite des Tu-
lipes," 1760, 12mo. 3. "Traite des Oeillets," 1762,
12mo. 4. "Traite des lacinthes," J2rao. 5. " Traite
de rpreille d'ours," 8vo. 6. " Lettres interessantes pour
les medicins de profession, utiles aux ecclesiastiques,'*
Avignon, 1759, 2 vols. l2mo. 7. " Anuee champetre,'*
Florence (really Lyons), 1769, 3 vols. 12mo. He was
also editor of his brother's posthumous works. '
ARDERN (John), an early medical writer of the Eng-
lish nation, whose works come within the notice of Dr.
Freind. It appears that he was a surgeon of great expe*'
rience, aiid the first who is recorded as having become
eminent in that branch in this nation. He was many years
settled in the town of Newark, from 1348 to 1370, when
be removed to London ; but the exact time of his death is
not known. Although much empiricism and superstitioa
appear in bis practice, yet many useful observations are
to be found in his writings, and he may be classed among
those who have really improved their profession. A trea^
tise of his on the " Fistula in Ano'* was translated and
published by John Read in 1588, and he left a manuscript
which is in the Sloanean library, entitled *' De re Her-
baria, Physica, et Chirurgica.'' *
ARDERNE (James), an English divine, dean of Ches<*
ter, was a native of Cheshire, and descended from an an-'
cient family of the same name m that county. He was
educated in Christ^s college, Cambridge, and in 1673, he .
became a fellow-commoner of Brazen-nose college, Ox-
^ Biog. Universelle.
* Freind's Hial. nS Physic— Tanner Bibl-^Pulteney's SketQh«s«
A R D fi R N E. 417
fotA, partly for the sake of the public library, and partly to
enjoy the conversation of the divines of this university.
He held the living of St Botolph Aldgate in London from
1666 to 1682, v^hen king Charles II* to whom he was
chaplain in ordinary, bestowed on him the deanery of Ches-
ter. He attached himself afterwards to the cause of
James II. and suffered much in his popularity at Chester,
where he died Sept. 18, 1691, and was buried in the ca-
thedral church. By will he bequeathed his books and the
principal part of his estate to provide and maintain a pub-
lic library in the said cathedral of Chester for the use of
the city and clergy. His writings were, " Directions con-
cerning the matter and style of Sermons," 16^1, 12mo;
*' Conjectura circa Emvo/Aw D. Clementis Romani, cui sub-
jiciuntur castigationes in Epiphanium et Petavium de Eu-
charj^tia, de Ccelibatu Clericorum, et de orationibus pro
vita functis,'* Load. 1683, 4to. In the title of this book
he latinizes his name into Jacobus de Ardenna. He printed
also some single sermons on occasional topics. ^
ARENA (Anthony d'), a lawyer and macaronic poet
in the sixteenth century, was born at SolIiei*s, in the dio-
cese of Toulon, of a family known from the thirteenth
century by the name of La Sable. After studying under
Alciatus at Avignon, he began his Bterary career by writing
some wretched bcfjks oh jurisprudence, and comforted
himself for the little demand that was made for theiti by
the fame of his macaronic verses. This species of poetry,
which Merlin Coccaio brought into great vogue in Italy,
consisted in a confused string of words partly Latin, partly
French, partly Provengal, made into a medley of barbarous
composition. The principal performance of this kind by
pur proven5al poet is his " Description of the war carried.
on by Charles V. in Provence," printed at Avignon, and
yery scarce of that edition, in 1 i37 ; reprinted in 1747 in
8vo, at Paris, under the name of Avignon, and at Lyons,
1760, There are other pieces of niacaronic poetry by the
same author, " De bragardissima villa de Soleriis, &c.'*
'1670, in 12mO. He died in 1544, being judge at St.
Bemi near to Aries. *
ARENA (Jamest de), a learned civilian and writer, was
i>orn in the thirteenth <^entury, according to some at Par«
1 Wood's A.th.Ox. T^ II.— Ntwcouri't Repcrtorium*
Vol. U. £ £
418 ARENA.
ma, or, as others report, in Flanders, and he has been
sometimes confounded with James of Ravenna, but there
is less doubt respecting his productions. He wrote com«^
mentaries on the Code and the Digest, which are yet con-
sulted with advantage, and few works of the kind are in
higher esteem than what he wrote on the duties of exe-
cutors, entitled ** De Commissariis,'* Venice, 1584, folio-.
His treatise also, " De excussione bonarum," Cologne,
1591, 8vo, is much valued, and that " De.Bannitis" has a
distinguished place in the collection of writers on criminal
law, published at Frahcfort, 1587, fol. We have no dates
of his birth and death, but he is said to have been law pro-
fessor both at Padua and Bologna. ^
ARESI (Paul), of Milan, but born at Cremona about
the year 1574, when his father came tliereto be appointed
podestat, or governor, was then called Caesar, and did not
assume the name of Paul until he entered in his sixteenth
year among the regular clerks or theatins, after his fa-
ther's death. He made such proficiency in his studies that
bis theological tutor was obliged to prepare himself with
more than common care to answer the objections and
doubts of his acute pupil, and he became a very celebrated
preacher, although neither his voice nor manner were in
his favour. He afterwards taught thpology, philosophy,
and rhetoric, at Rome and Naples. Isabella of Savoy, af-
terwards duchess of Modena, chose him for her confessor,
and appointed him bishop of Tortona. Here he principally
resided, and passed his days in an exemplary manner, and
employed his leisure in many works, which have been pub-
lished, and for a long period were highly populai^. He
died June 13, 1644. His principal Latin, works were,
1. " In libros Aristotelis de Generatione et Corruptione,**
Milan, 1617, 4to. 2. ^* De Aqus& transmutatione in sa-
crificio Missae,'* Tortona, 1622, 8vo. 3. " De Cantici
Canticorum sensu, velitatio bina,^' Milan, 1640, 4ta.
4. " Velitationes sex in Apocalypsim," Milan, 1647, fol.
published by P. Sfondrati, with the life of^he author. In
Italian h^e wrote, 5. "Arte di pi-edicar bene," Venice,
1611, 4to, often reprinted. 6. " Impresse sacre con tri-
]plicati discorsi illustrate ed arrichite,'* Verona, 1613, 4to>
and reprinted and augmented by the author, in 7 vols. 4t<^
1621 — 1635, to which he added an eighth, in 1640, under
1 Bio;. UaiYerteIle,<«»MgrerL-i»DiGt Uistoriqvei
A R E S L 419
the title of <' La Ritroguatdia, &c.'* 7. << Delia Tribola-
£ione e suoi rimedii,^' TortoDa, 1624, 2 vols. 4to, and oftea
reprinted. 8. ^' Panegirici fatti in diversi occasioniy'*
Milan, 8vo, no date, but the dedication u dated 1644.
There was another edition in 1659, 4to. His Latin ser^
mons, which some authors mentiphi never existed, nor
was it usual in the seventeenth century to preach in Italy
in any language but Italian. ^
ARET^EIUS, was a physician of Cappadocia, but in
what time he flourished authors are not agreed; some
placing him under Augustus Caesar, others under Trajan
or Adrian. Saxius places him about the year 94. How-
ever his works are very valuably. The best editions were
published by Dr. Wigan and Dr. Boerhaave. Dr. Wigan's
was elegantly and correctly pnnted in folio, at Oxford,,
1723 : in his preface he gives an account of all the pre«
ceding editions. To this are subjoined, dissertations on
the age of Aretasus, his sect, his skill in anatomy, and his
method of cure. At the end is a large collection of various
readings with notes on them ; a treatise on tl\e author's
Ionic dialect, and a Greek index by the learned Maittaire,
who in 1726 published in 4to Peter Petit's Commentary
upon the first three books of Aretaeus, which had beea
discovered amoQg the papers of Grsvius. Boerhaaye'&
edition was published at Leyden, 1731, and another by
Haller in 1771, which some thuik inferior to Boerhaave's*
In 1786, Dr. Moffat published >^ Arets^us, condsting of
eight books, on the causes, symptoms, and cure of acute
and chronic diseases ^ translated from the original Greek,'*
8vo, London. , Aretseus is an author yet much admired by
every physician who has attentively read his writings. His
style is equally remarkable for conciseness and perspicuity,
and he particularly excels in describing symptoms, and
in the therapeutic part has rarely been equalled. . There
is nothing kngwn of his personal history. *
ARETINO, Bernard, or Unico Aretino. See AC-
COLTI.
ARETINO (ChaiiI-es) was of Arezzo in Tuscany, and
has been enumerated among the learned men of the
fifteenth century. He is praised byPoggius, which Bayl^
^l^oses to suspect was done merely because Aretino was
' Biographie Univertelle.-^'Moreti.
t Qen* Dict^— Mem. of Literature, voli. XII. and XUI,«-*Moffat'8 Ai«jk9«s»-«
HtfUer Bibl. Med. Prat,— Mangett BiM» Script Med«
S S 2
430 A R E T I N O.
an enemy of Philelphus, whom Poggius hated. Philelphns,
on the other hand, Represents Aretino in a very unfavourable
light. He is aliowed^ howev^r^ to have been a good Greek
and Latin scholar, and to have, given some translations^
from the former. He was also a pretty good poet, and
wrote prose comedies, of which Albert de Eyb has inserted
some fragments in his << Margarita Poetica.^' But what
Bayle considers as the most evident proof of his talents, is,
that on the death of Xeonard Aretin, in 1443, he was
ehosen to succeed him in the office of secretary of the
Republic of Florence. The year of his death is not known.^
ARETINO, Francis. SeeACCOLTI, Francis.
ARETINO (GuiDO), celebrated for his musical skilly
lived in the eleventh century. He was a native of Arezzo,
a city of Tuscany ; and having been taught the practice of
music in hid y6utb, and probably retained ^s a chorister
ki the service of the Benedictine monastery founded in
that city, he became a monk professed, and a brother of
the order of St. Benedict.
In this retirement he seems to have devoted himself to
ihe study of music, particularly the system of the ancients^
and above all to reform their method of notation* The
difficulties that attended the instruction of youth in the
ehurch offices were so great, that, as he himself says, ten
years were generally consumed barely in acquiring the
Imowledge of the phtin-song ; and this consideration in*
dttced him to kbour after some aaiendment, some metlied
that mi^t fecilitate instmctien^ and enable thos»e em^
ployed in the choral service to perform the duties of it in a
torrect and decent manner. According to the legendary
accounts extant in old monkish manuscriptS| he would ap-
pear to have been inspired, and he seems to lean to this
Opinion ; but graver historians say, that being at vespers
in the chapel of hi^ monastery, it happened tiiat one of
the offices appointed for that day was the hymn of St. Jpba^
UT queant lai^is RBlpnare fibris
MIra gestorum FAixiidi tuorum
SOLvepoUutls LAbiis reatum
Sancte Joannes.
paring tire performance of the hjrmn, be remarked tl|e
iteration of the words, and the frequent ipeturas of Ut, Itfi^
Fa, S0I9 La ; be observed likewise a dissimilarity betw^ *
I (S«ii.i>ict.
A R E T I N O. 421
the closeiiesi? of the syllable Mi and the broad open sound
of Fa, which he thought could not fail to imprefss upon
the mind a lasting idea of their congruity ; and immediately
conceived a thought of applying these six syllables to per<*
feet an improvement either then actually made by him, o)r
under copsideration, viz. that of converting the aucient
tetrachords into hexachords*
Struck with the discovery, he retired to his study ; and
having perfected his system, began to introduce it ifito
practice : the persons to whom he communicated it were
brethren of his own monastery, from whom it metfirith but
a cold reception, which, in the epistle to his frietid, he
ascribes probably to its true cause, envy : however, his
interest with the abbot, and his employment in the chapel,
gave him an opportunity of trying the efficacy of bis me^
thod on the boys who were in training for the choral ser^
vice, and it exceeded the most sanguine expectationsi
^^To the admiration of all,*^ says cardiiuil Baroaius, '^aboy
learnt thereby, in a few mondis, what no man, though of
great ingenuity, could before that attain in several yean.*'
The &me of Guidons invention soon spread abroad, and
among other honours bestowed upon him, the pope John
XX. or XIX. for this is not agreed on, sent three messenw
gers to invite him to Rome ; he coipplied, and being pre-
^sented, was received by his holiness with great kindness.
The pope had several conversations with him, in all which
he interrogated .him as to his knowledge in music : and
upon the sight of an antiphonary wliich Guidb had brought
with him, mariced with the syllables agreeable to his hew
invention, the pope looked on it as a kind of prodigy, and
ruminating on the doctrines delivered by Guido, would aot
stir from his seat till he had learned p^ectly to sing a
verse ; upon which he declared, that he- could not iiava
believed the efficacy of the metliod, if he had not been
convinced by the experiment he himself had made of it
The pope would have detained him at Home ; but labour-t
ing under a bodily disorder^ and fearing an injury to^his
health from the air of the place, and the heat ef the sum-
mer, which was then approaching, Guido left that city
with a promise to revisit it, and explain to his holiness the
principles of his new system. On his return homeward,
be made a visit to the abbot of Pomposa, a town in the
difchy of Ferrara, who was very earnest to have Guido
settle in the nionastery of tbi^t place : to which invitation
422 A R E T I N O.
it seems he yielded, being, as he says, desirous of render*
ing so great a monastery still more famous by his studies
there.
Here it was that he composed a tract on music, entitled
** Micrologus," or " A short Discourse," which he dedi-
cated to Theodald bishop of Arezzo, and finished, as he
himself at the end of it tells us, under the pontificate of
John XX. and in the 34th year of his age. Vossius speaks
also of another musical treatise written by him, and dedi-
cated te the same person. Most of the authors who have
taken occasion to mention Guido, speak of the ^' Micro-
logus," as containing the sum of his doctrine : but it is ia
a small tract, . entitled *^Argumentum novi Cantus inve-
Xiiendi," that his declaration of his use of the syllables,
with their several mutations, and in short his whole doc'«
trine of solmisation, is to be found. This tract makes part
of an epistle to a very dear and intimate friend of Guido,
whom he addresses thus, ^^Beatissimo atque dulcissimo
fratri Michaelii" at whose request the. tract itself seems
to have been composed.
Whether Guido was the author of any other tracts, is
not easy to determine. It nowhere appears that any of
his works were ever printed, except that Baronius, in his
^^ Annales Ecclesiastic!," torn. XI. p. 73, has given at length
the epistle from him to his friend Michael of Pomposa,
and that to Theodald bishop of Arezzo, prefixed to the
Micrologus; and yet thewriters on music speak of the
** Micrologus" as a book in the hands of every one. Mar-
tini cites several manuscripts of Guido, namely, two in
the Ambrosian library at Milan, the one written about the
twelfth century, the other less ancient ; another among
the archives of the chapter of Pistoja, a city in Tuscany ;
and a third in the Mediceo-Laurenziano library at Flo-
rence, of the fifteenth century : these are said to be the
** Micrologus." Of the epistle to Michael of Pomposa^
together with the " Argumentum novi Cantus inveniendi,'*
be mentions only one, which ^e says is somewhere at Ra-
tisbon. Of the several tracts above mentioned, the last
excepted, a manuscript is extant in Baliol college, Ox-
ford. Several fragments of the two first, in one volume,
9re among the Harleian MSS. in the British Museum, but
very much mutilated. *
' Barney and Hawkins's Histories of Music —Diet, de Mnslque de M. Brqss^Lfd.
A R E T I N O. *2%
AHETINO, John. See TORTELLIUS.
' ARETINQ, Leonard. See BRUNI.
ARETINO (Peter), an author who once raised con-
siderable fame by invective and indecency, was born in
1492, at Arezzo in Tuscany, the natural son of Lewis
"Bacci by a woman whose name was Tita. In his early
^ears he was employed to bind books, and from looking
occasionally into their contents acquired some little learn-
ing. He was driven from his native city, for what waf
perhaps the most harmless of his works, a satire on indul-
gences, and went to Perugia, where he gave the first spe-
cimen of his abominable taste, by altering a picture on a
sacred subject. He then walked to Rome, with no effects
but his apparel, and there he lost his first situation, in the
service of a merchant, by being detected in a theft. He
next became a domestic of the cardinal Giovanni, on whose
death he obtained an employment in the Vatican under
Julius II. and by his orders he was soon after expelled the
court, but he contrived to return to Rome and ingratiate
himself with Leo X. who bestowed presents on him, and
. he likewise enjoyed the favour of Clement VIL the succes-
sor of Adrian VI. Six infamous sonnets which were written
on as many indecent paintings by Julio Romano, and en-
graved by M. A. Raimondi, occasioned his being again
sent out of Rome. It is painful to connect the names of
' these eminent artists with the productions of Aretino, but
there is less cause to wonder at this insult to public de-
cency, when we find that notwithstanding Aretino*s expul-
sion and character, John de Medici patronised him, and
invited him to Milan^ whpre he rendered himself agreeable
' to Francis I. ; and the credit which he had acquired by the
friendship of John Medici recommended him to the no-
tice of many pf the .most celebrated men of the times.
From this period be fixed his residence at Venice, and re-
solved not to aWach himself to any patron, but to enjoy his
' freedom, and to procure bis own subsistence by the la-
bours of his pen.
Of his works, it has been justly said by Mr. Roscoe, that
whether in prose or verse^ sacred or profane, ^ic or dra-
matic, panegyrical or satirical, and notwithstanding their
great number and variety, not one piece exists which in
point of literary merit is entitled to approbation ; yet the
commendations which Aretino received from his contem-
poraries are beyond example. These would not be worth
42* A K E T I NO.
recording as praise bestowed on such a character, but itiey
are striking and useful features in the character of an age
on which some writers have bestowed great commendations
on account of its learning and patronage of learned men.
Aretino seems to have been born to sport with the passions
of die great, and to exalt and perpetuate the vices of tho
vulgar. As a proof how well be knew how to manage the
/ormer, we* may state from his latest biographer the fol-
lowing examples of misapplied patronage. Francis I. not
pnly presented him with a chain of gold^ and afforded hiiti
Other marks of his liberality, but requested that the pope
jVQuld allow him the gratification of his society. Henry
VIII. of England sent him at one time three hundred gpld
crowns, and Charles V. not only allowed him a considerable
pension, but on one occasion placed him on his right band,
and rode with him in intimate conversation. Julius III.
fave him a thousand crowns, accompanied with a papal
ull, nominating him a knight of St. Peter, to w]fich dig*
iiity was also annexed an anniTal income. These favours
and distinctions, which were imitated by the inferior sove-»
ireigns and chief nobility of Europe, excited the vanity of
Aretino to such a degree, that he expected to be created a
cardinal, and actually boasted that he had refused that
honour. He assumed, however, the titles of " II Divino,"
the " Divine," and " the Scourge of princes." Medals
V^ere struck in honour of him, representing him decorated'
with a chain of gold, and on the reverse the princes of
Europe bringing to him their tribute. On the other hand^
however, he was frequently in danger of his life from the
persons he had lampooned, and bis literary adversaries
frequently employed their, pens in exposing his vanity
and infamous character.
His death is said to have been hastened by a violent
burst of laughter on hearing of an indecent story, respect-
ing his two sisters, vs^ho were prostitutes at Venice. This
happened in 1557. In his latter days he composed some
works of the pious kind, but never appears to have quitted
his vices. His pious works were, a psj^raphrase on the
penitentiarpsalms, and another on Genesis, the life of the
Virgin Mary, that of St. Catharine of Sienna, and of St.
Thomas Aquinas, \
1 Gen. Dict.-^Morerl-*Ro9poe's Lecrrl-ife ^y MazasTichellij Padua. 17fl,
^vo.— Bi9|* UniTerflelie.
A R E T I U S. 42S
ARETIUS (BENEDfcTus), an eminent Swiss divine ant
botanist, was bom at Berae, in tbe beginning of the six«>
teentb century, and rose to great distinction as a teacher
of theology at Marpurg, and as a preacher of the reformed
^religion. His lectures were extremely crowded, and hia
religious writings very popular. His '5 Exameii Theolo*
gtcum,'' a voluminous work, was printed twelve timea
uritbin three years. He died at Berne, much lamented^
April 22, 1574. His principal theological works are, the
^* Examen Theologicum,'' already noticed : Commentaries
on the whole <^f the New Testament, printed at different
times : a Life of Gentilis, with a refutation of his principles,
&c. But few of these are now so well known as his temi'^
tation for botanical knowledge. On this subject be ne-
quently corresponded with Conrad Gessnef, the Pliny df
Germany^ and with the other eminent botanists of his time*
His attention was chiefly directed to the plants growing
on the Alps, of which he discovered and described forty of
great rarity. Some of them he introduced in gardens, and
gave directions foi' the cultivation Of them. He also pub*
lished a description of two mountains, the Nieaen and tbe
Stokhorn, in tbe canton of Berne, remarkable for thetr
height and the curious plants which grow upon them. It
is a small work in the form of a letter, addressed to his
friend and countryman Piperinns, and was printed with
the works of Valerius Cordus, under the title ** Stockhomii
et Nessi Helvetise montium, et nascentium in eis stirpiutti
descriptio, inipr. in operibus Val. Cordi," Strasburgh^
3561. Conrad Gessner bestows a high ch&raeter en Are*
tius in his ^^ Hortus Germanicus,*^ and gave the name
Aretia to a plant in honour of him, which HaUer and Lin«
naeus have preserved, with equally honourable notice of his
skiltand useful researches in botany.^
ARGAIZ, or ARGAEZ (Gregory de), a Spanish monk
pf the order of St. Benedict, who lived in the seventeenth
century, belongs to the class of literary impostors, in
1^667, he published at Madrid an ecclesiastical history ef
Spain, which he pretended to have compiled from the writ*
pgs of St. Gregory, bishop of Grenada, and fl'om the
Chronicle of Haubert. The title was ^< Poblacion ecclesias*
tica de Espana, y noticia de sus primeras bonvaS} hallada
1 Melchior Adam.— rVarheideB'9 l£ffisies,*-Btogrtpliie UnivertoUe.-- Haller.
•r-FQUer's Abel RedivivuB.
426 A R O A r^.
^Q los ecritos de S. Gregorio, obispo de Grenada, y en el
cronicon de Hauberto/' &c. 2 vol. fol. In order to obtaia
ihe more credit, be bad the impudence to dedicate this
work to the , Supreme Being, but the imposture was sooa
^detected by Garcia de Molina, who proved that Argaiz
had forged the pretended manuscripts of. St Gregory and
Haubert. ^
ARGALL (John), an English writer, was the third son
-of Thomas Argali by Margaret his wife, daughter of John
Talkarne of the county of Cornwall. He was bqm in Lon-
«loi>, and entered a student in Christ-church in Oxford to«
wards the latter end of queen Mary^s reign» He took the
degree of master of arts in 1565, and was senior of the act
xelebrated the eighteenth of February the same yean After-
waijds he applied himself to the study of divinity, and,
.having taken holy orders^ obtained the living of Halesworth
•in Suffolk. Being at a feast at Cheston, a mile distant
from that town, he died suddenly at the table, and was
buried at Halesworth, Octobers, 1606, During his stay
.at the university, he was a noted disputant, and a great
actor of plays at Christ-church, particularly when the
queen was entertained there in 1566. He was esteemed a
very good scholar, and was so much devoted to his studies
.that be lived and died like a philosopher, with a thorough
contempt for the things of this world. He wrote " De
vera Pcenitentia,'' Lond. 1604, 8yo, and '^ Introductio ad
artem Dialecticam,^' ibid. 1605, 8vo, In this book, which
Mr. Wood calls " very facete and pleasant," the author
says, of himself, that ^^ whereas God had raised many of
^ his companions and contemporaries to high dignities in
. the church, as Dr. Thomas Bilson to the see of Winchester,
; Dr. Martin Heton to that of Ely, Dr. Henry Robinson to
that of Carlisle, Dr. Tobias Mathews to that of Durham,
: &c» yet be, an unworthy and poor old man, was still de-
tained in the chains of poverty for his great and innu*
merable sins, that he might repent with the prodigal son,
and at length by God^s favour obtain salvation.'' '
ARGALL (Richard}, a poet in the reign of king James L
of whose life we have no particulars, He was patronized
by Dr. John King, bishop of London : and wrote and
.published, 1. ^^ The Song of Songs, which was Solomou*9>
I Bjog. UoiTenelle.— ^Antonio Bibl. HiepaD,
• Biog. Brit— Ath. Ox. vol. I.
A R G A L L. *2t
metaphrased in English heroics, by way of dialogue/*
Lond. 1621, 4to, dedicated to Henry King, archdeacon of
Colchester, son to the bishop of London. 2. " The Bride's
Ornaments : poetical essays upon divine subjects," Lon**
don, 1621 9 4to, the first dedicated to John Argall, esq.
the other to Philip, brother to Henry King. 3. " Funeral
Elegy, consecrated to the memory of his ever honoured
lord, John King, late bishop of London," same year. He
wrote also a book of " Meditations of Knowledge, Zeal,
Temperance, Bounty, and Joy," and another containing
** Meditations of Prudence, Obedience, &c." The author
intended these two books for the press at the same time
with bis poetical works, but the death of his patron de-
ferred the publication of them, and it is uncertain whether
they were afterwards published.*
ARGELLATI (Philip), an Italian printer, and one of
the most learned and laborious editors of his time^ was
born at Bologna about the end of the year 1685. His fa-
mily, then one of the most ancient in that city, was ori-
ginally of Florence. After having begun his studies at
Bologna, he went to Florence, and became acquainted
with many of the literati of that city, particularly the ce-
lebrated Magliabechi. From Florence he went to Lucca,
and then to Leghorn, where he meant to embark for France,
but the death of one of his uncles rendered it necessary
for him to return to his own country. He first projected
an edition of the works, already in print, or in manuscript,
of Ulysses Aldrovandi, with additions, notes, and corrections,
and engaged several learned persons to assist him, but death
having removed the greater part of them in a few years,
be was obliged to give up the undertaking. He then pub-
lished a collection of the poems of Carlantonio Bedori, a
Bolognese gentleman, at Bologna, 1715, 4to. Two years
after, having been elected one of the magistrates of that
city, known by the title of the tribunes of the people,
when he came to resign his office, he made an eloquent
address on the duties of the office^ which his successors
ordered to be registered among their acts. His next and
most important undertaking was an edition of that immense
historical collection, entitled *^ Scriptores Rerum Italica-
rum." The learned Muratori having imparted to him the
llesign he had conceived of collecting and publishing the
> Bio;. Brit--Atb. Ox. toK (.
42% A R G E L L A T I.
ancient Italian historians, acknowledged at the same time
that be had been obliged to abandon the plan from the
impossibility of finding a press adequate to such ati exten-
five undertaking, the art of printing, odce so highly cul-
tivated in Italy, having now greatly degenerated. ArgeU
lati being of opinion that Milan was the only place where
ai trial might be made with effect, to revive useful printing,
immediately went thither, and communicated Muratori^s
plan to count Charles Archinto^ the patron of letters, and
liis own particular patron. Archinto formed a society of
noblemen of Milan, called the Palatine Society, who un-
dertook to defray the expeuce of the edition, sixteen of
the members subscribing four thousand crowns each. Ar«-
gellati then took every necessary step to establish a print-
ing-ofBce suited to this liberal patronage, and the " Scrip*
tores Rerum Italicarum" was the first work printed, in
which Ai^ellati bore a considerable part, collecting and
furnisliing Muratort with most of the manuscripts, notices,
and dedications of the first volumes. He superintended
at the same time, the printing of other works, particularly
an edition of Sigonius, 1738, 6 vols. fol. The emperor,
Charies VI. to whom it was dedicated, and who had repaid''
him for the dedication of the first volume of the Italian
historians, by the title of imperial secretary, and a pension
of three hundred crowns, now doubled this pension. Ar-
gellati continued to publish, with incredible labour and
dispatch, various editions of works of importance, as **^Opere
inedite di Ludovico Castelvetro,*' 1727, 4to. " Grazioli,
Jie antiquis Mediolani aediiiciis,^' 1736, fol. ^^ Thesaurus
novus veteram Inscriptionum,'' by Muratori,1739, fol. But
«ve are more particularly indebted to him for, 1. ^^ Biblio*
theca scriptorum Mediolanensium,'* Milan, 1745, 2 vols,
fol. 2. " Biblioteca de' Volgarizzatori Italiani,'' Milan,
S vols. 4to, 1767, besides which he contributed a great
number of essays and letters to various collections. He
died at Milan Jan. 5, 1755, alter having had the misfor*
tune to lose his son, the subject 9f the folio wing, article. *
ARGELLATI (Francis), son of the preceding, was born
at Bologna, May S, 1712. He studied philosophy and
law, and took bis doctor's degree in the latter faculty at
Padua in 173^, but having afterwards applied himself toi
1 Biog. UaiYendle.— Saxii Onomasticon.-rMazzuchelU Scrittori d'Itali««
vol. 1.
A R G E L L A T L 42^
matbetnatics, he was, in 1740, appointed roya! engineer*
To all this he added a taste for the classics and Italian li^
terature, which he cultivated in his father's house, where
he principally resided, either at Milan or Bologna, at which
last he died in 1754. He published, 1. " Practica del for*
Veneto," Venice, 1737, 4to. 2. An lulian translatioii of
Huet, on the situation of Paradise," 1737, 8vo« 3. ** Sag-»
gio d'una nuova filosofia,'* Venice, 1740, Svo. 4, " Storia
4eUa nascita delle scienze e belle lettere," &c. Florence,
1743, 8vo. This was to have extended to twelve volumes,
but one only appeared. 5. ^^ De praeclaris Jurisconsukts
Bononiensibus Oratio," &c. 1749, 4to, to which is added
a letter by his father, dated Milan, where probably this
veork was published. 6. ^^ II Decamerone," Bologna, 1751,
2 vols. 8vo, an imitation of Boccaccio, the subjects takea
from some curious facts in the English Philosophical Trans*
actions, accounts of travellers, &c. and other remarkabte
events, and adventures, but more pure in point of moralitj^ ^
than the work of his predecessor. 7. " Novissima sistema
di filosofia, &c." Modena, 1753, 8vo. He left also in
manuscript, a life of John Gaston, grand duke of Tuscany,
and of a female saint of the order of St. Francis. *
ARGENS (John Baptiste de*BoY£R, MAaauis D*), owe
of those writers who contributed to the general desolatioa
of government, religion, and morals, which was afterwards
completed by the French encyclopedists, wks bora June
24, 1704, at Aix in Provence, where his father was procu«-
rator-gen^ral to the parliament of that city. His father
intended him for the magistracy, but he embraced the pro*
fession of arms in his fifteenth year, and appears to hare
led a wandering and profligate life, undl, on his return from
Constantitiople, be was induced by his father to study lair.
He entered, however, again into the army in 1733, and
was at the siege of Kell, where he was slightly wounded^
in 1734. After the siege of Philipsbonrg, he met with an
accident by ^, fall &om his horse, which disabled him for
the military service. Being disinherited by his father, be
went to Holland, and maintained himself by his pen, and
when Frederick, king of Prussia, came to the thront, he
made d'Argens his chamberlain. After passing twenty -five
years in Berlin, where he married, he returned to his ila*
tive country, Aix, where, in the late French cant, he lived
1 BLog« t7niyecselle.«*Saxii Onomastlcon.— Mazzuchelli Scrittori d'ltalia,
▼ol I.
430 A R G E N S.
a philosophic life, and died at the castle of thebaroMBtf
de Garde,, his sister, near Toulon, Jan. 11, 1771. It is
said that in his last illneas, he requested the sacrameut
might be administered to him, read often in the Gospel,
and procured admission into a fraternity of penitents. Hia
conversation has been praised for the candour arid good-*
nature of his manner, as well as for its wit and pleasantry*
He had a tendency towards melancholy, but was a good
husband, friend and master. With respect to his writings,
he confesses that he travelled into other countries where
he might take liberties which would not be permitted at
home. He professed that Bayle was his model, but he is
far behind that author in genius and learning. He had,
however, a thirst for knowledge, and besides his acquaint*
ance with several languages, he studied chemistry and ana-
tomy, and had some talent for painting.
. His principal works were the " Lettres Juives;" " Lettres
Chinoises ;'' and ^^ Lettres Cabalistiques,'' which were
joined to '^ La Philosophie du bons sens," and published
in 1768, in 24 vols. 12mo, under the title of the "Works
of marquis d'Argens." In all these, religion is treated
with contempt, under the pretence of attacking its mi«r
oisters, a progress which has been uniformly observed ia
the writings of infidels. Besides these, he published a greats
inany novels, or romances, of very inferior merit, and
which never have been favourites with the public ; he alsa
published, his own memoirs, which at least show that he
had got the better of shame. In 1 7 62, he published " OceU
lus Lucanus, en Grec et en Francois, avec des dissertations
fiur les principales questions de la Metaphysique, de la
Physique, et de la Morale des anciens : qui peuvent servir
de . suite k la Philosophie du Bons Sens,'* Utrecht, 8vow
And afterwards he translated " Timsus Locrus," the other
eminent follower of Pythagoras, both writers who had
been neglected by universal consent, but whom d* Argons
hoped to have revived. He has, however, rather displayed
his reading than his taste or judgment in this performance.
He published also, ^^< Memoires secrets de la Republique
des Lettres,^' 4 vols. l2nio, and ^^ Discour deJulien sur
la Christianisme," Gen, 8vo,. an infamous attack on re-
ligion* Both these are deservedly forgotten..^ •
^ Biog. Dnivenelle.— Diet. Hist. — ^The Beau Philosopher, or History of thft
Chevalier MaiBvilUers« 17^1.— Memoirs of the Acadeiayof the Sciences at Bc#ui
ARGENSOLA. 431
ARGENSOLA, the name of two Spanish poets, bro-
thers, and natives of Balbastro in Aragon, who descended
from a family originally of Ravenna. Their poems were
published under the title of " Rimas de Lupercio, i del
doctor Bartolome Leonardo de Argensola," Saragossa,
1634, 4to. ' Antonio, the Spanish biographer, speaks in
high terms of this volume, and after him Baillet and Feutry
declare that these brothers were the Horaces of Spain*
Lupercio, or Lobergo- Leonardo d'Argensola, the eldest,
born about the year 1S65, was gentleman of the chamber
to cardinal Albert of Austria, secretary to the empress
Maria of Austria, and secretary of state and of war under
count de Lemos, the viceroy of Naples, where he went to
reside in 1611, and where he died in 16 IS. H0 wrote
three tragedies, Isabella, Phillis, and Alexander! Bartho*
iomew Leonard d'Argensola, the brother, born in 1566;
was successively canon of the metropolitan church ofSara-
gossa, chaplaiti to the empiress Maria, and rector of Villa
flermosa. He accompanied his brother to Naples, and
after his death, became historiographer of Aragon, and
died at Saragossa, Feb. 26, 1631. • Besides the poems
printed with those of his brother, he wrote, 1 . " Conqnista
de las islas Molucas," Madrid, 160d,'fol. 2. " Primera parte
de los analesde Aragon que prosigue los de Zurita,** Sara-
gossa, 1630, fol. and somQ other works enumerated by
Antoriio. *
ARGENSON (MAuanis de). See VOYER.
ARGENTIER (John), bom at Quiers, in Piedmont, iii
1513, made considerable progress in the study of medicin^^
and arrived at great distinction in the theory of his art.
He died at Turin in 1572, at the age of 58. His works
were collected after his death in 2 vols, in folio, at Venice,
1592, 1606, and at Hanover in 1610, which is the most
complete edition. This physician, however, was of little
service to the world out of his library. When he was called
to reduce his obsetvation to practice, he discovered thai
he had neither experience nor knowledge of the living
subject; but, devoted to study and theory, he censured the
writings of Galen with much acrimony, which procured
him the title of Censor Medicorum. •
ARGENTRE (Charles Puplessisd'), bishop of Tulles,
was born May 16, 1673, in the parish of Argentrfi, in the
^ Antonio Bibl. Hisp.— Bto^. Uaiverselle.
^ Bjog. UniT«r8eU«*«— Yander Linden de Script, Med,«-Manget BiU. *Script»
]Med,
432 A R G £ N T R C.
diocese of Kennes. He distinguished himself as a licen*
tiate, became doctor of the Sorbonne in 1700^ almoner
to the king in 1709, znd the only one upon whom that
office was conferred gratuitously; and in 1723 was ap«
J>ointed bishop of Tulles. His fiivourite study was theo^*
ogy^ on which he employed all the time he conld spare
from the duties of his bishopric, which he discharged with
fidelity. He [lublished, 1. ^ Latin notes on Holden^s 'Ana-
lysis of Faith/ Paris, 1698/' 2. ^< Apologie de Tamour qui
nous fait desirer de posseder Dieu seul, &c. avec des re-»
marques sur les maximes et les principes de M. de Fene-
lon/* Amst 1698, 8vo. 3. " Traite de TEglise," Lyooa^
1698, 2 vols. 12mo. 4. << Elemeuta Theobgie^,'' Paris,
1702, 4t0, with an appendix in 1705, and an apology for
some of his sentiments that had been censured. 5. '^ Lex*«
icon philosopbicum,'' Hague, 1706, 4to. 6. ^/ De propria
ratione ^ua res supernaturales a rebus naturalibus diSe?*
runt,'* Paris, 1707, 4to, 7. ^'Mattini Grandini opera,'*
iparis, 1710, 6 vols. 8vo. 8. *^ CoUectid^judiciorum de no-
vis erroribus, 1725, 1733, 1736, 3 vols. fbl. In this be
has collected all the judgments passed upon the errors of
heretics by the church, the words condemned, the cen*
sures of the universities of Paris, Oxford, Louvaine, Doway,
^c. upon false doctrines, and the controversies a^u theolo-
gical topics. The work is therefore curious, and contain^^
many papers of importance to ecclesiastical writers ; but
under the tkle heresies, the reader must expect to find
the principiil doctrines of the reformation. 9. ^ Be-
marques sur la traduction de PEcriture Sainte de Sacy,**
4to. 10. " Instruction pastorale," J 731, 4to. ll."Diaf
sertation pour expliquer en quel sens on peut dire qu^un
jugement de V Eglise, qui condamneplusieurs propositions
de quelque ecrit dogmatique, est une regie de fois," Tul-
les, 1733, 12mo. This curious disquisition was suppressed
by order of the council. 12. Several devotional tracts. He
was also about to have published '^ Theologia de divinis
litteris expressa," when he died in his diocese^ Oct. 27^
J 740. >
ARGENVILLE. See DEZALUER.
ARGILLATA, or IXE ARGILLATA (Peter), a Bo-
lognese physician, was for many years professor of logic^
astronomy, and medicine, and died at Bologna in 1423.
He appears to have been one of those who contributed to
t Baog. UiihitiMU«.M»Moi«ri.^MeflMMiies dc Treroax, Feb. I743r
, A R G I L L A t A. 433
the advancement of the chirurgical art in Italy.' His works
are replete with sensible observations, and a candour which
induces him to acknowledge such errors in his practice or
opinions as experience had discovered. His observations^
on the use of the suture, the cure of the spina ventosa, and
on muiScular motion, are particularly valuable. His works^
** Chirurgiae libri sex," went through four editions in less
than twenty years, Venice, 14^0, 1492, 1497, 1499, foL
Haller mentions also an edition, 1520.^
ARGOLI (Andrew), an Italian mathematician, was
born at Tagliacozzo in the kingdom of Naples, in 1570*
Being involved in his own country in some difficulties, oc-
casioned by his attachment to astrological reveries, he
thought proper to retire to Venice, where the senate, per-*
ceiviug the extent of his merit, appointed him professor of
mathematics in the university of Padua ; at the same time
conferring on him the title of chevalier of St. Mark in 16S6,
He died in 1653. His writings are, 1. "De diebus"criticis,**
1652, 4to. 2. " Ephemerides,*' from 1620, 4 vols. 4to^
and 3. Observations on the Comet of 1653, in Latin, printed
the same year. His Ephemerides were reprinted at Padua
and Lyons, and continued to the yeat 1700. '
ARGOLI (John), son of the former, was born in 1609,
with a decided turn for poetry. Before the age of fifteen,
he published an idy Ilium on the silk- worm, " Bambace e
seta, idillio," Rome, 1624, 12mo. Shortly afterwards, in-
spired with an ardent emulation by the applauses that were
lavished on Marini, the author of the poem of Adonis, he
undertook to compose one of the same kind. Having shut
himself up in a room, where none were admitted but to
bring him his victuals, he finished, in seven months, at
the age of seventeen, a poem in twelve cantos, entitled
** Endymion,'* 162$, 4to. This performance was so much
admired, that, though published with his name, the critics
could scarcely be persuaded thai it was not the work of his
father. He is the author of several other pieces of poetry,
•both Latin and Italian, but the greater part have never been
printed. His taste for the belles-lettres did not prevent
"him from applying to the study of jurisprudence, philology,
'and antiquities; in the latter he was a contributor to va^
rious collections. The precise year of his death is not
known : but it is thought to have happened in 1660.^
> Haller.— Biog. Uuiverselle.— Manget. Bibl. Script. Med.
J Moreri. . ^ » Ibid.— Baillet's Enfan« C^iebres. f
Vol. n. Ff
434 A R G O N N E.
ARGONNE (Nqel, called DoM Bona venture d'), was
born at Paris in 1634, and died a Carthusian monk, at
Gaillon near Rouen, Jan. 28, 1704, at the age of seventy.
He did hot entirely quit the world on becoming monk.
His talents and learning had procured him illustrious
friends, with whom he carried on a literary correspondence^
We have by hira, L " Trait6 de la lecture des Peres de
rEglise." The best edition is of 1697, 12mo. 2. " Me-
langes d'histoire et de litterature," published under the
name of- "Vigneul Marvilliana," reprinted in 1725, in
3 vols. 12mo, of which the abb^ Banier compiled almost
the whole of the last : this edition is preferable to the
others. It is a curious and interesting collection of literary
anecdotes, of critical reflections, and satirical strokes.
There appear occasionally some violations of truth and
justice in both the one and the other ; and the public never
forgave his censures on laBruyere. But these miscellanies^
.says Dr. Warton, have more learning than the " Mena-
giana," or indeed than any of the numerous " Anas," so
much at present in vogue. Bayle was fond of them, and
frequently quotes them in his Dictionary, and in his Letters,
1699, where he was the first who informs us of the real
name of the author. He published also under the assumed
name of Moncade, ^' UEducation, maximes et reflexions^**
1691> 12mo.*
ARGOTA (Jerome Contador d'), a learned Portu-
guese theatihe monk, was born at Collares in Estremadura,
in 16765t7japd died at Lisbon in 1749. He was one of the
first m^n^eiis of the Portuguese academy of history, and
CQutributed various historical papers to their Memoirs ; but
the works on which his reputation chiefly rests, are, 1 . " De
Antiquitatibus conventus Bracarugustani, libri IV." 1728,
4to. and 1738, an improved edition. This work evinces
the research of a profound antiquary. 2. " Memoires pour
servir aPhistoire dePeglise prim&tiale de Brague," Lisbon,
1732—44, 3 vols, 4to. 3. *f Regras de lingoa Portugueza,'*
Lisbon, 1725, 8vo. His other works were Sermous, and
Lives of the saints, *
ARGUES (Gerard des), a geometrician of t;he seven-
teenth century, was born at Lyons in 1597, and died there
in 1661. He was the friend of Descartes : this friendship
ivas of service to them both; Descartes instructed his
friend, and Des; Argues defended his master against Fer-
I Biog. Uaireriefler-Moreri. * Bio^^. UnIverselle.«»^Saxii Onomasticon*
A H G U E S. ^435
mat and Bourdin* He wrote, 1. «* Un Traite de Perspec-
tive," fol 2. ** TraitiS des Sections Coniques, 8vo. 3, " L«i
Pratique da Trait," 8vo. 4. " Trait6 de la coupe des
Pierres," 8vo, an excellent work on stone-cutting. 5. " Ma-
niere de poser Tessieu aux cadrans solaires." 6. ^^ Maniere
de graver en taille douce, et a Teau forte." All these
treatises are said to be written with precision, and in a
better style than might have been expected from his
time. *
ARGYROPYLUS (Jo^n) was one of the first of those
learned persons who fled into Italy upon the taking of
Constantinople by Mahomet II. in 1453, and contributed
to the revival' of Greek learning in the west. Cosmo de
Medicis, duke of Tuscany, made him professor of Greek
at Florence, and appointed him preceptor to his son Peter^
and to his grandson Lorenzo. He had several illustrious
.pupils at Florence, to whom he read lectures in the Greek
language and philosophy •; and amongst the rest Angelus
Pplitianus, Acciaioli^ and Reuchlinus. In 1456, he went
into France, to ask the assistance of Charles VII. in behalf
of some friends and, relations, whom he wanted to redeem
from Turkish slavery. He coniinued many years in his
. professorship at Florence ; but, the plague at length obliging
him to quit it, he went to Rome, where he publicly read
. lectures upon the Greek text of Aristotle. He died of an
autumnal fever, . which was brought on by an intemperate
eating of melous, in the 70th year of his age, and (as is
believed) soon itfter his settlement in Rome ; but the time
of his death is uncertain, yet it must have be^n after 1478^
. because he survived Theodorus Gaza, who died in. that
year. He was allowed to be very learned, but learning
does not seem to have civilized or softened his manners,
for he is represented as having been very capricious and
very morose. He affirmed, that Cicero understood neither
the Greek language nor philosophy, and is supposed to hav^.
. conceived this peculiar prejudice against Cicero for saying,
that the Greek was a language verborum imps, poor and
.scanty in words. He was also a notorious epicure, and
spent all his salaties, though very considerable, in the
luxuries of the table. He was not so serious about his lat«
. ter end, but that he bequeathed his debts in form to his
richer fhends^ almost in the very act of dying. He trans*
> Moreri.-^Dict. Hist.
V f F 2
436 A R G Y R O P Y L U S.
*
lated several pieces of Aristotle into Latin, which language
he also understood very well. *
ARIUS MONTANUS. See MONTANUS.
ARIEH. See LEO.
ARIOSTI (Attilio), a celebrated musical performer
and composer in the end of t)ie seventeenth and beginning
of the eighteenth century, was a native of Bologna, and
was diverted from the concerns of the church, to, which his
parents had intended to educate him, by an early passion
for music. He became an opera-composer at Bologna and
Venice, and, passing into Germany, was made maestro di
capella to the electoral princess of Brandenburgh, for whom
he had composed the opera of " Attis." Both there and
in Italy he continued in high estimation as a composer, and
as a performer on the violincello, and particularly on thfe
n)iol d^anwrey which he either invented, or brought into
notice. In ,1716 he visited England, and performed on
this instrument, which was a novelty in this country, but
went again abroad until 1720, when, at the establishment
of the Royal Acadeijny of Music, he was invited to return,
and was employed to coiftpose several operas. Handel and
Bononcini were his contemporaries. After some stay in
this country, during which he probably dissipated what he
got, he Tvas obliged to publish a book of cantatas by sub-
scription, and then he left England. The place and date
of his death are not known. *
ARIOSTO (LuDOVico), one of the most ettiinent Ita-
lian poets, was born Sept. 8, 1474. His father, while he
was in the government of Rheggio, in Lombardy, espoused
Daria de Malaguzzi, a lady of wealth and family^ descended
frohi one of the first houses in Rheggio, and by het had
five sons, Ludovico, Gab^'iele, Carlo, Galasso, and Ales-
sandro; and the same number of daughters. These sons
were all well accomplished, and, for their many eiccellent
qualities, patronised by several princes. Gabriele gave
himself up to literary pursuits, and is said to have arrived
at great excellence in Latin poetry, but to have been too
close an imitator of Statins: he died at Ferrara. Carlo,
who was of a disposition more inclined to dissipation and
gaiety, led the life of a courtier, and died at the court of
' Naples. Galasso embraced the profession of the church,
1 Gen. Diet.— Roscoe's Lorenzo.— Gresswell's PoUtiaD.— Brucker.— *Saxi] Ono*
masticou.— Hodius de GrKc. iUusirib.us*
^ Hawkins and barney 'k Histories 9f Music.
A R I O S T O. 437
was employed in several important offices^ and^ at last,
ended his days, ambassadorirom the duke of Ferrara, at
the court of Charles V. Alessandro, who was of an inqui<*
sitive and enterprising genius, having spent great part of
.ilis time in visiting foreign countries, at last finished bis
life in Ferrara,
Ludovico was the first-born of his father's children, and
is reported to have surpassed the rest in the endowments
of the mind; giving, from his tender years, uncommon,
presage of a future genius. Being yet in his rudiments,
he composed a kind of tragedy from the story of Pyramus
and Thisbe, which he caused to be represented by his bro-
thers and sisters. He applied himself very early to the
study of the Latin, in which he made greater progress than
almost any one of his age ; and, ii> the very beginning of
his studies, he composed and recited an elegant Latin ora*
tio|i, which gave the highest expectations of him. Tito
Strozza, a man of great learning and consummate know-
ledge, took particular delight to hear him, and to propose
difficult questions for his solution; often encouraging a dis-
pute, on literary subjects, between him and Hercules his
son, a youth whose age and studies agreed with Ariosto.
But his fatheV Nicolo, having little taste for literature, was
desirous, that, as his eldest-born, he should pursue soma
lucrative profession, and sent him to Padua, to study the
civil law, under Angelo Castrinse and II Maino ; in which
employment he spent five years, highly disagreeable to one
of his disposition; which circumstance he laments in one
of his satires addressed to Bembo. But although Ariosto
durst not openly disobey his father, he could not so far
conquer his inclinations as to desist from perusing French
and Spanish romances, with which languages he was well'
acquainted, having translated two or three of these author:;
himself into his native tongue ; and availed himself, in his
future works, of every beauty that occurred in these wild
productions of imagination. Nicolo, at last, perceiving the
aversion his son had to the profession of the law, and the
little progress he made therein, permitted him to obey the
strong propensity of genius, and is said to have been, in 9^
great degree, influenced by Pandolfo Ariosto, a youth of
excellent endowments, and a near kinsman to Ludovico.
Ludovico, being now left at liberty, put himself, at the
age of twenty, under the tuition of Gregorio de Spoleti, a
jper3on of admirable t^ste^ and well versed in the Latin and,
*3« A R I O S T O.
Greejk tongues, who then resided in the family of Rinaldo
of Este, at Ferrara. Gr^gorio,^observing the avidity with
^hich Ariosto applied himself to study, took every pos-
sible care to cultivate his genius; and, by his instructions^
liis pupil soon made himself master of the most excellent
I^atin authors, particularly the poets, among whom Horace
appears to have been his favourite. He explained many
difficult and obscure parts in that author, which were never
before understood. His intention was, to have also gone
through a course of Greek literature ; but he suddenly lost
his preceptor Gregorio, who was constrained to take a jour*
Aey into France, where he soon after died, to the inexpres^
tible grief of Ariosto. About the same time died Nicolo
Ariosto, the father of Ludovico, leaving behind him a nu-
inerous offspring. Ariosto, then only twenty-four years of
;ige, found himself at once involved in the cares of a
family, and obliged to take upon himself the management
ipf domestic concerns, to introduce his brothers into the
world, provide fortunes for his sisters, and, in every respect,
supply to them the place of a father, who had left theia
but a very slender patrimony.
These multiplied cares obliged him not only to give over
his intended prosecution of the Greek language, but aU
inost to abandon the Latin, which he had but lately reco-^
yered, had not Pandolfo Ariosto so far stimulated him, that
be still continued, in some degree, his studies, till death
deprived him of sq pleasing a companion. Yet all these
disappointments did not much damp the vigour of his
poetical genius. In his twenty^ninth year, he acquired an
uncommon reputation for his Latin verses, and numerous
poems and sonnets full of spirit and imagination. His con*
versation wUs coveted by men of the greatest learning and
nihilities ; and cardinal Hippolito of Este, whose court was
a receptacle for the most admired personages'^ of the age,
' received him into his service, where he continued fifteen
years ; during which time he formed a design of writing a
poem of the romance kind ; in which no one had yet
vnritten with the dignity of which the subject was capable*
The happy versatility of his genius was such, that he could
equally adapt himself to every species of poetry; and an
Italian writer of his life observes, that whatever he wrote,
seemed, at the time, to be his particular study.
At about thirty years of age he began his Orlando; and
cardinal Bembo^ to whom he communicated his design.
A R I O S T O 433i
would have dissuaded him from writing in Italian, advis*
ing him to cultivate the Latin ; to which Ariosto answered,
that he would rather be the first among the Tuscan writers,
than scarcely the second among the Latin. At the same
time, it fortunately happened, that he had already written
some stanzas of his Orlando, in which he met with such en-
couragement, that he determined vigorously to prosecute
his design. He chose the subject of Boyardo, which was
very popular; and by adopting the fictions of Boyardo,
Ariosto had not only an opportunity of bringing the ro«
inance of the count to a conclusion, but of celebrating,
under the person of Rogero, the family of his patron.
*^ Ariosto had proposed to write a poem in terza rima (like
Dante), in praise of the house of Este, different from the
Furioso ; but not being satisfied with the work, he laid it
aside, and pursued the design of his Furioso, in ottava rima.
In order to pursue his studies with less interruption, he
chose the situation of Rheggio, retiring to a pleasant villa,
belonging to Sigismundo Malaguzzi, his kinsman, where
he sptiit his leisure in the prosecution of his principal de-
sign.
While he was busied in these literary pursuits, Alphonso
duke of Ferrara, having occasion to sdnd ambassadors to
Rome, in order to appease the anger of pope Julius II.
who prepared to make war against him, was, by his brother
the cardinal," recommended to Ariosto, as a proper person
to be entrusted with such a negotiation, and he aqquitted
himself so well in his commission, that he returned with an
answer much more favourable than was expected. How-
ever, the pope, still continuing at enmity with the duke,
made a league with the Venetians, and collected a power-
fijl army against Ferrara ; but was defeated at the battle of
Ravenna. Part of a fleet was sent up the Po, against Fer-
rara, and met with a repulse from the duke's party. In
this engagement, Ariosto, who was present, behaved with
great courage, and took one of the largest of the enemy's
vessels, filled with stores and ammunition. The papal
army being dispersed, Alphonso thought it advisable to
send an ambassador again to Rome, and dispatched Ludo-
yico a second time, who found his holiness so incensed
against the duke, that his indignation was very near show-
ing itself to the ambassador ; and it was not without dif-
ficulty that Ariosto escaped with life to Ferrara. The
duke's alBFairs being established, Ariosto returned to his
♦40 A B I O S T 0»
studies ; but was employed in various public occupati6M|
that often broke in upon his retirement, and obliged him
to defer the completion of his Orlando. However, he
found means to bring it to a conclusion ; and though it was
far from that perfection which he desired, yet, in order to
nvail himself of the opinion of the public, he caused it to be
first printed in 1 5 1 5. '
Some time after, the cardinal having a design to go into
Hungary, was desirous of being accompanied by the inge-
nious men who lived under bis patronage; but Ariosto
openly declared his inclination to be left behind ; for, be-
ing now afflicted with a catarrh, he was fearful of the con-
sequences from the fatigues and inconveniences of so long
jx journey. Besides, the service of the cardinal began to
grow very irksome to him; those who were about him be-
ing frequently obliged to watch the greatest part of the
night. It appears, likewise, that Ariosto was in his nature
averse to travelling, and had visited few countries.
The refusal of Ariosto to accompany the cardinal so ex-
asperated him, that he partly withdrew his protection from
him; which circumstance gave our poet great uneasiness,
though it is thought that Hippolito might have taken him
again into favour, but for the ill offices of some malicious
persons, who had the address to keep them at a distance
from each other. On this difference between the cardinal
and him, Ariosto strongly dwells in his satires. The only
consolation Ludovico had, was the leading a retired life,
which suited his disposition far more than the bustle of a
court, and he now applied himself, without interruption, to
give every improvement to his Orlando; and in 1521 pub-
lished another edition of it, with corrections.
In the mean time, cardinal Hippolito died ; and Ariosto,
who for fifteen years lived in a state of uneasy dependence,
&nd had now reached the forty-fourth year of his age, was
determined nev^r more to be connected with a court; but
being persuaded by his intimate friend Buonaventura Pis-»
tofolo, secretary to Alphonso, he engaged in the service of
that prince, from whom be met with a most gracious and
affectionate reception. Not long after, when Adrian II.
succeeded to the papal chair, Grafagnana, a province on
the Appennine, being torn to pieces by factions, it was ne-
cessary to appoint a person, whose prudence and authority
might reduce them to a due subjection, and Ariosto was
chosen, who, thpugh very averse to the journey, would uo%
A R I O S T O. 441
again hazard incurring the displeasure of his patron. Here
he continued three years, and not only brought the people
to a proper sense oF their duty to their sovereign, but en-
tirely gained their affections to himself, and was highly
applauded by the duke for his good services. An extra-
ordinary instance of the veneration paid to his character by
all ranks and degrees of men, is thus given by Baretti.
" Ariosto, whUe governor, took his residence in a fortified
castle, from which it was imprudent to step out without
guards, as the whole neighbourhood was swarming with
outlaws, smugglers, and banditti, who, after committing
the most enormous excesses all around, retired, for shelter
against justice, amidst the rock;s and cliffs. Ariosto, one
morning, happened to take a walk without the castle, in his
night-gown, and, in a fit of thought, forgot himself so
much, that, step after step, he found himself very far from
his babitatidn, and surrounded, onfi sudden, by a troop of
these desperadoes, who certainly would have ill-used, and
perhaps murdered him, had not his face been known by
one of the gang, who informing his comrades that this was
signor Ariosto, the chief of the banditti addressed him with*
iiitrepid gallantry, and told him, that since he was the
author of the Orlando Furioso, he might be sure none of
the company would injure him, but would see him, on the
contrary, safe back to the castle ; and so they did, enter-
taining him all along the way with the various excellencies
they had discovered in his poem^ and bestowing upon it the
most rapturous praises. A^very rare proof of the irresis-
tible powers of poetry, and a noble comment on the fables
of Orpheus and Amphion, who drew wild beasts, and raised
walls, with the enchanting sound of their lyres."
The term of his government being expired, he returned
to court, where, finding the duke took great delight in the-
atrical representations, he applied himself to the drama ;
and, besides the " Cassaria" and " Suppositi," he com-
posed ** La Lena," and " II Negromante," in prose and
verse, and the " Scolastica" in verse; though the last was
left imperfect by his death, and the fifth act added by his
brother Gabriele. Of these comedies, four were first
printed in prose, and afterwards turned into verse. They
were performed with universal applause, before many fa-
milies of rank, the actors being generally persons of con-
dition i insomuch, that when the Lena was first acted, iu
«2 A R I O S T a
1-528, signor Don Francisco of Este, afterwards marquis of
Massa, spoke the prologue himself.
Ariosto now appeared to lead a Life of tranquillity ; which
was the more agreeable to him, as he was not so deeply en-
gaged by the duke, but tbp^t be had sufficient leisure to
pursue bis studies ; the seiS%6 of Alphonso being far more
easy than that of Hippolito, Abo*uF this time he pub-
lished his Satires, besides those he had formerly written ;
in the whole, to the number of seven ; till, being again in-
volved in family difficulties, and harassed with law-suits,
be was obliged, for some time, to lay aside his composi-
tions. At last, having brought his affairs to a happy crisis,
be purchased a piece of ground opposite the church of St.
Benedict, where he built a commodious dwelling ; which,
some say, he was enabled to do by the liberality of the
duke. He had a garden adjoining to this house, the usual
scene of hh poetical meditations. Here he passed the re-
luainder of his life, as much as possible secluded from ail'
public employments. Having attained the 59th year of
bis age, he was seized, on th(? last day but one of the year
1532, with a lingering illness, though some say his illness
first came upon him in October or November, about which
time the ducal palace took fire, which accident consumed
the superb theatre that had been built for the exhibition of
bis comedies ; in the same year he had sent his Furiosd to the
press with bis last improvements, corrected and enlarged as
we now have it. Some physicians attributed the cause of
his malady to the custom he had of eating fast, and chew«
ing his victuals little, that occasioned an indigestion ; the
means they made use of to remove this complaint brought
on a consumption, which, in spite of all the assistance of
medicine, at last put a period to his life, at Ferrara, on the
6th of June, or, as others say, on the Sth of July, 1533.
Ludovico Ariosto was a man of uncommoil eminence,
whether we consider him as a member of the republic of
society, or of the more extensive world of literature : as the
first, he acquired the affection and esteem of persons of the
highest consideration ; he contracted the closest intimacy
with the family of Medicis, and was beloved by Leo X. the'
Augustus of that age ; as the second, he was one of the few
great poets who see that reputation attend their works,
during their life-time, which continues to be transmitted
down to posterity j and perhaps few books have been $o
A R I O S T O; 443^
oftea printed as the Orlando, which has passed through-
upwards of eighty editions, and iiot only been rendered
into all the European languages, but is said to have found
its way into every part of the world. The uncommon po«'
pularity of this author may be further gathered from the
numbers that have drawn their subjects from his original.
II Doni, an Italian writer, in a register of the manuscript
works of several poets, has attributed two pieces to Ariosto,
one called " Rinaldo Ardito;'* and the other, " II Ter-
mine del Desiderio;'' neither of which appears to have
been printed. Besides the forty-six books of his Orlando
Furioso, he left behind him five books on the same story^
which were first printed in addition to the original poem in
1545, twelve years after Ariosto's death.
Sevei*al writers have affirmed, that he was solemnly
crowned with laurel by the victorious Charles V. in the city
of Mantua, in 1532, for his Orlando Furioso; and this^ cir*
cumstance has been as positively denied by others. Maz-
zuchelli, in his life of Ariosto, has considered the argu-
ments on both sides ; and observes, that the silence of those
authors on the subject, who certainly would not have passed
over such an event, may justly render the whole suspected ;
that, among others, surely little attention can be paid to
the authority of one writer, who relates that Ariosto had
scarcely received the laurel crown, when, transported with
joy, and inspired as it were with a poetical phrensy, he ran
through the city apparently as paad as his own Orlando.
Fornari speaks of the coronation ; but Pigna and Garafolo
make ho mention of it. II si^nore Dottore Barotti thus
examines the supposed fact : <^ Many have doubted of the
coronation by Charles, and writers, who speak of it, do not
agree upon the time or place : some say that the ceremony
was performed at Mantua, and others at Bologna ; some,
that it happened in 1530, and others, in 1532 ; but, surely
It could not be in 1530, as the complete edition of the
poem, with the praises of the emperor, was not published
till 1 532. In a manuscript book, delivered down for the
hand -writing oiF his son Virgihio, are these words: * E.
una baia che fosse coronato.* But, in a public instrument
between his ^on Virginio and his brother, in October 1542,
we read as follows: ^ Cum annis decursis animam egeric
magnificus et Laureatus D. Ludovicus Areostus, &c.' both
which, the manuscript book and instrument, are in my pos-
session. In a letter of Galasso Ariosto it is said, that
4U A R I O S T O.
Ariosto had scarce published the last edition of his work
when he. fell ill, and died after eight months. The publi-
cation was in October 1532, and it is difficult to suppose
that he could be crowned in November, the time men-
tioned. Yet the epitaph^ caused to be engraved by his
nephew's son Ludovico, sets forth the coronation. If
Pigna and Garafolo affirm that he fell ill in December, it
may be understood that he then took to his bed ; and as to
the medal of Ariosto crowned, nothing can be proved from
that.'' To this Mazzuchelli adds, that we may refer to the
declaration of Franco, who asserts that he was not crowned ;
and concludes the argument, by opposing to all these, the
authority of the exact Apostolo Zeno, who observes, that
Franco petulantly denies that Ariosto was crowned poet,
though, besides other testimonies, we have the exclusive
privilege gra^jited him by Charles V. The fact upon the
whole appears doubtful.
The name of this poet is still held in that kind of vene-
ration by his countrymen with which the English consider
their Shakspeare. Antonio Zatta, in his edition of Ariosto's
works of 1772, relates, that a chair and ink-standish, which,
according to tradition, belonged to Ariosto, were then in
the possession of II signer Dottore Giovanni Andrea Ba-
rotti, at Ferrara, and that a specimen of his hand-writing
was preservexl in the public library of that city. The re:*
public of Venice did him the honour to cause his picture
to be painted, and hung up with the senators and other
illustrious men in the great council hall, which was after-
wards destroyed by fire. It appears, however, that Ariosto
did not finally receive from his professed patrons those re-
wards,, or obtain that establishment, to which he thought
his merits had entitled him. Probably the government of
Grafagnana added more to his reputation than his fortune;
and, from what he says in several parts of his Satires, he
was by no means satisfied with his patrons of Ferrara.
Nothing particular is recorded of the benefactions of the
cardinal to him, before he incurred the displeasure of that
prelatje. The duke, indeed; gave him two assignments on
certain gabels or taxes, the firjit of which ceased with the
abolition of the tax; and the second, which produced hiui
only twenty-five crowns every fourth month, collected, as
he says himself, with great tfouble, was contested and with-
held from him during the wars of Lombardy; and some
say, that the cardinal; upon withdrawing his patronage, de«
A R 1 O S T O. 445
prived him of this slender advantaget Such were the
great advantages which he derived from those in whose ser-
vice he had engaged, and whose names he had 'immortal-
ized by his Muse.
Two medals are said to have been struek, both bearing
his effigies, but the devices different: on the first was
figured a serpent, over which was suspended a hand, with
a pair of shears ready to cut off the head or sting ; and the
other representing a bee-hive, where the bees are driven
from their habitation with fire and smoke, that the country-
man may possess himself of their honey. The motto of
both these medals was *^ Pro bono malum/* Some afBrih
that these devices were of Ariosto's invention ; the first to
express the nature of his detractors ; and the second, to
show that, instead of honours and rewards for his labours,
he met only with scoff and derision, alluding to the recep>-
tion given his Orlando by the cardinal, who, having per^
used it, asked him, with the most tasteless indifference,
where he had collected so many fooleries. Dolce relates,
that he caused the device of the serpent to be prefixed to
the second edition of his poem ; but that in the third he
changed it into the bee-hive. In an edition of the Or-
lando, printed at Bologna in 1540, is a device in the title-
page of two serpents, with a band and shears ; the tongue
of one of these serpents is cut out, with this motto round
them : ^ Dilexisti malitiam super benignitatem."
With respect to pope Leo X. the acknowledged patron
of literature and arts, whom Fornari calls particularly li-
beral to poets, and by whom he relates that Ariosto was
highly esteemed) he is said to hare made him a present of
some hundred crowns for the prosecution of his work,
though Ariosto himdelf is silent upon that head ; and yet
in the verses published by-Gabriele Simeoni, in his satire
upon Avarice, it is said in a note, that ^^ Leo.X. gave Ari*-
osto several hundred crowns to complete his work." Upon
the exaltation of this pontiff to the papal chair, be paid a
visit to him, with greart; expectations of advantage. The
pope gave him a very gracious reception, and a bull or
licence entitling him to the profits of his poem ; and he
left Rome dissatisfied in his expectation, but bore tesd-
roony to the pope^s honourable reception of him.
But it- seems that Ariosto had raised his thoughts to
some great ecclesiastical -preferment^ 09 which occasion
446 A R I O S T O.
signor Rolli observes^ that one reason why be was not pre«
ferred was^ that he was devoted to Alpbonso of Ferrai'a,
.whom the pope hated, and therefore could not give our
author a cardinaPs hat. Leo died in 1521, six years after
the first pubhcation, and the year in which Ariosto pub-
lished the third edition of bis poem. Perhaps had he lived
longer, the poet might have experienced further marks of
his generosity.
His lUjdlian biographers inform us, that in bis conversa-
tion be was modest and affable to every body, demeaning
himself in such. a manner, as if altogether unconscious of
that great superiority which Nature had given him; he was
close in argument and ready in repartees, but was seldom
observed to laugh more than became the dignity of a phi-
losopher; yet, though his temper was rather inclined to
melancholy, he was very remote from a rigid disposition ;
-being particularly open and sprightly in his conversation
.with women, by whom his company wa^ much coveted.
.He was an avowed enemy to ceremony, though always
xeady to pay due respect to place and rank. He al>horred
•all those dignities that could only be acquired by servility ;
be was a sincere loyer of his country, loyal to his prince,
and steady in his friendships. In his diet he was abstemi-
Hous, making only one meal a day, and that generally to-
wards the evening, and was neither curious for variety or
luxuries, being indeed a contemner of luxury in general.
•While he was composing his Orlando, be would frequently
rise in the middle of the night, and cause his servant Gi-
anni to bring him pen, ink, a^nd paper, when he wrote down
^vhat bad immediately occurred to bis imagination, which
in the day be communicated to his friends. His integrity
was incorruptible, as appears by what he says to his brother
*Galasso of the old man, who, being possessed of great
wealth, was fearful of being poisoned by bis relations, and
•therefore would trust himself in no hands but Ariosto* Up
»took great delight in building, but was an economist in bis
expences that way:, a. friend once expressing an astonish-
ment, that he, who had described such magnificent edifices
in his ppem, should be contented with so poor a dwelling,
-Ariosto answered very aptly, that *^ words were much
easier put together than bricks.;'' and leading him to the
'door of his house, pointed to this distich which he^ had
caused to be engcayed on th^ portico ;
A R I O S T O. 447
^k; Farva, sed apta mihi^ sed nuUi obnoxia, sed ttoa
Sordida^ parta meo sed tamen sere douaus.
Small is my humble roof » but well designed
To suit the temper of the master^s mmd ^
Hurtful to none> it boasts a deceat pnde>
That my poor pwse the modest co$t supplied.
Notwithstanding what has been mentioned of his per-
sonal bravery in the engagement between the pope^s vessels
4iud the duke'S) he is reported to have been naturally of a
timid disposition : when on horseback he would alight on
•the least appearance of danger; he was particularly timo-
rous oa the water; and when he went out of a vessel,
would always stay till the last, frequently using this ex-
prjession: " De puppe novissimus exi.'' In every other
respect his temper was firm and unruffled.
He was of an amorous constitution, and very apt to re-
jceive impressions from every beautiful object ; violent in
his attachments, impiatient of a rival ; but in his amours he
was discreet, cautious, and secret. It has been said that
he might possibly allude to this by the sculpture of hts
ink^tandish, on the top of wliicfa was a Cupid, with his
foreriinger placed on his lip, as an emblem of silence^
This disposition to gallantry, which he retained to the last
year of bis life, is confirmed by many parts of his writing^.
The names of the wamen, whom he loved, do not appear
to be mentioned, except one whom he is said to have beea
«troiigly attached to^ of the name of Geneura, to whom he
is supposed to allude in one of his sonnets.
•In his early life he contracted an intimacy with a noble
Florentine called Nicolo Vespucci, whom he accompanied
into Florence in 15 13, being then thirty-nine years old, to
.perfect himself in the Tuscan dialect, and to b^ present at
the magnificent ceremony used at the feast of St. Baptist;
here he fell violently in love with a kinswomain of Ves-
pucci, whom he found preparing a dress of silver em-
broidered with purple for her sons to appear in at
the joasts. It has been the opinion of some, that he
viras privately married, but that he was obliged to keep it
.secret:for fear of forfeiting some church benefices which he
.enjoyed; some go so far as to say that his wile's name was
Jllexandra. . .
Coiioerning the person of Artosto, he was rather abov^
.the^cofnmon size, of a countenance generally grave and
;COUtemplative> as appears frpm the admirable picture
V,
44S A R I O S T 0.
•
painted by Titian : his bead was partly bald ; his hair
black and curling ; his forehead high ; his eye-brows
raised ; his eyes black and sparkling ; bis nose large and
aquiline ; his lips well formed ; his teeth even and white ;
his cheeks rather thin, and his complexion inclining to the
olive ; he was well made, except that bis shoulders were
somewhat large, which made Him appear to stoop a little ;
his walk was slow and deliberate, as indeed were his actiotis
in general. Ariosto left behind him two sons by Alexan-
dra, who were always considered illegitimate; Yirginio be-
fore named, and J. Baptista; the first of whom being
brought up under his father, who took great pains to in-
struct him, was^ade a canon of the house of Ferrara, and
Ariosto resigned a great part of his benefices to him ; ibe
latter went very young into the army, arfd, having acquired
considerable reputation as a soldier, returned to Fen*ara a
little while before Ariosto's death, and died himself an of-
ficer in the duke'.s service.
Ariosto's reputation rests now entirely on his Orlando,
concerning which modern critics are nearly agfeed, and
can perceive its blemishes without a wish to detretetfrom its
genuine merit. The monstrous extravagance of his fic-
tions, a$ far as respects the agency of demons and aerial
beings, were not ill suited to the age in which he lived,
. and supported the reputation of his poem, until it attracted
the admiration of more enlightened minds, by the display
of an imagination infinitely exuberant, yet directed by the
finest taste, by the extraordinary power the author pos-
sessed of interesting both the gentler and severer passions,
and by his masterly skill in all. graphical paintings and de-
scriptions. ^^ Orlando,^' says Dr. Blair, who seems to have
collected the opinions of all the modern critics on this
poem, ^^ unites all sorts of poetry; sometimes comic and
satiric; some^me3 light and licentious; at other times,
highly heroic, descriptive, and tendejr* Whatever strain
the poet assumes, he excels in it He is always master of
bis subject; seems to play himself With it; and leaves
us sometimes at a loss to know whether he be ^rtous or
in jest. He is seldom dramatic ; sometimes, but not often,
sentimental ; but in narration and d^^scriptiouy perhaps no
poet ever went beyond him. He makes every scene which
he describes, and every event which he relates, pasfrbefore
our eyes ; and in his selection of circumstances, is emi-^
nently picturesque. His st^le is much yariec)^ always suited
A R I O S T O. 449
to the subject, and adorned with a remarkable smooth and
melodious versification. The most valued editions of the
Orlando are^ that printed at Venice, foL 1584, with Rus*
celii^s notes, and engravings by Porro ; and the edition of
Molini, published in 1772, in 4 vols. 8 vo, which has veiy
beautiful engravings, and was printed with Baskerville's
types. There is likewise a very correct edition published at
Paris by Paiikouke in 10 vols. 12mo, 1787 ; and another^
likewise very correct, in 4 vob. Svo^ by Mr. Isola, at Lon-
don, 1789. Ariosto's other pieces have beei) frequently
reprinted, but none of them are in much demand. The
English reader has been made acquainted with the merits
of the Orlando by Mr. Hoole, who, in 1783^ completed his
translation, in 5 vols. 8vo. His predecessors in that labour
were sir John Harrington and Mr. Huggins,- but they are
now little known and little read. In 1759 the satires of
Ariosto were translated into English, and published in a
12mo volume. Ariosto had a nephew, Horace, who was
bom in 1555, and died in 1593. He defended the Or-
lando Furioso against the criticisms of Pellegrino, and was
himself a poet, and a writer of comedies. ^
ARISI (Francis), an Italian lawyer, and a scholar of
great leaniing, was bom at Cremona, Feb. 3, 1657, the son
of Louis Arisi and Lucia Negri, both of distinguished fami-
lies in that place. His infirm state of health in his infancy
made him be consigned, for some time, to the care of a pri-
vate tutor ; but he afterwards studied philosophy in the
Jesuits' college. In 1674, his father sent him to Rome to
study law, from whence, in 1677, he went to Bologna with
a view to continue that pursuit, but the death of his father
obliged him next year to return to his own country. Still
desirous, however, to complete his course, he went first to
Pavia, where he obtained a doctor's degree, and then to
Milan for six months, where he improved himself under an
able advocate^ On his return to Cremona, be divided his
time between his professional studies, and that of polite
literature, particularly poetry, for which he had a very
early taste. Connecting himself, by correspondence or
personal acquaintance, with the most eminent scholars of
his time, he became a member of many of the Italian aca--
demies; and the extensive knowledge and probity he dis-
played as a lawyer, occasioned his being employed m many
I Boole's life of Ariosto, preSxed to his translation.— Gen. Diet.— Roscoe»a
I«eo.-*Sazii Oiioiiiastictn«P*Biog. UiiiTcneUe.
Vol. 11. Gg > .
4*0 A & I Si '
public transactions^ in which he acquitted liimselF to the
entire satisfaction of the government of his country. He
died of a lingering disorder, Jan. 25, 1 743. Maz^uchelli^a
list of his works, printed and manuscript, amounts to sixty*
four articles. The most esteemed of the printed works
are, I. "La Tirranide soggiogata/* an oratorio for St.
Anthony of Padua, Crettiona, 1677,* 4to, and he published
three others in different years for the festival of that saint.
2. ^^ Cremona litterata, sen in Ci^monenses, doctrina et
litterariis ^gnitatibus eminentiores, chronological adnota-
tionesj" 3 vols. fol. The first two were published at Parma,
1703 and 1705, and the third at Cremona, 1741. 3. " Se-
natorum Mediolanensium ex collegio judieum Cremonse ab
ipso erecto, usque ad heec tempora continuata series," &c.
Cremona, 1705, fol. 4. " Rime per le sacre estimate del
Santo iPfeitriarca Francesco," &c. Cremona, 1713, 4to, aa
astonishing instance of superstitious poetry, containing no
iess than three hundred and twenty-five sonnets on the
' marks on the body of St. Francis. He published many
otiier poems separately, and in collections. *
ARISTyENETUS was, according to the common opi-
nion, a Greek pagan writer, who lived in the fourth cen-
tury, but his existence has been doubted. If indeed he
be the person mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus, who
lived in that century, there is some foundation to believe
that there was such a person. Some think, however, that
the name prefixed to the first ♦* Love Epistle" wsl^ taken
by the publisher for that of the writer. His work, which
consiiits of ** Love Epistles," was never known, or certainly
not generally known, till Sambucus published it in 1566 -^
since which time there have been several editions of it
printed at Paris, where the book seems to have been held
in greater estimation than amongst us. As to the real date
of its composition, we have nothing but conjecture to offer.
By the twenty-sixth epistle it should appear that the authot
iived in the time of the later emperors, when Byzantium
was called New Rome ; and in that epistle menHon is made
of the pantomime actor Caramallus, who was contemporary
with Sidonins ApoUinaris. The Epistles are certainly terse^
^egant, and very poetical, both in language and seiitiinent;.
yet they have scarcely any thing original in them, being ^
cento from the writings of Plato, Lucian, Pbilostratus, and
almost all the ancient Greek authors, whose sentences a!^e
} Mazsttcbelli.4i>»Bit»g« UmrerssUe.
A R I S T iE N E T U .8.
pleasingly woven together^ and apjdied to every passioa
incident to love.
. The best editions of Aristaenetus are those of/ Paiiw,
jurinted at Utrecht, 12 mo, 1736'*^7; and of Abresch, Svo^
ZwoU, 1749, a most excellent edition, not only oa accounit
of the learned editor's notes, but also for the emendations
of Tolling d'Orville, and Valckenaer. Abresch published
a small volume of supplemental notes and observations at
Amsterdam, 1752. About the beginning of the last cen*
tary the facetious Tom Brown, as he is usuaUy called^
translated, or rather imitated, some select pieces of Aristae^ ^
netus, but without either fidelity, or poetic beauty. The
first part of the epistles, however, were translated witb
more effect, and published in 1771, 12mo, by twt> youngs
gentlemen who have since risen to high distinction in the
literary and political world. But it is to be regretted that
they imbibed rather too much of the licentious spirit of their
author ; and the offence taken at this by the critics of that
time was probably the reason of their not being encouraged
to proceed in translating the second part. Yet as the pro<^
duction of one of the first oriental scholars, and one of the
first orators of the day, of Halhed and of Sheridan, this
translation may be regarded as' a literary curiosity. *
ARISTARCHUS, a celebrated grammarian, who flou«
rished 160 years B. C. was born in Samothracia, but chose
Alexandria for the place of his residence. He was highly
este^ned by Ptolemy Philometor, who intrusted him with
the education of his son. He applied himself much to
criticism, and made a revisal of Homer's poems with great
exactness, but without the equity or impartiality of criti-
cism^ for such verses as he did not like be treated as
Spurious. He marked these with the figure of a darty
•CsXtttt : whence tSo^^m was used for to condemn in generaL
Some have said, that he never wou^ publish any thing, for
fear of giving the world an opportunity of retorting upoiv
him ; but odiers assure us that he published several works*
Cicero and Horace have used hb name to express a very
rigid critic, and it is employed to this day for xb^ ^ame
purpose, but not without opprobrium, derived partly from
himself, and perhaps yet more from the manner of modem r
'verbai cridcs. Growing dropsical, he found no other re*«
medy than to starve himself to death. Suida^ relates, that
1 Fabr. BibL Oraec— J)ict. Bibliogni|^.<^-Tninslatioji of 177 Ij pr€face,^-'
Spectatfr^ No« ^d9,«»^iaxii Oaonastiooa. ....
G G 2
4M A R I S T A R C H U S.
lie died in Cypras, aged seventy-two. ViUoisob, m h»
edition of the Iliad, has afforded the moderns an opportiu
jiity of appreciating the value of Aristarchus's criticisins on
Homer, as well as those of the first editors of that immoi^
tol bard. ^
ARIST ARC HITS, a celebrated Greek philosopher and
astronomer, was a native of the city of Samos ; but of what
date is not exactly known ; it must have been, however,
before the time of Archimedes, as some parts of his writ*
ings and^pinions are cited by that author, in his Ar^na*
rius : he probably, therefore, flourished about 420 years
B. C. He held the opinion of Pythagoras as to the system
of the world, but whether before or after him, is uncertain,
teaching that the sun and stafs were fixed in the heavens,
and that the earth is moved in a circle about the sun, at the
same time that it revolved about its owri centre or axis.
He taught also, that the annual orbit of the earth, compared
with the distance of the fixed stars, is but as a point On
this head Archimedes says, ^' Aristarchus the Samian, con-
futing the, notions of astrologers, laid down certain posi-
tions, ft'om whence it follows, that the world is much larger
than is generally imagined ; for he lays it down, that the
fixed stars and the sun are immoveable, and that the earth
is carried round the sun in the circumference of a circle.'*
On which account, although he did not suffer persecution
and imprisonment, like Galileo, yet he did not escape cen-
sure for his supposed impiety ; for it is said Cleanthus was
of opinion, that Aristarchus ought to have been tried for
his opinions respecting the heavenly bodies and the earth.
Aristarchus invented a peculiar kind of sun-dial, men-
tioned by Vitruvius. There is extant of his works only a
treatise upon the magnitude and distance of the. sun and
moon ; this was translated into Latin, and commented upon
by Commandine, who first published it with Pappus's ex-
planations^ in 1572, Pisaur, 4to. Dr. Wallis afterwards
published it in Greek, with Commandine's Latin version,
in 1688, at Oxford, and which he inserted again in the
tbirdtvolume of his mathematical works, pruited in folio at
Oxford, in 1699. In 1644 was published, at Paris, a work
entitled ^' De Mundi Systemate, cum notis M. P. Rober-
val,"- Svo, which goes under the name of Aristardius ; but
it has been supposed to be a fiction. *
* Tabr. BiU. Graec.— <3eii. Dict-^Saxii Oaomasticon.
f ^aytew-*HotWa*i Math. PicU— Bailly'i Httt d« PAstronomie, 1779*
A R I S T E A S. 459
ARISTE AS, a prefect or oiEcer under Ptolemy Phila-
delphus, king of Egypt, who respected him on account of
his moderation and wisdom, is said to have been of Jewish
origin. Ptplemy is reported to have sent him to demand
of the high priest Eleazar, some learned men to translate
the Jewish laws from Hebrew into Greek, and Eleazar
complied by choosing seventy-two persons, who made the
translation known by the name of .the Septuagint. Aristeas
has the credit of having written the history of this trnnsla^
tion ; and there exists a work of the kind which bears his
name, entitled *^ Historia de S. Scripture interpretibos,'^
Qxon. 1692, 8vo, which was first published in the Bible
printed at Rome in 1471, 2 vols. fol. But archdeacon
Hody pubUsbed it, with a confutation, in his work entitled
f * De Bibliorum Textibus Originalibus," Oxon. 1705, fol;
Van Dale and others have taken tihe same side of .the ques«
tion, which is amply discussed in Hody, already mentioned,
and in Van Dale, ^* Dissert, sup. Arist." Amst 1704, 4to}
Prideaux's ** Connections ;'* Owen's " Inquiry into the
Septuagint Version ;'' Blair's ^^ Lectures on the Canon ;'^
Dupin's ^^ Preliminary Dissertation to the Bible;" Mi-^
chaelis's ^^ Introduction to the New Testament," &c. &c '
^ ARISTEAS, the Proconnesian^ an ancient Greek histo*
rian and poet, Bourished in the time of Cyrus and of Grce-
6us, about 5(55 years B« C. He is said to have written an
ppic poena, in three books, on the war of the Arimaspes,
or Scythian hyperboreans, which is now lost. Longinus
quotas six verses from it in hi^ treatise on the Sublime, and
Tzetzes six others. He had also composed a book on
Theogony, or the history of the gods, which is likewise
lost. Herodotus, Pliny, Pausanias, and Suidas^ relate the
grossest absurdities about this author, as, that his soul
could leave his body at pleasure, and that be wrote poems
after be was dead, &c. *
ARISTIPES (i£uus), the sophist, was a native of
Adriani, a small town in Mysia, and was disciple of Pole-
mon the rhetorician of Smyrna, son of Eodaimon, a philo«
sopher and priest of Jupiter in his own country, tie also
heard Herod at Athens, and Aristocles at Per^amus. He
is supposed to have flourished about the year 176 of the
Christian era. He appears to have been a good writer and
an able orator. He is credulous,_indeed, and superstitious,
' Qea. Diet— Sftxii Oaooiasticdi^ « Cka. Dict..«Fabr. Bibi, Grpo^
/
454 A R I S T I D E S.
but there are many excellent passages in his writings in
favour of truth and virtue, and he seems to have considered
private virtue as indispensable to public character, h
man of sUch eminence was no doubt an ornament to the
heathen religion ; and his eloquent hymns to the gods, and
his other orations, must have had powerful attractions.
To the city of Smyrna he was a great benefactor, for when
it was almost destroyed by an earthquake, he so pathetic
cally represented their calamities, in a letter to the empe^
ror Marci^, tlmt this prince could not forbear weeping at
ttome parts of it, and presently promised to restore the city.
Besides this letter^ he published a monody, beWailing the
unhappy circumstances of the people of Smyrna, and after
that wrote an oration, or epistte, in the year 173, congra-
tulating them on their restoration. In this last he cele->
brates not only the favour and liberality 6f the emperor,
but likewise the generous compassion of many others,
among whom Tilleroont thinks he glanced at the Christians.
Lardner has produced several passages from him, among
his ^^ Testimonies of ancient Heathens.*^ Aristides^s con-»
•titution was infirm, yet it is supposed he reached his six*'
tieth or seventieth year. The best edition of his works was
published by Dr. Jebb, 2 vols. 4to, Oxford, 1722 — 30.*
- ARISTIDES, surnamed The Just, one of the most
▼irtuous chaiacters in ancient history, was the son of
Lysimachus, and a native of Athens. He was educated
in the principles of Lyeurgus, the Lacedemonian legislator,
and had Themistocles for his rival. These two celebrated
men, although brought up from their infancy together,
discovered very different qualities as they advanced in
life. Aristides was all candour and concern for the public
good : Themistocles was artful, deceitful, and ambitious.
Aristides wished to remove such a character from any
tsbare in the government, but the intrigues of his enemy
prevailed so m as to procure the banishment of Aristides
vbotit the year 483 B. C. The practice of ostracism was
employed on this occasion, and it is said that a citizen who
did not know Aristides came to him, and asked him to
write the name of Aristides on his shell. Surprised at this,
he asked the man, if Aristides had ever injured him, — ^
** Not at all,'* replied the other, " but I am weary of hear^
, • •« •
> Fabric. Bibl. 6nBC.*«-Basntjr. Ann. 176.— Dr.Chapman'f Charge, p. 91.—
Tillemont.— Lardner.-*^xii Onomasticen.
f A R I S T I P E S. 4SS
ing him perpptually called The JusiJ*^ Aristides unmer
diatel}' wrote his uame on the ^shell, and gave it to th^
man? The Athenians, however, soon repented having
banished such a patriot, and recalled him, upon which h^
went to Themistocles, to engage him to act in concert for
the welfare of the state^ and his old enemy received this
offet with a better grace than bis character promised,
Aristides persuaded the Greeks to unite against the Per<f
§ians, and displayed his personal courage at the battles
of Marathon, Salami^, and Plataea. He besjfles; established
ft military chest for the suppprt of the wa,r, .ai^d the equity
with which he levied taxes f^r this purpose made his ad-
ininistration be termed djie golden age. He died so poor
that the repi^blic found it necessary to, defray the e:|cpeuces
of his funeralj and provide for his son and daughters. Th$
time of his de^tb is not known. ThemistocTes, Cimon^
und Pericles, filled Athens with superb buildings, vast
porticoes, and rich statues, bi^t Aristides adorned it by his
virtues. Such is the testimony ,of Plato, and of impartial
posterity. The nanjie of Jtcst was frequently confirmed tQ
tuiQ during bis life-time, and h^e appears by every testis
mony to have been a man of gr^eat and infiexible integrity^
Plutarch hints at the only bleipish in his character, when
be infbrms us th^t the enmity between him and Themis-
tocies began first in a love affair. *
ARISTIDES, an Athenian philosopher, became a conr
vert to Christianity in the second century, and wrote " An
Apology for the Christian faith," which, at the same time
-with Quadratu^, he presented to the emperor Adrian. It
is not now extsuit, but is mentioned by Jerom and by Eu*^
sebius who had probably seen it. Jerom adds, that after
lie was converted he continued to wear the habit of a phi-
losopher. He speaks very highly of the learning di$w
plfiyed in the '* Apology," which Justin iniitated in the
book be presented to Antoninus Pius, and his sons, and
(he Roman senate. '
AfllSTIDES, an eminent painter, was a native of
Thebes, and contemporary with Apelles, about the year
30Q pr 3^ B. C. His chef d'ocuvre was the sacking of a
towp. Mr, Fuseli gives a very high character of him and
of it. He applied the refinements of art to the mii^d. The
» Plutarch»s Lifts of Aristides. — Gen. Diet
» Gen. Did. — Lardner. — CaTf\ voi. I. — Sajcii OnomasUcoa.
45(9 A R I S T I D E Si
passions which history had organized for Timantbetf (an
illustrious predecessor) , Aristides caught as they rose from
the breast, or escaped irom the lips of nature herself : bis
volume was man, his scene society f he drew the subtle
discriminations of mind in every stage of life, the whis*
pers^ the simple cry of passion, and its most complex ac«'
cents. Such, as history informs us, was the suppliant
whose voice you seemed to hear, such his sick man's half
extinguished eye and labouring breast, such the sister
dyiqg for her brother, and above all, the half^slain mother
shuddering lest the eager babe should suck llie blood from
her palsied nipple. This picture was probably at Thebes,
when Alexander sacked that town : what his feelings were
when he saw it, we may. guess from his sending it to Pella.
Its expression, poised between the anguish of maternal
affection and the pangs of death, gives to commiseratioa
an image, whiqh neither the infant piteously caressing his
slain mother in the groupe of Epigonus, nor the absorbed
feature of the Niobe, nor the struggle of the Laocoon,
excite. — Euphranor the Isthmian, who excelled equally ast
painter and statuary, was the disciple of Aristides, and
carriedJthe refinements of expression still farther. Pliny
gives an account of the principal works of Aristides, a
great part of which were destroyed at the taking of Co-
rinth by the Romans. ]^ing Attains, having discovered
among the booty a B^cchiis painted by Aristides, offered
6000 sesterces for it, which Mummius the consul hear-
ing, got possession of th/s picture, and brought it to Rome,
When on his death-bed, Aristides began an Iris, which he
left unfinished, and which no painter of the age would un-
ARISTIDES QyiNTIUANUS, a writer on music, is
supposed to have lived about the beginning of the second
century of the Christian sera, a little before Ptolemy.
There are three books of his extant on Greek music, which
he treats sometimes mpr^ like a moralist than a professional
man, but affords many curious particulars and opinions on
the art as practised in his days. Dr. Bumey frequently
quotes his work, which was printed with notes, Gr. and
Lat. by Meibomius, among the ^^ Antiques musicse auc^
toreSf^ Amst. 1652, 4to. *
I Pttn. Nat. Hist. lit>. xxxy.— Fqseli'^ Lectures, p, 49.
. If 3k>|. yniyerielle.rrBurney's Hist. vol. If
A R I S T I ? P U S. 451
ARISTIPPUS, of Cyrene in Africa, dkciple of So-
crates, founder of the Cyrenaic sect, quitted Libya, the
Beat of his family, that he might go and hear Socrates at
Athens ; but he differed widely from the plan of wisdom
laid down by that great man. The basis of his doctrine was,
that pleasure is the sovereign good of man, and be made
no distinction between the pleasures of the soul and those
of the senses. He admitted of no certain knowledge, bnt
^at which we owe to the inward sentiment. ** We have,**
eaid be, ^* distinct ideas of pleasure and pain ; btft that
^hich causes the sensations 6f it is unknown, because we
sre perpetually deceived by the outward senses. The
-same person judges differently of an outward object, ac«
cording as he is differently affected. Of two persons who
taste of the same dish, die one shall find it insipid, and
the other agreeable. Consequently there is nothing cer«
tain in outward things, but only in what touches us inter-
nally. Of the different internal sentiments, some are
agreeable, others disagreeable, while others tCgain are in-
different. Nature abhors those which cause pain, and seeks
the sovereign good in those which occasion pleasure."
Aristippus, however, did not reject virtue ; but regarded
it only as a good, inasmuch as it produces pleasure. He
held that it was not to be sought after for itself, but only
upon account of the pleasures and advantages it may pro*
cure. In consonance with his principles, he denied him-
self nothing that could render life agreeable ; and, as he
was of a pliant and insinuating temper, and his philosophy
ieasy and accommodating, he had a great number of fol«
lowers. The nobles were fond of him ; Dionysius the ty-
rant courted him, and at his court be covered the cloak of
the philosopher with the mantle of the courtier. He
danced and drank with him, regulated the banquets ; and
the cooks took his orders for the preparation and the deli-
cacy of the viands. His conversation was rendered agree-
able by continued flashes of wit Dionysius the tyrant
having asked him, how it happened that the philosophers
were always besieging the doors of the great, whereas they
fiever went to the philosophers ? " It is," replied Aristip-
pus, *^ because the philosophers know their wants, and the
great are ignorant of .theirs.*' According to others, his
answer was more concise : ^^ Because the physicians usually
go to the sick." One day that prince gave him 'the choice
45* A » I S T S P P U 8.
i>f ihree courtesans. The philosopher took th^m all tbree^
#ayi^ : " That Paris did not fare the better for jbayu^g
proQQQQced in favour of one goddess against two otb^rs.^*
iHe tbent conducted them to the door of his house, and
there took leave of theoik. . Being rallied one day on hii^
intercourse with the wanton Lais : " It is true,", said hes^
^ that I possess her, but she possesses not me.'* On being
xeproaobed with living in too much splendour, he said»
'^ If indulgence in good living were blameable, y^ould sucb
great'feasts be made on the, festivals of the gpiis ?" *^ II"
Aristippns could be content to live upon vegetable^ (said
Diogenes the cynic to him), hjs would not stoop so-low af
to.p$ty his court to, prints.'*: " If be who condemns m^
i(repUed Aristippus.) yf9^, .qualified .to pay biis co\^rt to
|>rmce$, he would not be obliged to be content with vege-
tables;" On being Risked, ^^ What philosophy b^d, taught
hio>.?," " To live well^it^ all the world,, and to fear no-
thing." In what respect are philospphers superior to
otbex men ? *^ lii this," said he, <* that though tliere wer«
no laws, they would live as they do." On being rallied^
ixe used gently to withdraw. One day, however, he by
It^hom h/e .was :attacked pursued him, and asked him why
he went away ? " Because, as you Jaave a right to throw
jests at me, I Jiiave also a right not to stay till they reaob
xbe." It was one of bis. maxims, ; thsi^ it was better to be
pQor than igaorant, because tl>e poor man wants only to
h^ assisted with a little money, wherei^s the ignox^ut maa
i/vajfkts to be humanized,, One bragging that he had read
a great deal, Aristippus told him that it wa^ no sign of
good health to eat more than one can digest It is said
that he was the first who took payment of his disciples.
Having asked 50 drachmas of a father for the instructioa
Offhis son: ^^How, fifty drachmas I" exclaimed the man,
." I can buy a slave for that mjoney." " Well," replied
the philosopher* (who could assume the cynic as well as
the courtier) ^' buy onq, and theu thou wilt have two." —
Aristippus flourished about the year 400 B. C. He died
at Cyrene, on his return from the court of Syracuse. He
composed books of history and ethics, which have not
reached our timt^s. One on ancient luxury, mentioned by
|>iogenes Laertiu^, is certainly not.bis. He left a daugh?
^r named Arete, whom he carefully instructed in all the
parts X)f philosophy, who was of extraordinary virtue as
A R I S T I P P US. 48»
weU as beattty, and obtained a place among the chsB of
philosopbenr. ^
ARiSTOy a Greek philosopher of the Srtoic sect, vmm
a native of the island of Chios, and a disciple of Zeao, ftom
whom, however, he differed, and set op a new sect* He
rejected logic and natural philosophy, the otie as useless^
and the other as above the human comprehension. He
departed after some time from the precepts of morality^
and would have no relative duties taught, but merely ge^
neral ideas of wisdom. He held that the ' nature of God
was not iatelligible, and hence it has been thought that
he respected the contempbution of divine things. , He be«
came very voluptuous in his old age, as indeed he had be*
gun to be in his youth. His death is said to have been
occagioned by the sun scordiing his bald head. He flou-%
rished about 260 B. C. *
AKISTO, of Coos, a peripatetic philosopher, about
250 years B. C* has been praised by Cicero for the graces
of his.<»mtary, while he objects to him a want of philoso*
phic dignity. Athenaeus quotes a work of his, entitled
''Amatory Similes," which is not otherwise known.*
AKISTO -(Titus) was a Roman lawyer of great cele^^
brity, ijtpder the emperor Trajan, about the year ilO«
Pliny Uaji bestowed the highest praises on him, as excel-
ling in all manner of learning, public and civil law, history,
and antiquities, and not less estimable for his integrity
and personal virtuec. It is a considerable deduction ffon»
kn character, however, that he appears to have meditated
suicide during an illness, provided the pliysicians should
pronounce it incurable. He is said to have lived to an
extreme old age after this, but the fact seems doubtful^
and to have been the author of some books, which have
not descended to us, but are mentioned by Aulus Gellius.*
ARISTOBULUS, an Alexandrian Jew, and peripatetic
philosopher, who lived about 120 B. C. composed a com«
mentary in Greek on the Pentateuch, which he dedicated
to Ptolomy Philometor, His object in this voluminous
work was to prove that the ancient Greek poets and philo*
sophers had availed tliemselves of the books of Moses,
and thiU^ the Jews ^nd their history were not unknown t(M
the ancient Greek historians. To prove this, he forged a
number of quotations from these poets and historians, and
* Diosaief Laertius.>-^ Stanley. — Bracker. — Fenelon.-^Geii. Dkst.— Saxii
Onomasticoo. < Gen. Diet. — Stanley. — Brucker. 3 i^bjd. « cten, J)\tit^
460 A R I S T O B U L U S.
that so artfully as not only to impose on the fieithers of th*
church, but on many profane writers. Brucker informs
vs that he was an admirer of the Greek philosophy, and
itnited with the study of the Mosaic law, in the mystical
and allegorical method introduced in his time, some know«
ledge of the Aristotelian philosophy. ^
• ARISTOPHANES, a celebrated comic poet, was the
son of Philip, and probably an Athenian by birth ; but his
place of nativity has been contested^ his enemies endea«r
Touring to represent him as a stranger. He was contem*-
porary with Plato, Socrates, and Euripides ; and most- of
his plays were written during the Peloponnesian war. His
imagination was warm and Uvely, and his genius particu-
larly turned to iraillery : he had also great spirit and reso*
Jution, and. was a declared enemy to slavery, and to all
those who wanted to oppress their country. When the
Athenians suffered themselves in his time to be governed by
men who had no other view than to make themselves
saasters of the commonwealth, Aristophanes exposed their
artifices with great wit and severity upon the stage. Cleo
was the first whom he attacked, in his comedy of the
^^.Equites:" and when hone, of the comedians would ven-
ture to personate a man of his great authority, Aristo-
phanes played the cliaracter himself; and with so much
success, that the> Athenians obliged Cleo to pay a fine of
fire talents, which Were given to the poet. This freedom
of his likewise was so well received by the Athenians, that
they cast bandfuls of flowers upon his head, and carried
kim through the city in triumph with the greatest accla-
mation. They made also a public decree, that he should
be honoured with a crown of the sacred olive-<tree in the
citadel, which was the greatest honour that could be paid
to a cittsen. He described the af&irs of the Athenians in
so exact a manner, that bis comedies are a faithful history
of that people. Fot this reason, when Dionysius king of
Syracuse desired to learn the state and language of Athens^
Plato sent him the plays Of Aristophanes, telling him these
were the best representation thereof. He wrote above 50
comedies, but there are only 1 1 extant which are perfect ;
these are ^'Plutus, the Clouds, the Frogs, Equities, the
Acharnenses, the Wasps, Peace, the Birds, the £ccle«>
^azusflB or Female Orators, the ThesmophoriazusiB or
} Braclc«r. — ^Biog. Uniyerselle.^^Lud. Gasp. Valckeo»ru diatribe de Ariito«
^ok>Jud»0| LeydeDy 1806, 4to.
A R I S TO P H A N £ S. 461
Priestesses of . Ceres, and Lysistrata." The '^ Clouds,^
which he wrote in ridicule of Socrates, is the most cele^
brated of all his comedies : Socrates bad a coni:enipt for
the comic poets, and never went to see their plays, ex*
cept when Alcibiades or Critias obliged him to go thither.
He was shocked at the licentiousness of the old comedy ;
and as he was a man of piety, probity, candour, and wis-
-dom, could not bear that the characters of his fellow-citi*'
-sens should be insulted and abused. This contempt which
lie expressed to the comic poets, was the ground of their
aversion to him, and the motive of Aristophanes's writing
the ^' Clonds^' against him. Madam Dacier tells us, she
was so much charmed with this performance, that after
she had translated it, and read it over 200 times, it did
not become tedious ; and that the pleasure she received
fiom it was so exquisite, as to make her forget all the
contempt and indignation which Aristophanes deserved,
for emfdopng his wit to ruin a man, who was wisdom it-
•elf, and the greatest ornament of the city of Athens.
Aristophanes having conceived some aversion to the poet
Euripides, satirizes him in several of his plays, particu*
larly in his '^ Frogs*' and his ^^ Thesfxiophoriazusae." He
wrote bis ^* Peace" in the 10th year of the Peloponnesian
war, when a treaty for 50 years was concluded between
the Athenians and the Lacedsemonians, though it continued
but seven. The '' Acharnenses" was written after the
death of Pericles, and the loss of the battle in Sicily, in
order to dissuade the people from intrusting the safety of
the commonwealth to such imprudent generals as Lama-
fsbus. Soon after, he represented his *^ Aves" or Birds,
by which he admonished the Athenians to fortify Decelsea,
which he calls by a fictitious name Nepheloccoccygia.
Th^ *' VespsB,** or Wasps, was written after another loss
in Sicily, which the Atbenians^ suffered from the miscon^
duct of Chares. He wrote the '^ Lysistrata" when all
. Greece was involved in a war, and in this the women are
introduced debating on the affairs of the commonwealth,, and
come a resolution, not to cohabit with their husbands, till
a peace should be concluded. His <^ Plutus," ancl other
come<tie$ of that kind, were written after the magistrates
had given orders, that no person should be exposed by
mune upon the stage. He invented a peculiar kind of
verse, which was called by bis name, and i^ mentioned by
^^ A B ISTOP»ANES.
Cicero in . his ^^ Brutus ;'* and Suidas says, that he alsd
spFa# the inventor of the tetrameter and octaoieter Terse.
Amtophanes was greatly admired among Itheancietfts,
esfiecially for the true attic elegance of his style : ** It is,***
^ys madam Dacier, ^^ as agreeable as his wit ; for be^*
aides its purity^ force, and sweetness, it has a certain har-
xoony, which sounds extremely pleasaat to the ear : when
Jhe has occasion to use the common ordinai^y styl^ he
idces it without using any expression that is base and vuU
^ar ; and when he has a mind to express himself lofitily,
ia his highest flight he is never obscure." *^ Let no man/*
aays Scaliger, '^ pretend tb understand die Attic dialect,
who has not read Aristophanes : in him are to be found
all the Attic ornaments, which made St. Chrysostom so
much admire him, that he always laid him under his pillow
when he went to bed." Mr. Frischlin observes, that Plau«-
ttts has a great affinity to Aristophanes in his manner of ^
writiiig, and has imitated him in many parts of his plays:
Frischlin has written a vindication of our poet, in answer to
the objections urged against him by Plutarch. How gr^at
sUi opinion Plato had of Aristophanes, is evident even from
Plutarch's acknowledgement, who tells us, that this poet*^
Discoure upon Love was inserted by that philosopher
in his Symposium: and Cicero, in his fis^t book '^ De
legibus," styles him ^^ the most witty poet of ihe old
comedy." The time of his deadi is unknown ; but it is
certain he was living after the expulsion of the tyrants by
Thrasybulus, whom he mentions in his^ Plutus and other
comedies.
The editions of Aristophanes are extremdy numemus.
The first was that of Aldus, Venice, 1498, fol. in Gi«ek>
with the Scholia. The best since are, 1. Gr. & Lat. Am^
sterdam, 1670, 12mo. 2. Gr. & Lat. with Kusler^s notes,
Amst. 1710, fol. 3. With Bergler^s notes, ibid. 1760,
2 vols. 4to. 4. With Bruack*6 notes, Strasburgfa, 1783^
3 viols. 8vo. and soiQe copies in 4 vols. 5. That of InHser^
nizi, fitNBB a manuscript of the tenth ceittury fMmd tit
Ravenna, Leipsic, 1794, 2 vols. 4$vo. Most tk his ]^ytt'
have likewise been published separately, and the Plutua
and the Clouds have been often translated into Snglidij
the Plutus by Ramlolphe, 1651; H. H. B. 1650; Theo-
bald^ 1715; Fielding and Young; and the Clouds by
Stanley, Whhe, and lasdy by Mr. Cumberland in his'XA*
server ; who has given a masterly, although somewhat too
I
A R I S T O P H A >t E S. 4^
favourable deliheation of the personal history, connexions,
and dramatic' genius of Aristophanes. *
ARISTOTLE, the chief of the peripatetic pbilosd-
phers, and one of the most illustrious characters of ancient
Greece, was born in the first year of the ninety-ninth
olympiad, or 384 years before the Christian sera, at 8ta«
gyra, a town of Thrace, whence he is usually called the
Stagy rite. His father was a physician, named Nicomachus :
his mother's name was Pbsestias. He received the first
rudiments of learning from Proxenus, of Atarna in Mysia,
and at the age of 17 went to .Athens, and studied in the
^ school of Plato, where his acuteness and proficiency sfo
attracted the notice of his master, that he used to call
him ** The mmd of the school ;" and said, when Aristotle
happened to be absent, << Intellect is not here." His
works, hideed, prove that he had an extensive acquaint-^
f ance with books ; and Strabo says, he was the first person
who formed a library. At this academy he continued until
the death of Plato, whose memory he honoured by a
monument, an oration, and elegies, which contradicts the
report of his having had a difference with Plato, and
erecting a school in opposition to him, as related by^ Aris-
toxenus. At the time of the death of Plato, Aristotle was
in bis thirty-seventh year; and when Speusippus, the
nephew of Plato, succeeded him in the academy, our phi-
Ibsopher was so much displeased, that he left Athens, and
paid a visit to Hermias, king of the Atarnenses, who had
be^n his fellow- disciple, and now received him with every
expres4»ion of regard. Here he remained three years, pro-
secuting bis philosophical researches ; and when Hermias
Was taken prisoner and put to death, he placed a statue of
iiim in-the temple at Delphos, and married his sister, Who
wad now reduced to poverty and distress, by the revolutioh
which had dethroned heir brother. After these events,
Aristotle removed to Mitelene, wliere, after fie had resided
two years, he received -a respectful letter frotn Philip,
king of Macedon, who had heard of his great iame, re'<^
questing him to undertake the educatian of his son, Alex*
atider> then in his fifteenth year. Aristotle accepted the
charge^ and in 343 B. C, went to reside ih the court of
i^il^.
• Here be e^recuted his trust with so ipuch satis&ction to
, > G*ii. I)ict.«-Saxii Onomast,— Cumberland's Observer, No. 137-^1 40. «•
Biog. Uai^pselle.'—Dibdia's CUssics-^aud Clark's Bibliographical Dictionary.
464 A H 1 8 T O T L E.
^Philip, that be admitted him into his coofidence zxxi
couoselsji an advantage which Aristotle is said have em-*
ployed for the benefit of hid friends and of the pnbiic^
; without any selfish views. He gained likewise the entire
affection of his royal pupil^ whom he instructed in all the
learning of the age ; and whose studies he directed in con-
formity to the prospects of a young, spirited, and ambi-
tious prince. Immediately after the death of Philip, in
tl^e year 336 B« C. when Alexander formed the design oi
his Asiatic expedition, Arisitotle returixed to Athens, but
not before he had prevailed on Alexander to employ his
increasing power and wealth in the service of « philosophy,
by furnishing him, in his retirement) with the means of
enlarging his acquaintance with nature. Alexander ac^
cordingly employed several thousand persons in di£Eereot
.parts of Europe and Asia to collect animals of various kinds,
and send them to Aristotle, who, from the information
which this collection afibrded him, wrote fifty volumes, oa
the history of animated nature^ ten of which are still ex-
tant. But a dispute which took place between Callis-
thenes, Aristotle's nephew,, who had accompanied Alex-
ander, and that monarch, eventually produced a coolness,
if not a total alienation, between Aristotle and his royal
pupil.
Aristotle, upon his return to Athens, conceived the de«
sign of becoming a leader in philosophy, by founding a
new sect, and chose for his school, the Lyceum, a grove in
the suburbs of Athens, where be held daily conversation on
subjects of philosophy with those who attended him, walk-^
ing as he discoursed, whence his followers were called
Peripatetics. According to the long-established practice
of philosophers among the Grecians^ Egyptians, and othet
nations, Aristotle had his public and his secret doctrine^
the former of which he called the ^xpteric, and the latter
the AcroamatiC'Or Esoteric. -Hence he divided his auditors
into two classes, to one of which he taught his Exoteric
doctrine, discoursing on the principal subjects of log^c,
rhetoric, and policy ; the other he instructed in the Eso-
teric, or concealed and subtle doctrine, concerning Being,
Nature, and Gaod. His more abstruse discourses he de«
livered in the morning to his select disciples, whom he
required to have been previously instructed in the element
of learning, and to have discovered abilities and dispositions
suited to the study of philosophy. In the evening he de-
A H 1 S T O T L E. 499
livered lectures to all young men without distinction ; the
former he called his Morning Walk) the latter his Evemng
WaHc, and both were much frequented.
Aristotle continued bis scbool in the Lyceum tmsiw
years ;- for, although the superiority of his abilities^ and
the novelty of his doctrines, created him many rirals and
enemies, daring the life of Alexander> the friendship of
that prince, unbroken in this respect, protected him from
insult. But after Alexander's death, in 324 B. C. his ad-
versaries and rivals instigated Eurymedon, a priest, to
accuse him of holding and propagating impious tenets*
What these were we are not expressly informed ; but such
was the vigour of their prosecution, that he thought proper
to retire from Athens. Alluding to the fate of Socrates,
of which he appears to have been apprehensive, be told hi9
friends that he was not willing to give the Athenians an
opportunity of committing a second offence against philo-
sophy. He retired, accordingly^ with a few of his disciples,
to Chalcis, where he remained till his d^ath in S22 B. C.
in the sixty^third year of his age. Many idle tale^ are re-*
lated concerning the manner of his death. It is most likely
that it was the effect of premature decay, in con3equence
of excessive watchfulness and application to study. His
body was conveyed to Stagyra, where bis memory was ho«
noured with an altar and a tomb.
Aristotle was twice married ; first to Pythias, sister to
his friend Hermias, and after her death, to Herpilis, a na-
tive of Stagyra. By his second wife he had a son named
Nicomachqs, to wbom he addressed his ^* Great Morals."
His person was* slender; he had small eyes, and a shrill
voice, and when be was young, a hesitation in his speech.
He endeavoured to supply the defects of his natural form,
by an attention to dress ; and commonly appeared in ^,
costly habit, with his beard shaven, and his hair cut, and
with rings on his fingers. He was subject to frequent in*
dii^sitions, through a natural weakness of stomach; but
he corrected the infirmities of bis constitution by a tempe-*
rate regimen.
The character of Aristotle appears to be justly appre-
ciated by.Brucker, who observes, that some of Aristotle's
panegyrists, not contented with ascribing to him the virtui^
of a philosopher, or rather, perhaps, jealous of the credit
which heathen philosophy might acquire from so illustrious
Vol. U. H h
««« A R I S T O T L EL
^naoie, «baye ascribed iii» wisdom to divine revelation*
Th^ Jews. have said, that be gained liis philosopby in Judea^
and borrowed his oioral dootriae from Solomon, and have
Cf^eu ^asserted) that he was of the seed of Istael, and the
<rtbe pf . Benjamin. . Christians have assigned him . a place
amongst th^e who were superaatarally ordained to prepare
the way fox: divine revelation^ and have acknowledged
tbemsemsf jaddbted to the assistance of the Peripatetic
philosophj,. for the depth and accuracy of their acquaints
ance with the .sublime mysteries of religion. Others, who
have confined their enisomiumS' within theJimits of proba^
biiity, havasaad, that Aristotle .was an illustriaus pattern of
gtajtitude, Moderation, and the love of truth ; and in con*
firmation of this general pi^aise, have referred to his beha*
viour to his preceptor, hds friends, and his countrymen,
and to the celebrated apophthegm which has been com-
monly ascribed to bim : Amicus Plato^ amicm SoatLtes^
wagis tamaiL arnica. verUas ; -^ '^ I respect Plato, and I re-»
spec t Socrates, but I respect truth. still more.^' On the
other handy there have not been wanting writers who have
xepresented Aristotle as the most infamous of human be*
ings, find charged him with every kind of impiety and
wickedness. • Many of the calumnies against his memory,
whicli have been transmitted to posterity, doubtless origi-
nated in the jealousy and eirvy of the rival sects, which
were contemporaries with the Peripatetic school. To this
source may be fairly referred. the abuse of Timseus, the
Taucomenite, who says, that Aristotle, when he was a
young man, after wasting his patrimony in prodigality,
opened a sbop for medicine in Athens, and that he w^ a
pretender to learning, a vile, parasite, and addicted to
gluttony audi debauchery.
If, without regard to the fictions either oi calumny or
panegyric, the merit of Aristotle be w^ghed in the equal
balance of histoi^ical truth, it will, perhaps^ be foiind, that
neither were his virtues of that exalted kind which com*
mand. admiration, nor his faults so highly criminal as not
to admit of some apology. He may,, perhaps^ be justly
censured for having taught his pupil Alexaoder,^ principles
of morals and poUcy which were accommodated to the man^
#Mfrs of a court, and which might easily be rendered sub*-
servient to his ambitious views. . And it cannot be doubted
tl^at his philosophical doctrines concerning nature were not
A R I S T O T t fi. 4€9
ftivourable to tfie public forms of religion. But neither his
doctrine, nor his life, afford sufficient grounds for condehin*
ing him as the advocate of immorality or impiety.
As a writer, there tan be no doubt that Aristotle is en*
titled to the praise of deep erudition. At the same time it
must be owned, that he is frequently deserving of censure,
for giving a partial and unfair representation of the opi-
tiions of his predecessors in philosophy, that he might the
wore easily refute them ; and that hef seems to have made
it the principal object of bis extensive reading, to depre-
ciate the wisdom of all preceding ages. In short, whilst iil
point of genius we rank Aristotle in the first class of men,
and whilst we ascribe to him every attainment which, at the
period in which he lived, indefatigable industry, united
with superior abilities, cotild reach, we must add, that hi^
reputation in philosophy is in some measure tarnished by a
too daring spirit of contradiction and innovation; andifi
morals, by an artful conformity to the manners of the age
in which he lived.
To this general character by Brticker, it may bie added,
that no philosopher ever enjoyed so long a reign in the
schools, or came nearer to our own times in the extent of
his doctrine. The charm is, indeed, now broken: Christ-
ianity, the revival of letters and of sound learning since
the reformation, and especially the introduction of experi-
mental philosophy, have tended to lessen the value of the
labours of this distinguished philosopher. Much praise,
however, may be yet attributed to him, on permanent
ground. His Dialectics show how the reasoning faculties
may be employed with skill and effect ; his ten celebrated
Categories have not yet been conticted of great error, and
his political and critical writings have vc?ry recently ob-
tained the attention and approbation of some of our most
eminent scholars and critics. ^ ** Whoever surveys,** says
Dr. Warton, *^ the variety and perfection of his produc-
tions, all delivered in the chastest style, in the clearest
torder, and 'the most pregnant brevity, is amazed it the
immensity of his genius. His Logic, however neglected
for those redundant and verbose systems, iVhich took rise
from Locke's Essay on the Htfman Undferslind'ing^ is 'a
iliighty effort of the mind; in which are discovered the
principal sources of art and reasoning, and the depend-
ences of one thought on another; and where, by the dif-
fei^ent combinations he hath made of all the forms the
H II 2
46» ARISTOTLR
undentanding c^n assume in reasoning) which he hath
traced for it, he hath so closely confined it, that it cannot
depart from them, without arguing inconsequentially.
His Physics contain many useful observations, particularly
Jhis History of Animals. His Morals are perhaps the pureiit
system in antiquity. His politics are a most valuable mo-
nuqient of the civil wisdom of the ancients, as they preserve
to us the descriptions of several governments, and parti-^
cularly of Crete and Carthage, that otherwise would have
been unknown. But of all his compositions^ his Rhetoric
and Poetics are most complete : no writer has shewn a
greater penetration into the recesses of the human heart
than this philosopher, in the second book of his Rhetoric,
vdiere he treats of the different manners and passions that
distinguish each different age and condition of man } and
from whence Horace plainly took his famous description in
the Art of Poetry. La Bruyere, Rochefoucalt, and Mon«
taigne himself, are not to be compared to him in this re>*
spect. No succeeding writer on eloquence, not even Tully,
has added any thing new or important on this subject.
His Poetics seem to have been, written for the use of that
prince, with, whose education Aristotle was honoured, to
give him a just taste in reading Homer and the tragedians;
to judge properly of which was then thought no unneces*
sary accomplishment in the cbaract^ of a prince. To
attempt to understand poetry witholit having diligently
digested this treatise, would be as absurd and impossible,
as to pretend to'a skill in geometry without having studied
Euclid. The fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth chapters,
wherein he has pointed out the properest methods of ex-
citing t^ror and pity, convince us that he was intimately
acquainted with these objects, which most forcibly affect
the heart. The prime excellence of this precious treatise
is the scholastic precision, and philosophical closeness,
with which the subject is hajidled, without any address to
the passions or imagination. It is to be lamented that the
]Uirt of the Poetics, in which he had given precepts fur
comedy, did not likewise descend to posterity.''
But before mentioning the opiniods of modern critics, it
may be necessary to give some account of the various
writings of Aristotle, in which we shall partly follow Brucker,
who observes that many of his writings are lost: few of them
were made public during his life, and it was »not long after
his d^ih before spurious productions were mixed with bia
ARISTOtXE. 46*
genuine writings, sq that it became difficult to distinguish
thenu Those which are at present generally received under
bis name, may be classed under the several heads of Ixh
^icy Physics, Metaphysics, Mathematics, Ethics, Rhe""
toric, and Poesy. The Looical writings of Aristptle are
the " Categories," attributed by some to Archjftas, a Py-
thagorean ; ^^ Of the Explanation of Nouns and Verbs," a
work which explains the philosophical principles of gram*
piar ; " Analytics," including the whole doctrine of syllo*
gism and demonstration ; eight books of *f Topics," or
commpn places, from which probable arguments are to b«
drawn ; and *^ Sophistic Arguments^," enumerating the
several species of false reasoning. These logical pieces
are usually published in one volume under the general
title of the " Organon" of Aristotle. His Physical writ-
ings are, " On the Doctrine of Nature," explaining the
principles and properties of natural bodies ; " On Me-
teors;" "Of Animal Life;" "Physical Miscellanies;"
" On the Natural History of Animals ;" " On the Ana*
tomy of Animals ;" " On Plants ;" " On Colours ;" " On
Sound ;" " A Collection of Wonderful Facts ;" ^ Against
the doctrine of Xenophanes, Zeno, and Gorgias;" "On
the Winds ;" " On Physiognomy ;" and " Miscellaneous
Problems." The Metaphysics of Aristotle are contained
in fourteen books. Under the head of Mathematics, are
included " A Book pf Questions in Mechanics," and ano-
ther " On Incommensurable Lines." His doctrine of
Ethics is contained in ten books ^ To Nicomachus.'*
" The greater Morals ;" " Sev^n Books to Eudemus,'*
ascribed by some to Tbeophrastus ; a book ^^ On Virtue
and Vice;" two "On CBconomics;" and eight ** On
Government." He treats in three distinct books " On
the ai't of Rhetoric," and in another, " On the art of
Poetry."
. It has been doubted, howevi^, by many critics whether
all the works which bear his name are genuine. Brucker
has given an interesting account of the way in vriiich they
have descended to modern times, according to which it
appears, that they certainly have suffered much by the
ignorance of transcribers and the carelessness of editors.
A more obvious cause, too, of their inaccuracy} may be
found in the nature of many of Aristotle's writings, the
subjects of which are in the highest degree abstruse and
ilifficuk to be cQmprehen4edf > For an excellent analysis
/
47a A R rs T O T L E.
of his philosophy, we must riefer to Brucker, toI. I.
p. 268-— 288, which is illustrated by a profusion of refe-
rences to authors whose writings will furnish the curious
reader with every information be can desire.
The first, edition of Aristotle's works was in Latin by
Averroes, Venet. 1472 — 3, 4 vols. fol. The first Greek edi-
tion, usually reckoned the Editioprinctps^ is that of Aldus, in
six volumes, 1495, fol. which is very rare. His distinct
treatises have been published so often, that it is impos-
sible to enumerate them in this place, but the reader will
find a copious list in the Bibliographical Dictionary. The
best editions of the entire works are those of Casaubon,
Ludg. 1590, 1606, 2 vols. foL and of Duval, 2 or 4 vols.
fol. Par. 1629.
Although the philosophy of Aristotle no longer prevails
in schools and seminaries, the attention of the English
public has Utely been directed to the critical and political
works of the Stagyrite, by the translations and commenta-
ries of some eminent living scholars. With respect to the
^ Poetics," Dr. Warton's opinion will not be thought over-
charged, as that treatise has been revived with the eager-
ness of rivalship. The first English translation of the
^* Poetics," which is rather literal than elegant, appeared
in 1775, from an anonymous pen. In 1788, Renrj' James
Pye, esq. the present Laureat, published a translation
of the same in 8vo, and another came from fhe pen of
Mr. Twining in 1789, in 4to, the latter accompanied with
notes on the translation and original, and two dissertations
•on poetical and musical imitation. The appearance of this
very learned work induced Mr. Pye to revise his transla-
tion, and in 1792, he publislied in 4to, " A Commentary
illustrating the Poetic of Aristotle, by examples taken
chiefly from the modern poets, and a new and corrected
edition of the translation of the Poetic." In both these
works, the author aiid the subject are illustrated with great
ability.
Of Aristotle^s other writings, Mr. Ellis published the
<< Treatise on Government," 4to, 1778. In 1797 Dr. Gil-
lies made the English reader acquainted with *< Aristotle^s
Ethics and Politics, comprising his practical Philosophy."
This elaborate work was illustrated by introductory mat-
ter and notes ; the critical history of Aristotle's life, and a
new analysis of his speculative writings, the whole com-
prised ia SL vok. 4to» Itt 1801, Mr. Thomas Taylor pub^-
A R I S T O T L JB. 471
liahed a quatto volume of which we shall give onlj the
title,^ " The Metaphysics of Aristotle, translated from the
Greek ; with copious notes, in which the Pythagoric and
Platonic Dogmas respecting numbers and ideas are un- «
folded from ancient sources. To which is added, a dis-
sertation on Nullities and diverging Series ; in which the
conclusions of the greatest modern mathematicians on this
subject are shown to be erroneous, the nature of infinitely
small quantities is explained, and the to iv or the one of the
Pythagoreans and Platonists, so often alluded to by Aris-
totle in fehis work, is elucidated.'* Mr, Bridgman in 1804,
published a Synopsis of the Virtues or Vices, 8vo; and in
180.7, the same gentleman gave " The paraphrase of An-
dronicus Rhodius on the Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle,'-'
a work which we regret we had not seen while preparing
the article of Andronicus. As to the commentators on
Aristotle, they are so numerous as to include the learned
of all ages until within a century, and many hundreds are
noticed in this Dictionary. *
ARISTOXENUS, the most ancient musical writer of
whose works any remains are come down to us, flourished
in the fourth century B. ۥ He was born at Tarentum, a
cit}' in that part of Italy called Magna Graecia, now Cala-
bria. He was the son of a musician, whom some call
Mnesias, others Spintharus. He had his first education at
Mantinsea, a city of Arcadia, under his father and Lam-
pyrus of Erythrae ; he next studied under Xenophilus, the
Pythagorean, and lastly, under Aristotle. Suidas, from
whom these particulars are taken, adds, that Aristoxenus
took offence at Aristotle's bequeathing his school to Theo-
phrastus, and traduced liim ever after, but this has beeil
contradicted by other writers. His ** Harmonics," the
defects of which have been very ably pointed out by Dr.
Burney, are all that .are come down to us, and together
with Ptolemy's Harmonics, were first published by Goga-
vinus, but not very correctly, at Venice, 1562, 4to, with a \
Latin version, John Meursius next translated the three
books of Aristoxenus into Latin, from the manuscript of
Jos. Scaliger, but, according to Meibomius, very negli-
* Brucker. — Gen. Diet. — Stanley.— Fabric. Bibl. Gnec— Warton's E^ay on
Pope, vol. I. p. 168.— Feneton'8 Li vei of the Philosophers. — Saxii Onomasticon.
-— >for a most masterly defence of Aristotle, as far as now taught; in our univer-
flties, see chap. I. of a Reply to the CalumtuM of the Edinburgh Review
against Oxford, 8vo, 1^20. *
473 A R I S T O X E N U S.
gently. With these he printed at Ley den> 1616, 4to,
Nicomachus and Alypius, two other Greek writers on
music. After this Meibomius collected these musical
writers together, to which, he added Euclid, Bacchius ser
nior, Aristide^ Quintilianus ; and published the whole
with a Latin version and notes at the Elzivir press, Amst.
1632, dedicated to Christina queen of Sweden. Aris-
toxenus is said by Suidas to have written 452 different .
works, some of which are frequently quoted by ancient
authors. The titles of several of them, quoted by Alhe-
xiseus and others, have been collected by Meursius in his
notes upon this author, and by Tonsius and Menage, all
which Fabricius has digested into alphabeticaPorder. *
ARIUS, the founder of the sect of Arians, in the fourth
century, was a presbyter, probably a native of Alexandria,
and officiated in a church in that city, although it is not
certainly known in what capacity. It was, here, however,
that he first declared those doctrines which afterwards
rendered his name so celebrated, and which have de-
scended to our own times. In an assembly of the pres-
byters of Alexandria, the bishop of that city, Alexander,
in a speech on the subject of the Trinity, maintained,
among other points, that the Son was not only of the same
eminence and dignity, but also of the same esseme with
the father. This assertion was opposed by Arius, on ac-
count, as he pretended, of its affinity with the Sabellian
errors, which had been condemned by the church, and be
took this opportunity to assert that the Son was totally and
essentially distinct from the Father ; ,that he was the first
and noblest of those beings whom God the Father bad
created out of nothing, the instrument by whose subordi-
nate operation the Almighty Father formed the universe,
and therefore inferior to the Father both in nature and
dignity. What his opinion was concerning the Holy
Ghost, or the other doctrines connected with the orthodox
belief, is noj known. Alexander, hovvever, in two coun-
cils assembled at Alexandria, . accused him of impiety, and
caused him to be expelled from the communion of the
phurqh. This ^as in the year 319, or 320. The sentence
appears to have extended to expulsion from the city, upon
which he retired to Palestine, and wrote several letters to
J Morcri.— -Burney'p Hist of Masic.-r-Saxii Onomasticon,— Mahnc's Dift*
A R I U S. 47»
the most eminent men of the times, in favour of his. doc«
trine, and exhibiting himself as a martyr for truth.
Constantine, the emperor, at first looked upon tl4s con**
troversy as of trivial import, and addressed a letter to the
contending parties^ in which he advised them not to injure
the church by their particular opinions, but, finding this of
no avail, and observing the increase of the followers of
Arius, in the year 325, he assembled the famous council
of Nice in Bitbynia, in which the deputies of the church
universal were summoned to put an end to this contro-
versy. Here, after much debate, the doctrine of Arius
was cohdecuned, and himself banished among the Illyrians.
He and his adherents received also the opprobrious name
of Porphyrians, his books were ordered to be burnt, and
whoever concealed any of them were to be put to death*
This severity, however, rather repressed than abolished
the tenets, or lessened the zeal of Arius and his friends,
who regained their consequence by a trick which marks
the unsettled state of public opinion, and the wavering
character of the emperor Coastantine. A few years after
the council of Nice, a certain Arian priest, who had been
recommended to the emperor in the dying words of his
sister Constantia, found means to persuade Constantihe,
that the condemnation of Arius was utterly unjust, and
was rather owing to the malice of his enemies, than to their
zeal for the truth. In consequence of this, the- emperor
recalled him from banishment, about the yea? 328, re*
pealed the laws that had been enacted against him, and
permitted his chief protector, Eusebius of Nicomedia, and
his vindictive faction, to vex and oppress- the partizans of
the Nicene council in various ways. Athanasius, who was
now become bishop of Alexandria, was one of those who
suffered most from the Violent measures of the Arian
party, but invincibly firm in his principles, and deaf to
the most powerful solicitations and entreaties, he refused
to restore Arius to his former rank and office. On this
account he was deposed by the council held at Tyre in
the year 335, and was afterwards banished into Gaul, while
Arius and his followers were, with great solemnity, re-
instated in their privileges, and received into the commu*
nion of the church. The people of Alexandria, hqwever,
unmoved by these proceedings in favour of Arius, per-
sisted in refusing him a place among their presbyters ; on
which the eniperor invited him to Cdnstai^tinople in th«
474 A R 1 U &
year 336, and ordered Alexander, the bishop of that city,
to admit him to his communion ; but before this order
couki be .carried into execution, Arius died suddenly as
he %vas easing natu^'e. As this event happened on the
day appointed for his admission, his friends gave out that
he was poisoned; and his enemies, that lie diejd by the just
judgment of God. On the latter report, we need make no
remarlv but the accounts of his death by no means favour
the belief that he was poisoned. It is said that as he was
walking, he felt a necessity for retiring to ease nature, and
that in the operation his entrails fell out, but uo poison
^ould have produced an effect so violent without* having
produced other and previous effects on the stomach : of
his. having been so affected, however, or making any com-
plaint, we hear nothing, and as he was proceeding to the
»olepn act of being reinstated in the church, it is not pro-
bable that be felt any indisposition.
With respect to his. personal character, he is said to
have been grave and serious, yet a£lable and courteous,
mrith good natural parts, and no inconsiderable share of
secular learning of all sorts; he was particularly distin«
guished by his skill in logic, or the art of disputing. Dr.
Lardper, whom we follow in this part of the history of
Arius, says that he had at least the outward appearance of
piety, and that from all the authorities he was able to re-
collect, his. conduct Has unblameable, excepting what re-
lates to his zeal for maintaining his doctrines, and that he
is charged with dissembling bis real sentiments, upon some
occasions, when pressed hard by the prevailing power of
his adversaries. His character, however, as may be rea-
dily supposed, has been very differently represented by
his contemporaries, and will be raised or lowered by suc-
ceeding writers as they are more or less disposed to repre-
sent his doctrines as truth or error. His works do not ap-
pear to have been voluminous, though it is probable he
wrote many letters; we have still an epistle written by
him to Eusebius of Nicomedia, and another to Alexander,
bishop of Alexandria, between whom and him the contro-
versy first arose. He also wrote several little poeins, fitted
for the use of the common people^ in order to promote his
peculiar opinions. There is a book called Thalia attri-
buted to him by Athanasius, who speaks of it as being
written with softness, pleasantry, or buffoonery.
After the death of Arius, his party found a protector ia
A R I U 8. - 47S
Constantiusy who succeeded his father in the empjre of
the east. I'bey underwent various revolutions and perse--
cutions under succeeding emperors ; till^ at length, Theo-
dosius the Great exerted every effort to suppress thenu
Their doctrine was carried, in the fifth century, into Africa^
under the Vandals ; and into Asia, under the Goths : Italy,
France, and Spain were deeply infected with it ; and to*
wards the comnaencenient of the sixth century, it was tri-
umphant in many parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe : but.
it sunk^ ahnost at once, when the Vandals were driven out
of Africa, and the Goths out of Italy, by the arms of Justi-
nian. It revived again in Italy, under the protection of
the Lombards, in the seventh century, and was not ex-
tinguished till about the end of the eighth. Arianism was
again revived in the west, by Servetus, in 1531, for whicb
he suffered death. After which the doctrine became estab-
lished in some degree in Geneva and Poland, but at length
degenerated into Socinianism. Erasmus, it is thought,
aimed at reviving it, in his commentaries on the New Tes-
tament ; and Grotius seems to incline the same way. Mr.
Whiston was one of the first divines who revived this con-
troversy in the eighteenth century, and he was followed by •
Dr. Clarke, who was opposed by Dr. Waterland, his prin-
cipal adversary, and by Gastrell, Wells, Nelson, Mayo,
Knight, and others. Dr. Sykes afterwards seems to have
coincided with Dr. Clarke ; and of later days, Mr. Taylor,
author of the ** Apology of Ben Mordecai to his friend for
embraeing Christianity," Dr. Harwood, in his ^' Five Dis-
sertations,'' and Dr. Price in his " Sermons on the Chris-
tian doctrine,'' are the principal writers in favour of the
Arian doctrine. In some other hands it seems to have
passed, by a very easy transition, into the extreme of So-
cinianism.
Before closing this article, it may be necessary to men-
tion an elaborate work, by the late rev. Mr. John Whitaker, j
B. D. rector of Ruan Lanyborne, in Cornwall, entitled
*^ The Origin of Arianism disclosed," 17i)l, 8vo. In this,
the learned author endeavours to trace back Arianism to |
an earlier source than him from whom it derived its popular
name, and maintains that it originated with the Jews, in
the tiine of our Saviour, and that they, in the beginning
of the second centwy, forsook their ancient creed, which
was Trinitarian, and professed a new belief in the mere
47a A R I u s.
hnmanitj of the Messiah, which they transmitted after**
-ward both to Christians and Mahommedans. ^
ARKENHOLZ. See ARCKENHOLZ.
.^ ARKWRIGHT (Sm Richard), an eminent improver on
English manufactures, was a native of Derbyshire, and in
his early days, followed the humble occupation of a barber
at Wirkswortb, where, if we are not mistaken, his fiaitber
had carried on the same trade. About the year 1767, he
quitted both his occupation end residence, and went through
the country buying hair. Soon after he became ac-
quaii^ted with a mechanic, with whom in concert he con-
trived, or, from whom, as some think, he learned the
structure of a machine for spinning cotton, which after
various adventures, and incredible perseveraoce, he
brought to such perfection, as to become of the greatest
advantage to the commerce of his coufitry* He after*
wards erected cotton works at Crumford in Derby-
shire, and realized an immense fortune. In 1786, he
served the office of high sheriff for that county, and was
knighted on presenting an address to his majesty. He
died at Crumford, August 3, 1792. Various opinions
liave been entertained of his right to the honour of invent*
ing the machines by which he became enriched, and the
kingdom so essentially benefited ; but it is universally al-
lowed that he discovered that spirit and perseverance in
bringing them to perfection which were wanting in all
preceding attempts. *
ARLAUD (James Anthony), a celebrated painter, was
born at Geneva, May 18, 1668. He was originally edu-
cated for the church, but his inclination soon led hiin to
painting, in which he made a rapid progress. He painted
miniature with success, and when be came to Paris in 16BS^
he obtained the favour of the duke of Orleans, who chose
him for an instructor in the art, and gave him an apart*
paent at St. Cloud, that he might bo with him more fre*
quently^ , He was likewise highly favoured by the princess
Palatine, the duke's mother, who presented. him with her
own picture set with diamonds ; and also gave him recom*
mendatory letters to the court of Great Britain, particu-
1 Gen. Dlct.^-Mosbeitn and Mi1ner*s Church Histories. — Lardner.«-Jortin*i
Itemarkson Ecci. History, vol. III. — Supplement to ThoinasoA's Obiervatiouet
Jjaileoses, 1710, tn art De Aril aiorte.*-Cavey vol. h
« Gent. Ma|;. 17^2, &c. ♦
A R LAUD. 477
larly to the priflcess of Wales, afterwards queen Caroline*
Her portrait was universally admired, and celebrated by
several of the poets ; and, at his return to Paris, he was
loaded with presents, among which were many medals of
gold. Having copied a Leda, perhaps the famous Leda of
Corregio^ destroyed by the bigotry of the regent's son, all
Paris was struck with the performance. The due de la
Force gave 12^000 iivres for it, but being a sufferer by the
Missisippi (probably before the picture was paid for) re*
stored it to the artist with 4,000 Iivres for the use of it.
In 1721, Arlaud brought this masterpiece to London, and
sold a copy of it for 600/. sterling, but would not part with
the original While in England he received many medals
as presents,: which are still in the library of Geneva. ' Bat
Leda was again condemned to be the victim of devotion.
In 1738 Arlaud destroyed her himself in a fit of supersti-
tious piety, yet with such a degree of tenderness, that he
cut her to pieces anatomically : this was done at Geneva,
where her two hands are still preserved in the library.
McHis, de Ohampeau, the French resident, obtained the
bead and one foot ; but it is unknown what became of the
rest. These facts tie extracted from the poems of Mons.
de Bar, printed at Amsterdam in 3 vols. 1750.' In the
third volume is an ode to the Leda in question. The
painter died May 25, 1743.^
ARLOTTO, one of those buffoons who disgrace the
regular professions, was the curate of the parish of St. Juste
in Florence, in the fifteenth century. The name of his*
family was Mainardi, but he is generally known by that of
Arlotto. He acquired notice in his time by his jests and
wittioisms, some of which that have been transmitted to
us are upon subjects too sacred for ridicule or trifling.
After his death, a collection was published with the title
of ** Facetie piacevoli, Fabule e Motti del Piovano Arlotto,
Prete Fiorentino,'* Venice, 1520, 8vo, reprinted at Flo-
rence, 1568, 8vo. He died Dec. 16, 1483, in the 87th
year of his age, and was buried in a topfib which he had
erected in his life-time. He is said to have made a journey
to England in the^time of Edward V.*
. ARLUNO (Bernard), a noble Milanese, applied to the
study of law, and followed the profession at Pavia and
> Walpole's Works, vol. III.— Pilkingtou's Diet.— Biof , Univtrselje.
» Diet. Hist.— Biog. UniTcrselle.
47» A R L U N O.
Padua, He is the author of a " History of the Wars of
Venice," printed by Burmann^ and of another of his bative
country, which he left in inanqscript. The time of his
death is not ascertained, but it appears he flourished to-
wards the end of the fifteenth century. The works of his
brother Peter, a learned physician^ were published in folio,
atMilati, in 1539.* *
ARMELLINI (Mariano), a Benedictine monk, and vo-
luminous historian of his order, was born at Ancona, and
after being admitted into the ehnrch beeame an abbe. He
died in the monastery of Foligno, May 4, 1737. His
works are, 1. " Bibliotheca Benedictino-Casinensis,*' an
account of the livies and writings of the members of the
congregation of Mont-Cassin, 2 parts, fol. 1731, 1732.
2. *' Catalog! tres monachorum, episcoporum reforma-*
torum, et virorum sanctitate illustrium e congregatione
Casineosi," Assise, 1733, fol. The tiiird of these catalogues
was printed partly at Assise, and the rest at Rome, under
the title " Continuatio catalogi, &c." 1734. 3. <* Addi-
tiones et correctiones bibiiothecaB Benedicto^Casinertsis,"
Foligno, 1735, fol. Besides these he published, in Ita-
lian, a life of St. Margaret Corradi, in Italiail, 1726, 12mo>
said to be much inferior to what he Wrote afterwards. He
also left in manuscript, as the conclusion of his labours in
honour of the Benedictines, ^* Bibiiotheca synoptica or-v
dinis sancti Benedicti." *
ARMINIUS (James), founder of the sect of Arminians,
or Remonstrants, was born at Oudewater in Holland, 1560.
He lost his father in his infancy, and was indebted for the
first part of his education to a clergyman, who had ifnbibed
seme opinions of the reformed, and who, to avoid being
obliged to say mass, often changed his habitation. Armi-*
nius was a student at Utrecht, when death deprived him
of his patron, which loss would have embarrassed him
greatly, had he not had the good fortune to be assisted by
Kodolphus Snellius, his countryman, who took him with him
to Marpurg in 1575. Soon after his arrival here, he heard
the news of his country having been sacked by the Spa-
niards: this plunged him into the most dreadful affliction,
yet he visited Holland, to be himself an eye-witness of the
state to which things were reduced; biit haviiig found that
bis mother, his sister, his brothers, and almost all the in-
* Diet. Hist,—- Blo^. Uoiversellis. ^ Biogfaphie UDiverseile.
A R M I N I U S. 47»
Jiabitants of Onde-water, bad been murdered, he returned
to Marpurg. His stay here was, however, but short; for,
being informed of the foundations of the university of Ley-^
den, he went again to Holland, and pursued iiis studies at;
this new academy with so much assiduity and success, that
he acquired very great reputation. He was sent to Ge-
neva in 1^83, at the expence of the magistrates of Amster*
dam, to perfect his studies ; and beve he applied himself
chiefly to the lectures of Tlieodore B^za, who was at this
time explaining the £pistle to the Romans. Arminius had
the misfortune to ciisplease some of the leading men of the
university, because be maintained the philosophy of Ra«
mus in public with great warmth, and taught it in private :*
being obliged therefore to retire, he went to Basil, where
he was received with gr^t kindness. Here he acquired
such reputation, that the faculty of divinity offered him
the degree of doctor without any expence, but he modestly
excused himself from receiving this honour, and returned
to Geneva ; where having found the adversaries of Ramism
less violent than formerly, he became also more moderate.
Having a great desire to see Italy, and particularly to hear
the philosophical lectures of the famous James Zabarella,
at Padua, he spent six or seven months in the journey :
and then returned to Geneva, and afterwards to Amster«-
dam; where he found many calum'nies raised against him,
on account of his journey to Italy, which had somewhat
cooled the affections of the magistrates of Amsterdam, his
friends and patrons. He easily justified himself to some,
but others remained prejudiced against him. He was or-
dained minister at Amsterdam in' 1588, and soon distin-
guished himself by his sermons, which were so esteemed
for their solidity and learning, that he was much followed,
and universally applauded. Martin Lydius, professor of
divinity at Franeker, thought him a fit person to refute a
writing, wherein the doctrine of Theodore Beza upon Pre-
destination had been attacked by some ministers of Delft :
JBeza, and bis followers, represented man, not considered <
as fallen, or even as created, as the object of the divine
decrees. The ministers of Delft, on the other hand, made
thLs peremptory decree subordinate to the creation and
fall of mankind. They submitted their opinion to the pub-
lic, in a book entitled " An Answer to certain arguments
of Beza and Calvin, in the treatise concerniiig Predestina-
'tion, upoji fche ninth cjjapter of the Epistle to the Rom?i>ns:*'
48« A R M I N I U 9.
This piece/which contained several difficulties/ wilh vrbicU
(be doctrine of the divines of Geneva seemed to be etn*
barrassed, was transmitted by the ministers of Delft to
Martjn JLydius, who promised to write a reply ; but he
applied to Arminius to take this upon him. Arminius,
accordingly, at his earnest entreaty, undertook to refute
this piece : but, upon examining and weighing the argu-
ments on both sides, he embraced the opinions be pro-
posed to confute ; and even went farther than the minis*
ters of Delft. He was threatened with some trouble about
this at Amsterdam, being accused of departing from the
established doctrine ; but the magistrates q£ Amsterdam
interposing their authority, prevented any dissension. In
1603, he was called to the professorship of divinity at Ley-
den : he began bis lectures with three elegant orations ;
the first, Gf the Object of Theology ; the second. Of the
Author and End of it ; and the diird, Of the Certainty of
it : and then proceeded to the exposition of the prophet
Jonah. The disputes upon grace were soon after kindled
in the university, and the states of the province were forced
to appoint conferences betwixt- him and his adversaries.
Gomarus was the great antagonist of Arminius ^ but the
reputation of the latter was so well established, that he
was continually attended by a numerous audience^ who
admired the strength of argument and solid learning^'Mhich
he shewed in all his lectures : this exposed him to the
envy of bia bretbren, who treated him with great outrage.
In 1 607, he wrote an excellent letter to the ambassador of
the elector Palatine, to vindicate his conduct with regard
to the contests about religioti, in which he was engaged :
and the same year gave a full account to the slates of Hol-
land, of his sentiments with regard to the controverted
points. These contests, however, his continual labour,
and his uneasiness at seeing his reputation attacked in aU
quarters, threw him into a fit of sickness, of which he died
t^e 19th of October, lti09.*
His character has been represented in various lights, but
it appears upon the whole to have been without reproach.
Bertius, Curcellseus, Episcopius, and others, who were
bis followers, have amply vindyicated him ; but Hornbeck
and some of the Caivinistic writers represent him as an
apostate from his original principles. King James I. whose
authority may not perhaps be thought of much conse-
quence, reflected on him with great severity in his letter
A R M I N I U 6, ^ 481
to the States of the United Provinces in !6II. His prin-
ciples, however, obtained many friends in England, and
during the seventeenth century the divines of England
were in general attachied to them, particularly after the
time of Laud, and more openly after the restoration. ' Be-
fore this period, the Puritans, and aftervrards the Non-
conformists, adhered to the Calvinistic system. How far
the articles of the church of England belong to the one or
the other, has lately been the subject of a very elaborate
and learned controversy, of which some notice will be taken
under the article Calvin. In the mean time, we shall
^ate the distinguishing tenets of the Armiriians ; but it
must be remarked that among modern divines there are
many shades of opinion, which renders it difficult to lay
down any set of principles which shall be admitted by ge-
neral consetit. The Arminians, however, hold, That
God, from all eternity, determined to bestow salvation on
those whom he foresaw would persevere unto the end ; and
to inflict eVeiiasting punishments on those who should con-
tinue in their unbelief, and resist his divine succours ; so
that election is conditional, and reprobation, in like man-
fier, the result of foreseen infidelity and persevering
wickedness : That Jesus Christ, by his sufferings and
death, made an atonement for the sins of all mankind in
general^ awd of every individual iii particular: but that
»One except those who believfe in him can be partakers of
divine bckiefits : That true faith cannot proceed from the
exercise of our naftural faculties iand powers, nor from the
force dtid operation of free will; since man, in conse-
quence of bfe natural corruption, is incapable either of
thinking -ot doing any good thing: and that, therefore, it
is necessary, in order to his conversion and salvation, that
be be regenerated and renewed by the operation of th0
Holy Ghost, which is the gift of God through Jesus Christ :
That this divine grace or energy of the Holy Ghost begins
and perfects every thing that can be called good in man,
and consequently all good works are to be attributed to
God alone ; that nevertheless this grace is offered to all^
and does not force men to act against their inclinations,
but may be resisted and rendered ineffectual by the per-
>rerse will of the impenitent sinner : That God gives to the
truly faithful who are regenerated by his grace the means
of preserving themselves in this state,— or, according to
Hie more modern Arminians* th^ regenerate may lv%^
Vql. II, 1 1
X
482 A R M I N I U S.
true juslkfyii^g fmith, fall from a state of grace^ and die in
their sins.
The titles of Arminius^s writings are as follow : 1. •* Dis^
putationes cl« diversis Christianse retigionis capitibus.''
^. **Orationes, itenique tractatus insigniores aliquot/'
3, " Examen modesti Jibelii Gulielmi Perkinsii, de prae-
destinationis modo et ordine, itenique de anaplitudine gra-
tisB divinue/^ 4. *' Analysis capitis noai ad Romanos.^'
5. ^^ Dissertatio de vero et genuino seusu capitis septimi
EpistolsB ad Komanos." 6. ^' Arnica coUatio cum D*
Francisco Junio de prxdestinatione per literas babita.'*
7. " Epistola ad Hippolytum a coUibos." These were
printed in 1629, at Leyden^ and in 161^5 at Francfort, 4to^
and often afterwards. *
ARMSTRONG (John), an English pbysician andpoet,
was born in the parish of Castleton in Roxburghshire,
where his father and brother were clergymen ; and having
completed his education at the university of Edinburgh^
took his degree in physic^ Feb. 4, 1732*, with much re-
putation. His thesis De Tabe purulente was published as
usual. lie appears to have courted the muses while a stu-
dent. His descriptive " sketch in imitation of Shakspeare
was one of his first atteinpts, and received the cordial ap-
probation, of Thomson, Mallet, and Young. Mallet, he
informs us, intended to have published it> but altered his
mind. His other imitations of Shakspeare were part of
an unfinished tragedy written at a very early age. Much
of his time, if we may judge from his writings, was de-?
voted to the study of pohte literature, and although he
cannot be said to have entered deeply into any particular
branch, he was more than a superficial connoisseur in
painting, statuary, and music.
At what time he came to London is uncertain, but in
1735, he published an octavo pamphlet, without his name,
entitled, " An Essay for abridging the study of physic : to
which is added a Dialogue between Hygeia, Mercury^ and
* Three- days after he sent a cop/ written by him in 1744, on theslcftles*
of bis thesis to sir Hans Sloane, ac- cent disposition of • animal fluids^
corot>anied by a handsome Latin let- which appears to bare been read \%
Ut, now ill tl)e British MuseuQu. There the Royal Society, but not published.
\% also in the same repository a paper
• > Gen. Diet.— Mosheim*— -Saicii OuomasticoD.-<-Brantii Vita Arminii, 17£4>
8vo ; .also his liistory of the Reformation. Tlie principal Anninian writers hav^
been Episcopius, Vorstius, Grotius, Curcelleus, Limborck, Le Clerc» Wetstein,
<tloodwin, Whitby, Taylor, &c. &c. and in particular, tbe ^lebrat«d JohB
Wetley, who founded his sect upon Aaniiuaa priaciplos* *
AJlMSTRONQ. 483
t^Iuto, relating to the practice of physic, a^ It is liianaged.
by a certain illustriaus society :. as also aa Epistle from
Usbech the Persian, to Joshua Ward, esq.'* . It is dedi-
cated to the Antacademic philosophers, to the generous
despisers of the schools, to the deservedly-celebrated
Joshua Ward, John Moor, and the rest of the numerous
sect of inspired physicians. The essay, which has beeu
lately reprinted in Dilly's Repository, is an humorous at«
tack on quacks and quackery, with allusions to the neg<*
lect of medical education among the practising apothe-
caries ; but the author bad exhausted his wit in it, and the
dialogue and epistle are consequently flat and insipid.
In 1737, he published " A synopsis of the history and
cure of the Venereal disease," probably as an introduction
to practice in that lucrative branch ; but it was unfortu-
nately followed by his poem " The CEconomy of Love,"
which, although it enjoyed a rapid sale, has been very
properly excluded from every collection of poetry, and
is supposed to have impeded his professional care^. In,.
1741, we find him. soliciting Dr. Birch's recommendation
to Dr. Mead, that he might be appointed physician to the
forces then going to the West Indies.
His celebrated poem, *^ The Art of preserving Health,"
appeared in 1744, and contributed highly to his fame as a
poet. Dr. W^rton, in his Reflections on didactic poetryi
annexed to. his edition of Virgil, observed that " To de-
scribe so difficult a thing, giacefuUy and poetically, as
the effects of distemper on the human body, was reserved
for Dr. Armstrong, who accordingly hath nobly executed
i.t at the end of the third book of his Art of preserving
Health, where he hath given us that pathetic account of
the sweating sickness. There is a classical correctness
and closeness of style in this poem that are truly admi-
rable,, and the subject is raised and adorned by number-
less poetical images .'' Dr. Mackenzie, in his History of
Health, bestowed similar praises on this poem, which was
indeed every where read and admired.
In 1746, he was appointed one of the physicians to the
hospital for lame and sick soldiers behind Buckingham^
bouse. In 175 1 , he published his poem on ^^ Benevtip*
ence,*' in folio, u production which seems to come from
the heart, and contains, sentiments which could haye beea
i^xpressed with equal ardomr only by one who felt them.
His " Taste, an epistle to a young critic," 1753, is a lively
112
4S4 ARMSTRONG.
and spirited imitation of Pope, and the first production in
which our author began to: view men and manners with a
splenetic eye. In 1758, he published "Sketches, or
essays on various subjects," under the fictitious name of
Lancelot Temple, esq. In some of these he is supposed
to have been assisted by the celebrated John Wilkes, with
whom he lived in habits of intimacy. What Mr. Wilkes
contributed we are not told, but this gentleman, with all
his moral failings, had a more chaste classical taste, and a
purer vein of humour than we find in these sketches,
wliich are deformed by a perpetual flow of affectation, a
struggle to say smart things, and above all a most disgusting
repetition of vulgar oaths and exclamations. This prac-
tice, so unworthy of a gentleman or a scholar, is said to
have predominated in Dr. Armstrong's conversation, and
U not Unsparingly scattered through all his works, with
the exception of bis " Art of preserving Health.** It in-
curred the just censure of the critics of his day, with whom,
foi^ this reason, he could never be reconciled.
In 1760, he was appointed physician to the army in
Germany, where in 1761 he wrote a poem called ** Day,'*
addressed to Mr. Wilkes^ It was published in the same
year, probably by some person to whom Mr. Wilkes had
lent it. The editor, in his prefatory adviertiseinent, pro-
fesses to lament that it is not in his power to present the
public with a more perfect copy of this spirited letter. He
ventures to publish it exactly as it came into his hands,
without the knowledge or consent of the author, or of the
gentleman to whom it is addressed. His sole potive is to
communicate to others the pleasure he has received from
a work of taste and genius. He thinks himself secure of
the thanks of the public, and hopes this further advantage
will attend the present publication, that it will soon be fol«
lowed by ^ correct and complete edition from the authors
Vn manuscript
All this is somewhat mysteridus, but there will not, how*
(^er, be (Duch injustice in supposing that Mr. Wilkes con-
teyed to t^e presi as much of this epistle as he thought
would do credit to the author, and to himself. It is cer-*
tain the pbem was published by Andrew Millar, who was
well acquainted with Dr. Armstrong, and would not have
joined in any attempt to injure his fiime or property. The
poem contains many istriking allusions to manners and ob-
jects of ta&te, but the versification b frequently careless ;
i
ARMSTRONG. 485
the author did not think proper to add it to his collected
works, nor was it ever published in a more correct form.
In this poem he was supposed to reflect on Churchill,
but in a manner so distant that few except of Churchill's
irascible temper could have discovered any cause of offence.'
This libeller, however, retorted on our author in ** The
Journey," with an accusation of ingratitude, the meaning,
of which is said to have been that Dr. Armstronjo: forsrot
certain pecuniary obligations he owed to Mr. Wilkes.
About the same time a coolness took place between Dr.
Armstrong and Mr. Wilkes on political grounds. Arm-
strong not pnly served under governmeut, as an army
physician, but he was also a Scotchman, and could not
help resenting the indignity which Wilkes was perpetnallj^
attempting to throw on that nation in his North Briton.
On this account they appear to have continued at variance
as late as the year 1773, when our author called Wilkes to
account for some reflections on his character which he sus*
pected he had written in his favourite vehicle, the Public
Advertiser. The conversation which passed on this occa-
sion ' was lately published in the Gentleman's Magazine
(1792), and is said, to have been copied from minutes taken
the same afternoon, April 7, 1773, and sent to a friend :>
but as the doctor makes by far the worst figure in the dia-
logue, it can be no secret by whom the minutes were
taken, and afterwards published.
After the peace. Dr. Armstrong resided some years in
London, where his practice was confined to a small circle,
but, where he was respected as ams^n of general knowledge
and taste, and an agreeable companion. In 1770, he
published two volumes of " Miscellanies," containing the
articles already mentioned, except the (Economy of Love
(an edition of which he corrected for separate publication
in 1768), and his Epistle to Mr. Wilkes. The new articles
were the Imitations of Shakspeare and Spenser, the Uni-
versal Almanack, and the Forced Marriage, a tragedy,
which was offered to Garrick about the year 1754, and re-
jected. A second part of his Sketches was likewise added.
to these volumes, and appeared to every delicate and ju*
dicious mind^, as rambling and improper as the first
In 1771 he published another extraordinary effusion of
spleen, under the title of " A short Ramble through some
parts of France and Italy," under his assumed name of
Lancelot Temple. This ramble he took in company with
486 A R M S T R O N a
Mr. Fuseli, the celebrated, painter, who speaks highly in
favour of the general benevolence of his character. In
}773| under his own name, and unfortunately for his re-
putation, appeared a quarto pamphlet of " Medical Essays,'*
in which, while he condemns theory, he plunges into all
^e uncertainties of theoretical conjecture. He complains,
likewise, in a very coarse style, of the neglect he met with
as a physician, and the severity with which he was treated
as an author, and appears to write with a temper soured by
disappointment in all his pursuits.
He died at his house in RusseUstreet, Covent- garden,
on Sept 7, 1779. His death was attributed to an accidental
contusion in hi^ thigh while getting into the carriage which
brought him to town from a visit in Lincolnshire. To the
surprize of his friends, who thought that poverty was the
foundation of his frequent complaints, he left behind him
more than three thousand pounds, saved out of a very mo-(
derate income arising principally from his half- pay.
His character is said to have been that of a man of learn-
ing and genius, of considerable abilities in his profession,
of great benevolence and goodness of heart, fond of as-
sociating with men of parts and genius, but indolent and
inactive, and therefore totally unqualified to employ the
means that usually lead to medical employment, or to
make his way through a crowd of competitors. An inti-
mate friendship always subsisted between him and Thom-
son the poet, as well as other geiltlemen of learning
and genius ; and he was intimate with, and respected by
sir John Pringle, at the time of his death. In 1753, Dn
Theobald addressed two Latin Odes, " Ad ingenuum vir
rum, tum medicis, turn poeticis facu}t£^tibus praestantem^
Joannem Armstrong, M. D.''
Dr. Armstrong's faipe as a poet must depend entirely on
Jiis " Art of preserving Health,'* which, although liable
to some of the objections usually offered against didactic
poetry, is yet free from the weightiest ; and in this respect
he may he deemed more fortunate, as he certainly is su-
perior to Phillips, i)yer, and Grainger. The art of pre-
serving health is -^o different from those afts which are me-,
chanicat, that his muse is seldom invited to an employment
|)eneath her dignity ; the means of preserving health
are sp intimately connected with mind, and depend so
much on philosophy, reflection, apd observation, that the
author has full scope for the powers of fancy, and for many.
A R M S T R O N a 4S1
*f those crnamerital flights which are not only pJeasing,
but constitute genuine poetry. In considering the varieties
6f iiir and exercise, he has seized many happy occasion^
for picturesque description, and when treating on the pas-
sions, he' has many striking passages of moral sentiment,
which ^re vigomus, jt>st, and impressive. In Book II. on
diet, we di€cover more judgment than poetical inspiration,
and he -seems to be aware tlmt the subject had a natural
tendency to lower his tone. He seems, therefore, intent in
t\m book principally to render useful precepts familiar,
and, if possible, to make them take hold of the imagination.
There are, however, descriptive passages even here that
are very grand. It would, perhaps, be difficult to select
an image more finely conceived and uniformly preserved,
than where he inculcates the simple precept that persons
who have been exhausted for want of food ought not to
indulge when plenty presents itself.*
AllNALD (Richard), an English divine and commen-
tator, was borli at London, educated at Bishop Stortford
school, and admitted a pensioner of Bene't college, Cam-
bridge, in 1714, under the tuition of Mr. Waller. After
taking the degree of B. A. being disappointed of a fellow-
ship, be removed to Emanuel College, March 10, 1718,
where he proceeded M.A. and was elected fellow in June
24, 1720. He commenced B. D. seven years after, as the
statutes of that house required, and continued there till
the* society presented him to the rectory of Thurcaston in
Leicestershire. Whilst fellow of that college, he printed
two copies of Sapphics on the death of king George ; a
sermon preached at Bishop Stortford school-feast, August
3,1726; and* another at the archdeacon's visitation, at
Leicester, April 22, 1737. A third, preached at Thur-
castOD, October 9, 1746, was published under the title of
^* The Parable of the Cedar and Thistle, exemplified in
the great victory at CuUoden," 4to, In 1744 he published
his celebrated " Commentary on Wisdom,'* in folio; that
on " Ecclesiasticus," in 1748 ; on *-Tobit," &e. and an-
other on the Daemon Asmodeus, translated from Calmet>
in 1752. He married a daughter of Mr. Wood, rector of
. 1 Johnson and Chalmers's English Poets. — Nichols's Life of Bowyer, vol. II.
p. 307. — Qtnt. Mag. vol. LXII. p. 33. — Biographia Uraniatica. — Forbes's Life
of Beaitie. — Dilly's Repository, vol. HI. p. V2b. — LoniOrford's Work*, vol. V.
p. 25. "—Bos well's Life of Johnson. -^Eb'say by Dr. Aikin, prefixed to an oroa^
xa«;iiied edtUoa of the Art of preserving Health, 179^.
48S A R N A L D.
Wilford, near Nottingham ; and died Sept. 4, 1756. Hi*
widow survived him till Apri. 1 1, 1782.
Dr. Hurd (late bishop of Worcester) patronized bis soa
(Dr. William AuNAJLD), a fellow of St. John's college, who,
by his favour and recommendation, became sub-preceptor to
the prince of Wales and duke of York in 1776, and after-?
wards canon of Windsor, and praecentor of Lichfield. He
died in 1802, after having been for twenty years confined
through insanity. He was much respected by his friendsi
before this awful visitation, and they paid him every af-»
fectionate attention which his situation could admit. ^
ARNALDO (Peter Anthony), was born in 163^8, at
Villa Franca in the province of Nice, and in his seventeenth
year began the study of theology at the college of Brera
iu Milan, where he obtained his doctor'^ degree, and was
afterwards appointed apostolic prothonotary. The time of
his death is not mentioned. Besides some devotional
works, he published, 1. ^^ Un Discours sur i'inauguration
du pape Alexandre VII. et un Eloge de Peveque de Nice.'?
2. " Honorato II. principi Monacaeo, &c. poeticae gratula-
tiones," Milan, 4to. 3. " La gloria vestita a lutto per la
morte di Carlo Emmanuelle II. duca di Savoia," Turing
1676, 4to, a poem in the ottava rima. 4. ** II Giardin del
Piemonte oggi vivente nell' anno 1673, diviso in principi,
dame, prelati, abati, cavalieri, ministri, &c." Turin, 1683|
8vo, a collection of odes and sonnets in compliment to the
principal personages of the court of Turin at that time. '
ARNALL (William), a political writer of considerable
note during the administration of sir Robert Walpole, was
originally bred an attorney, but began at the early age of
twenty, to write political papers, and succeeded Contanen
in the British Journal. His principal paper was the " Free
Briton,'* under the assumed name of Francis Walsingham,;
esq. in defence, of the measures of sir Robert Walpole, into
whose confidence he appears to have crept by every ser-»
vile profession,, and according to the report of the secret
committtee, he received no less than 10,9^7/. 6s. Sd. from
the treasury ; but this seems improbable, unless, perhaps,
he acted as paymaster*general to the writers on the same
side. He is said to have enjoyed for himself a pension of
400/. per annum, which, we may suppose, ceased with
1 Masters*s Hist, of Corfius Cbrist. Cam.— J^^ichols's History of leicesterehirc,
part V. art. TbafcaBton.«-^6eat* Mag* 1802,
' * Biog, Universellc,
A R N ALL* 4im
the reign of his patron. Dr. Warton thinlcs Arnall had
great talents^ but was vain and careless, and after having
acquired sufficient for competence, if not for perfect ease^
he destroyed himself, having squandered as fast as he re«
ceived. He is said to have died about 1741, aged twenty**^
six, but other accounts say July 1736. Of his talents^ we
can form no very high opinion from his writings, and, as
Mr. Cose has justly observed of sir Robert Walpole's
writers in general, they were by no means equal to the
.task of combating Pulteney, Bolingbroke, and Chester--
field, those Goliaths of opposition. Mr. Arnall wrote the
♦* Letter to Dr. Codex (Dr. Gibson), on his modest in-
structions to the crown," in the case of Dr. Rundle, ap-
pointed bishop of Londonderry : " Opposition no proof of
Patriotism ;" " Clodius and Cicero," and many other tract»
on political and temporary subjects. *
ARNAUD DE Meyrveilh, or Mereuil, a poet of
Provence, lived at .the beginning of the thirteenth cen-*
turyt Having made some progress in learning, he thought
it necessary to travel, and studied particularly the Pro-
vengal language, which was then most esteemed by those
who were fond of poetry and romances. He entered into
the service of the viscount of Beziers, who was married to
%he countess of Burlas, with whom Arnaud fell violently in
love. He durst not, however, declare his passion ; and
several sonnets which he wrote in her praise, he ascribed
to others : but at length he wrote one, which made
such an impression on the lady, that she behaved to him
with great civility, and made him considerable presents.
He wrote a book intitled " Las recastenas de sa comtessa ;'*
and a collection of poems ^nd sonnets. He died in 1220;
Petrarch mentions him in his " Triumph of Love." *
ARNAUD (Francis), a French miscellaneous writer of
considerable note, was born at Aubignan, near Carpentras,
July 27, 1721, and afterwards became an ecclesiastic. In
1752 he came to Paris, and in 1762 was admitted into the
Academy of Inscriptions and Belies Lettres. He was for
some time attached to prince Louis of Wirtemberg, after^
^ards sovereign of that duchy, but then in the service of
France. The advocate Gerbier, his friend, having in 1765,
> Notes on the Dunciad.— Coxe's Memoirs of Sir R. Walpole Maty's Miwel-
laoeouB Works of Chesterfield. One of Arnall^s Tracts, entitled " The Com-
plaint of the Children of Israel,'* is in vol. IV. of the coUectieti called " Tbtf .
Pillars of Priestcraft and Orthodoxy shaken/* 4/:fc^/JU^ii< ^^A^rf f>4i^9»^r-
« Geb, I>ict.*-Bi05. UniveraeUe. k-lUm . U. ft* f^S. wW;/. ^7^
490 A R N A U^.
gained an important cause for the clergy of France agaii\st
the Benedictines, he demanded, as his reward, that Ar*
Daud should be placed at the head of the abbey of Grand-
ehamp. In 1-771 he was elected a member of the French
academy, and became librarian to Monsieur, with the Ve-
▼ersion of the place of historiographer of the order of St.
Lazarus. He died at Paris Dec. 2, 1784. The abb^ Ar-
naud was a man of learning, ,much information, and taste,
but too much a man of the world, and too indolent, to give
bis talents fair play. His " Lettre sur la Musique, au
Comte de Caylus," 1754, 8vo, which made him first known
to the learned world, and has been generally praised, was
little more than the prospectus of a far larger work on thie
music of the ancients, but be never could bring himself to
execute his plan, and for the rest of his life employed his
pen only on occasional papers and essays. Being a warm
admirer of Gluck, when the disputes took place in 1777
respecting music, he wrote in the Journal de Paris a con-
siderable number of articles in favour of German music,
and against Marmontel, who patronized Piccini ; and in
concert with his friend M. Suard, edited *' L'Histoire an-
cienne des peuples de TEurope par de Buat," 1772, 12
vols. 12mo. He assisted also in the following works:
1. " Journal Etranger,'* with M. Suard, from Jan.' 17 60 to
March 1762. The complete work consists of 54 vols. 12mOy
beginning 1754. Suard and he afterwards quitted it to
translate the Gazette de France. 2, " Gazette litteraire
de PEurope," also with M. Suard, 1764 — 1766, 8 vols. 8vo.
^ 3. " Varietes litteraires, ou Recueil des pieces tant origi-
liales que traduites, concernant la philosophic^ la littera-
ture, et les arts," 1768 — 1769, 4 vols. 12mo. This con«
sists of the best pieces from the two first mentioned jour-
nals; and M. Suard's " Melanges de litterature," 1803 — 4,
5 vols. 8vo, may be considered as a new edition, but with*
many additions and omissions. It is in the " Varietes'*
only, that we find Bissy's translation of Young's Night
Thoughts. 4. " Description des principales pierres grav6es
du cabinet du due d'Orleans,'* 1780, 2 vols. fol. Aruaud
compiled the articles in the first volume of this magnificent
work : the second hears the names of the abb6s de la Chau
and le Blond. 5. Various dissertjitions in. the '•' Memoires
de TAcademie des inscriptions," collected and published
under the title of " CEuvres conipletcs de Tabbe Arnand,"
1808, 3 vols, 8vo, but incorrectly printed. The ^' Me-
I
A R N A U D, m
moires pour servir a Phistoire <le la revolution oper^e dans
}a Musique par le chevalier Gluck/' 1781| 8vo, attributed
to our author, was written by the abbd le Blond. Arnaud
was well acquainted with ancient literature, and improved
his style, which, however, is not quite pure, by th^ study
of the best ancient writers. Although at first an enemy to
the new philosophy introduced in France, he was after*
wards ranked among its supporters, but did not live to
witness its consequences. ^
ARNAUD (Francjs Thomas Marie de Baculard d'),
a miscellaneous French writer, was born at Paris, Sept.
15, 1716, of a noble family originally from the comtat
Venaissin. He had his education among the Jesuits at
Paris, and discovered early symptoms of genius, having
written some tolerable verses at the age of nine. He com-
posed also in his youth three tragedies, none of which were
acted ; but one, on the subject of admiral Coligni's mur-
der on St. Bartholomew's day, was printed in 1740. These
works recommended him to Voltaire, who gave him advice
and pecuniary assistance in his studies. Some of his early
productions were also favourably noticed by Frederick, king
of Prussia, who invited him to Berlin, and in some verses,
called him his Ovid. This compliment, however, ex<;ited
only the ridicule of the wits; and after residing about a
year at Berlin, he went to Dresden, where he was ap-
pointed counsellor of legation. A wish to revisit his coun-
try, and an invita.tion from the nephew of marshal Saxe^
determined him to return to Paris, where he lived many
years, enjoying a large circle of acquaintance, from whom
he retired by degrees to have leisure for the composition of
bis numerous works. During the reign of terror he was
sent to prison, and on his liberation was exposed to great
distresses from want of oecoriomy, although not illiberally
. supplied by government, and by the profits of his works.
He died Nov. 8, 1805. His writings, which are very nu-
merous, consist of novels, poems, and plays, of which there
'are two editions, one in 24 vols. l2mo, and one in 12 vols.
8vo, 1803, neither very complete, nor do his countrymen
seem to consider this writer as likely to enjoy a permanent
reputation.*
1 Bio*. Univewellc— Diet. Hist.
• Biof • VniTerseUc.^— Diet. Hi';t, This last ha^ Uie most complete list of hU
49t A R N A U D;
ARNAUD (George d*), a learued critic, Mnas born at
Franeker, Sept. 16, 171 1, of a family who were French re-
fugees. His father, Honor6 d^Arnaud, was chosen, iu
1728, pastor of the French church at Franeker, and wak
living in 1763. His son, the subject of this article, pub«
lisbed, at the age of twelve, some very elegant and har-
monious Greek and Latin poems, and went afterwards to
, study at the university of Franeker, under the celebrated
Wesseling and Hemsterhuis* Encouraged by the latter,
be published in 1728, ^^ Specimen Animad. criticarumad
aliquot scriptores Groecos, &c." 8vo. Harling. The au-
thors are, Anacreon, C^llimachus, ^schylus, Herodotus,
Xenophon, and the grammarian Hephestion. Two years
after he produced another volume of criticisms,' under the
title of " Lectionum GroBcarum libri duo, &c.'* 8vo, Hague,
1730, treating principally of Hesychius, Aratus, Theon^
Appian, and ApoUonius Rhodius. In 1732, appeared his
learned dissertation, ^^ De Diis adsessoribus et conjunctis,"
8vo, Hague. About the same time he went to Leyden to
examine the library, there for materials towards ^an editioa
of Sophocles, which he was preparing, but never com-
pleted. On his return to Franeker, his friend Hemster-
buis advised him to study law ; his own inclination was to
divinity, but a disorder in his chest rendered it improbable
that he could have sustained the exertion of preaching.
Abraham Weiling was his tutor in law studies, and under
him he defended a thesis, Oct. 9, 1734, " De jure servo-
rum apud Romanos,'* and discovered so much talent and
erudition, that in the month of June, next year, he was
appointed law reader. In 1738, his ^^Variarum conjec-
turarum libri duo" were published at Franeker, 4to. They
consist of disquisitions and questions on civil law. The se-
cond edition of 1744, Leu warden, contains his thesis
above mentioned, and a second on a curious subject, *^ De
iisquipraetii participandicaussasemet venundari patiuntur.'*
In 1739, on Weiling's leaving the university of Franeker
for that of Leyden, d'Arnaud was appointed professor in
his room, but died before he could take possession, June
1, 1740, scarcely twenty-nine years of age. Besides the
works already enumerated, from the pen of this extra-
ordinary young man, there are several lesser pieces by
him in the 4th, 5th, and 6th vols, of the ** Miscellane»
Observat,'' of Amsterdam ^ and he left in manuscript a dis^
A R N A U D. 493
sertation on the family of Sc«vola, *^ Vitae Scaavolarum,'*
which was published by H. J.- Arntzenius, at Utrecht, 1 767,
&VO. His funeral eulogium was pronounced by Hemster-
hiiis, and is in the collection entitled, ^^ T. Hemsterhusii^
€t Valckenarii Orationes," Ley den, 1784, 8vo. *
ARNAUD DE RoNSiL (Georges), a surgeon of some
eminence in London, was originally a native of France,
and a member of the Academy of surgery at Paris, which
city he left about the year forty- six or seven, and came to
reside in London. Here he published several works, par-
ticularly on Ruptures ; the first was entitled " Disserta-
tions on Ruptures," 1 749,in 2 vols. 12mo, and in 1 754 he pub-
lished ^< Plain and familiar instructions to persons afflicted
with Ruptures," 12mo; " Observations on Aneurism/' 1760;
** Familiar insti^uctions on the diseases of the Urethra and
Bladder,'* 1763 ; "Dissertations on Hermaphrodites," 1 765 ;
** A discourse on the importance of Anatomy," delivered
at Surgeons' hall, Jan. 21, 1767, 4to« His principal'work
appeared in 1768, entitled " Memoires de Chirurgie, avcc
des remarques sur f etat de la Medicine et de la Chirurgie
en France et en Angleterre," 2 vols. 4to. This is the only
work he published in French, after his coming to England,
It consists of eleven memoirs, two of which are translated
from the English of Dr. Hunter's Medical Commentaries,
on the Hernia Congenita, and a particular species of
Aneurism. He appears, as a practitioner, to have possessed
much skill, and as a writer to have been industrious in col-
lecting information on the topics which employed his pen,
but was somewhat deficient in judgment, and not a little
credulous. So much was he attached to the ancient pre-
judices of his church, that he employs one of the ^emoim
in these volumeson the question, whether a rupture shouWl
incapacitate a man from performing the functions of the
Romish priesthood, which he, however, is disposed to
decide in the negative. He informs us in this work, that
he had studied rupture cases for the space of fifty years^
and that the same study had been cultivated in his feroily
for the space of 200 years. The only notice we have of
his reputation in his own country is to be found in the dis^^
eourse on Anatomy, which he delivered in Surgeons' hall.
In this be informs us, that he had the honour to instrHct
> Sieg. Uiiiv«rs«nc.-^Saxii OnomastfcoD*
49#. A R N A U D.
Adelaide of Orleans, princess of the blood, and ia very
accomplished lady, in the operations of surgery.*
ARNAULD (Anthony), eldest son of Anthony Arnauld,
and advocate- general to Catherine de Medicis, was bom at
Paris in 1550, or, according to some, in 1560, aud in that
city he was educated, and took his degree of M. A. in 1 573.
Some time after, he was admitted advocate of the parlia-.
ment of Paris, in which capacity he acquired great reputa-
tion by his integrity and extraordinary eloquence, Henry
IV. had great esteem for Arnauld; and his majesty on^e
carried the duke of Savoy on purpose to hear him plead in
parliament. He was appointed counsellor and attorney*
general to queen Catherine of Medicis. Mr. Marion, after-
wards advocate-general, was one day so pleased with hearr
ing him, that he took him into his coach, carried him home
to dinner, and placed him next his eldest davghter, Ca-
therine, and afterwards gave her to him in marriage. One
of the most famous causes which Arnauld pleaded, was thsut.
of the university against the Jesuits, in 1594. There was.
published about this time a little tract in French, entitled
** Franc et veritable discours,'* &c. or, A frank and true
discourse to the king, concerning the re-establishment of
the Jesuits, which they had requested of him. Some have
ascribed this to Arnauld, but others have positively de-.
nied him to be the author. Some have supposed that Ar-
nauld was of the reformed religion ; but. Mr. Bayle has
fully proved this to be a mistake. His other works were,
1. ** Anti-Espagnol," printed in a collection of di^ourses
Oil the present state of France, 1606, 12mo, and in the
" Memoires de la Ligue, vol. IV. p, 230. 2. " X.a Fleur
de Lys," 1593, 8vo. 3. *' LaDelivrance de la Bretagne.'*
4, " La Premiere Savoisienne," 8vo. 1601, 1630. 5. " Avis^
au roi Louis XIII. pour bien regner," 1615, 8vo. 6. The
first and second " Philippics** against Philip XL of >Spain,
1592, 8vo. He died Dec. 29, 1619, leaving ten children
out of twenty-two, whom he had by his wife Catherine. *
ARNAULD d'Andilli (Robert), eldest son of the pre-
ceding, was born at Paris in 1589, He was introduced at
court when very young, and employed in many considerable
offices, all which be discharged with great reputation and
t Biojr. UniTerselle.— Bict. Historique ^Month. tlev. toI. ¥UI. 1770.'
< Gea. Diet.— Biog. VDiT^netle.-- Saxii Onomastioou,
A R N A U L D. 435-
integrity. ' No* man was ever more esteemed amongst the
great, and none ever employed more generously the in«t
fluence he had with them, iu defence of truth and justice^
He quitted business, and retired to the cQnvent of Port
Royal des Champs, at fifty-five years of age ; where he
passed the remainder of his days in a continual application
to works of piety and devotion. He enriched the Frenck
language with many excellent translations : he also wrote
poems on. sacred and other subjects. Mr. Arnauld^ during,
his retirement at Port Royal des Champs, after seven or
eight hours study every day, used to divert himself witfar
rural amusements, and particularly with cultivating his.
trees, . which he brought to such perfection, and had sucb
excellent fruit from them, that he used to send some of it
every year to queen Anne of Austria, which this princess'
liked, so well, that she always desired to be served with it
in the season. He died at Port Royal, S^pt. 27, 1674, ia
his 8^th year. He married the daughter; of tlie sieur le
Fevre de la Boderie, famous for his embassy to England^
and had by her three sons and five daughters. He wrote
8L great many devotional works, of which the^rc* is a cata-
logue in Moreri, and in the Journal de Savans for Sept. 9,
l695i He also enriched the French language, by some
translations of the " Confessions of St. Augustine," 8vo and>
12mo; a translation, rather elegant than faithful, of ^^ Jon
sephus," 5 vols. 8vo ; *! Lives of the Saints," 3 vols. 8vo ;.
the " Works of St. Theresa," 1670, 4to ; and " JVlemoirs
of his own Life," 2 vols. 12mo, 1734.*
ARNAULD (AnihonyJ, doctor oJF the Sorbonne, and
brother of the preceding, was born at Paris the 6th of
February 1612. . He studied pjbilosophy in the college of
Calvi, on the ruins of which the Sorbonne was built, and
began to st^udy the law ; but,; at ;t|ie persuasion of. his mor
ther and the abbot of; St. Cy ran, he resolyed to apply
Mmself to 4ivinity. He accprdingly studied in the college
i>f the Sorbonne, under Mr, I'Escot. This professor gave
lectures concerning grace ; butArnauld, not approving of
bis sentiments upon this subject^ read St. Augustin, whose
system of grace he grqatjly preferred to that of Mr.l'Eseot i
and publicly testified his opinion in his theses, when he
was examined in 1636, •for his bachelor's degree. After
he bad spent two yjears. more in study^ which, according
I Gien. Dict.-^Bio|^. Universelle.^-Sazii Oiiomastlcon.*~-Perraa1t des Homme9
jliiistref, .
4»» A R N A tr L D.
to the laws of the faculty of Paris, mtist be between thd
first examination and th^ license, he began the act^ df his
license at Easter 1638^ and continued them to Lent, 1640.
He maintained the act of vespers the 18th of December
1641, and the following day put on the doctor^s cap. He
had begun his license without being entered in form at the
Sorbonne, and was thereby rendered incapable of being
admitted, according to the ordinary rules. The society,
however, on account of his extraordinary merit, requested
of cardinal Richelieu, their provisor, that he might be ad-
mitted, though contrary to form ; which was refused by
that cardinal, but, the year after his death, he obtained
this honour. In 1643, he published his treatise on Fre«
quent Communion, which highly displeased the Jesuits.
They refuted it both from the pulpit and the pi'ess, repre-
i^nting it as containing a most pernicious doctrine : and
die disputes upon grace, which broke out at this time in
the university of Paris, helped to increase the animosity
lietween the Jesuits and Mr. Arnaiild, who took part with
the Janseuists, and supported their tenets with great zeal.
But nothing raised so great a clamour against him, as th^
two letters which he wrote upon absolution having been
refused by a priest to the duke of Liancour, a great friend
of the Port Royal. This duke educated his grand-daugh-
ter at Port Royal, and kept in his house the abb6 de Bour-
2ays. . It happened in 1655, that the duke offered himself
for confession to a priest of St. Sulpice, who refused to
ffive him absolution, unless 4ie would take his daughter
Kom Port Royal, and break off all commerce with that
society, and disoard the abb^; Mr. Arnauld therefore was
prevailed upon to write a letter in defence of Liancour.
A great tiuniber of pamphlets were written against this
letter, » and Mr. Arnauld thought himself obliged td
con^te the falsities and calumnies with which they were
filled, by printing a second letter, which contains aO
answer to nine of those pieces; But in this second lettet
the fiaculty of divinity found two propositions which they
condemned, and Mr. Arnauld was excluded from that so«
ciety. Upon this he retired, and it was during this re^
treat, which lasted near 25 years, that he composed that
variety of works which are extant of his, on grammai*,
geonietry> logic, metaphysics, and theology. He coif*
tinned in this retired life dll the controversy of the Janse*
i^ists was ended^ in 1^68. Arnauld now came forth ficMi
A R N A U L D. 497
hb reti^at, and was presented to the king, kindly received
■by the pope's nuncio, and by the public esteemed a father
of the church. From this time he resolved to enter the
lists only against the Calvinists, and he published his book
entitled ^ La perpetuite de la Foi/' in which he was as*
sisted by M. Nicole : and which gave rise to that grand
controversy between them and Claude the minister.
In 1679, Mr. Arnauld withdrew from France, being in«
formed that his enemies did him ill offices at court, and
had rendered him suspected to the king. From this time
he lived in obscurity in the Netherlands, still continuing to
write against the Jesuits with great acrimony. He wrote
•also several pieces against the Protestants, but he was
checked in his attacks upon them by an anonymous piece,
entitled ^^ UFsprit de M. Arnauld." The principal books
which he wrote after his departure from France were, a
piece concemiog Malbranche's System of Nature and
Grace, one on the Morals of the Jesuits, and a treatise re*
lating to some propositions of Mr. Steyaert. In this last
performance he attacks father Simon^ concerning the in«f
spiration of the scriptures, and the translating of the Bible
into the vulgar tongue. A catalogue of all his works may
be seen in Moreri, and a complete collection of them was
printed at Lausanne 1777 — 1783, in 45 volumes 4to. They
may be divided into five classes, 1. Belles lettres and
•philosophy. 2. On the controversy respecting Grace.
3. Writings against the Calvinists. 4. Writings against the
Jesuits : and 5. Theological works. The re-publiCation of
^11 these in so voluminous a form, may surely be ranked
among the most extraordinary speculations of modem
bookselling.
He died o\\ the 9th of August 1694, of a short illness^
aged 82 years and six months. He had a remarkable
strength of geniu^ memory, iand command of his pen,
nor did th^se decay even to the last year of his life. Mv»
Bayle says, he had been told by persons who had been ad«
mitted into his familiar conversation, that he was a man
very simple in his manners ; and that, unless any one pro-
posed some question to him, or desired some information,
he said nothing that was beyond common conversation, or
that might indicate the man of great abilities ; but when
he set himself to give an answer to such as proposed a
foint of learning, he then ^poke with gr^at perspicuity and
learning, and had a particular talent at making himself in-
Vol. II. K k
A R N A U L D.
telligible to persons of not the greatest penetration. His
heart, at his own request^ was sent to be deported in the
Port Royal.
The Jesuits have been much censured 'for carrying their
resentment so far as to get the sheet suppressed, which
Mr. Perrault had" written concerning Mr. Arnauld, in his
collection of the portraits and panegyrics of the illustrious
men of the French nation. The book was printed, and
the portraits engraved, when the Jesuits procured an order
to be sent to the author and bookseller^ to strike out Mr.
'Arnauld and Mr. Pascal, and ta suppress their eulogiums.
£ut although we have transcribed this instance of Jesuitical
bigotry, we apprehend there must he some mistake in it
The Jesuits might have endeavoured to exclude Arnauld
from Perrault's work, but it is certain that he appears
there. ^
ARNAULD (Henry)^ brother of Robert and Anth^n)^
.Was born at Paris in 1597. After the death of Gpurnay,
bishop of Toul, the chapter of that city unanimously
elected the abb^^ Arnauld^ then dean of that cathedral, his
successor. The king confirmed his noifiination/ at the en-
treaty of the famous capuchin, pere Joseph ; but a dispute
about the right of election prevented him from ac-
cepting it. . In 1645, he was sent on an extraordinary em-
bassy from France to Rome, for quieting the disputes that
had arisen between the Barbarini and Ipnocent X. On
his return to France he was made bishop of Angers in
1649. .He never quitted his diocese but once, and that
was to give advice to the prince of Tarento, in order to a
reconciliation with th^ duke de la Treniouille his father.
The city of Angers having revolted in 1652, this prelate
appeased the queen-mother, who was advancing with an
army to take vengeance on it, by saying to her, as he ad-
ministered the sacrament : '^ Take, madam, the body of
him who forgpive his enemies, as he was dying on the
cross.'^ This sentiment was as much in his heart as it was
on his lips. He was the father of the poor, and the com*^
forter of the afBicted. His time was divided betweea
prayer, reading, and the duties of his episcopal function.
One of his intimates telling him that he ought to take ohe
day in the week for some recreation from fatigue, ** Yes,'*
said he, ^^ that 1 will do with all my heart, if you will
A Gen. Diet — Life prefixed to the Lausanne edition of his work8."«-Perr«ult.— •
Miof^, Gailica,— Bio|[. Uxuy«rs«Ue«-^MosheiiD»
A R N A U L D. 4M
point me out one day In which I am nota bishop.^^ Ha
died at Anglers, ;June 8, 1692, at the age of 95. His ne-
gotiations at the court of Rome, and in various courts of
Italy, were published at Parie in 5 vols, 12mo. a long
lime after his death (in 1748). They are interspersed with
^ great number of curious anecdotes and interesting parti*
culars related in the style peculiar to all the Arnaulds. ^
ARNAULD de Villa Nova. See ARNOLD.
ARNDT (Christian) was born in 1623, and studied at
Leyden, Witteraberg, Leipsic, and Strasburg, afad died
at Rostock in 1683, after having been professor of logic
three years. His works are, 1. "Dissertatio de Philosor
phia veterum," Rostock, 1650, 4to. 2. *' Discursus po-
liticus de principiis constituentibus et conservantibus rem-
publicam," ibid. 1651. 3. " De vera usu Logices in Theo-
logia," ibid. 1650.
ARNDT (John), a celebrated Protestant divine of Ger-
many, was born at Ballenstadt, in theduchyof Anhalt, 1555.
At first he applied himself to physic; but falling into a
dangerous sickness, he made a vow to change that for di-
vinity, if he should be restored to health. He was minis-
TCr first at Quedlinburg, and then at Brunswick. He met
with great opposition in this last city, his success as a
preacher having raised the enmity of his brethren, who,
in order to ruin his character, ascribed a variety of errors
to him, and persecuted him to such a degree that he was
obliged to leave Brunswick, and retire to Isleb, wh^re he
was minister for three years. In 1611 George duke of
Ljunenburg gave him the church of Zell, and appointed
him superintendant of all the churches in the duchy of
Lunenburg, which office he discharged for eleven years,
and died in 1621. On returning from preaching on Psal.
cxxvi. 5, he said to his wife, ^* I have been preaching
my funeral sermon ;" and died a few hours after.
Avndt maintained some doctrines which embroiled hiih
with those of his own communion : he was of opinion, that
the irregularity of manners which prevailed among Pro-
testants, was occasioned by their rejecting pf good works,
and contenting themselves with a barren faith ; as if it was
sufficient for salvation to believe in Jesus Christ, and to
apply his merits to ourselves. He taught thjtt the true
faith necessarily exerted itself in charity ; that a' salutary
sorrow preceded it ; that it was followed by a perfect re-
* Diet. Hist. — Biog. Univcrselle,
KK 2
S06 A R N D T.
newal of the mind ; and that a sanctifying faith infallibly
produces good works. His adversaries accused him of
fanaticism and enthusiasm : they endeavoured to represent
him as symbolizing in his opinions with the follpwers of
Weigelius and the Rosicrusian philosophers ; and they
imputed to him many of the errors and absurdities of those
visionaries/ because in some subjects he expressed himself
in a manner not very different from theirs, and because h^
preferred the method of the mystical divines to that of the
scholastics.
The most famous work of Arndt, is his ** Treatise of
true Christianity/* in the German' language. The first
Ibook of it was printed separate in 1605 at Jena, by Steg-
man : he published the three others in 1608. The first is
called the *' Book of Scripture :" he endeavours in it to
shew the way of the inward and spiritual life, and that
Adam ought to die every day more and more in the heart
of a Christian, and Christ to gain the , ascendant there*
The second is called **The Book of Life:" he proposes
in it to direct the Christian to a greater degree of perfec-
tion, to give him a relish foi' sufferings, to encourage him
to resist his enemies after the example of his Saviour.
The third is entitled " The Book of Conscience :" in this
he recalls the Christian within himself, aiid discovers to
him the kingdom of God seated in the midst of his own
heart. The last book is entitled " The Book of Nature f*
the author proves here, that all the creatures lead men to
the knowledge of their Creator. This work was translated
into many different languages, and among the rest into
English, the first part, or the Book of Scripture, 1646,
12mo; and afterwards the whole was published at London
1712, 8vo, and dedicated to queen Anne^ byMr. Boehm;
but the editions of 1720, one of which is in 3, and the
other in 2 vols. 8vo, are the most complete. *
ARNDT (Joshua), a Lutheran divine, aqd ecclesias-
tical antiquary, was born at Gustron, in 1626, and sue*
ceeded his brother Christian (the subject of the article
before the last) as the logic professor at Rostock in 165 J.
He ' was afterwards appointed almoner to Gustavus Adol-
phus, duke of Mecklenburgh, and died in 1685, after hav-
ing published a great many writings, philosophical, his-
torical, and controversial. The greater part are enumerated
1 Gen. Diet.-— Morerl,— Life prefixed to the EDjplish translatioD.«— Saxii On«-
jnasticoo.
A R N D T* 501
by Nicerot), vol. XLIIL Those most celebrated in his
time, were : 1. ** Lexicon antiquitatum Ecclesiasticarum/'<
Greifswald, 1667, 1669, 4to. 2, " Genealogia Scaligero*
rum," Copenhagen, 1648. 3. ^' Trotina statuum Europa
Ducis de Rohan,'* Gustron, 1665, 8vo, often reprinted.
4. " Laniena Sabaudica," Rostock, 1655, 4to. 5. " Ex-^
ercit. de Claudii Salmasii erroribus in theologia," Wittem*
ber^, 1651, 4to. 6. " Observat. ad Franc. Vavassoris li-
brum de forma Cbristi,*' Rostock, 1666, 8vo. 7. Some
Latin poems, and a Latin translation of the History of
Wailenstein from the Italian of Gualdij with notes, ibid*
1669. * His son
ARNDT (Charles) was born in 1673 at Gustron, and
died in 1721, professor of Hebrew. at Rostock. His prin-
cipal works are: 1. ** Schediasma de Phalaride, M. Anto-
nini scriptis, et Agapetl Scheda regia," Rostock, 1702,
4to. 2. ^^ Schediasmata Bibliothecee Graecas dif&cilioris,*'
ibid. 3. *' Bibliotheca politico-heraldicaj" 1705, 8vo.
4. ^^ Sjrstema literarium, complectens prsecipua scientias
literarise monumenta,'' Rostock, 1714, 4tQj a work which
entitles him to rank among the founders of bibliography.
5. " Dissertationes philologicse," on Hebrew antiquities
principally, ibid. 1714, 4to. 6. The life of his father,
Vnder the title '^ Fama Arndtiana reflorescens," 1697, 4to,
with an appendix, 1710, 4to, and many articles -in the
Leipsic Memoirs. *
ARNE (Thomas Augustine), an eminent English mu-
sician, was the son of Thomas Ame, upholsterer, of King-
street, Covent-garden, at whose house the Indian kings
lodged in the reign of queen Anne, as nientioned in the
Spectator, No. 50, and who had been before pleasantly
depicted by Addison, in the Tatler, Nos. 155 and 160, as
a crazy politician. He sent this son, who was born May
28, 1710, to Eton. school, and intended him for the pro-
fession of the law ; but even at JEton his love for music
interrupted his studies ; and after he left that school, such
was his passion for his favourite pursuit, that he used to
avail himself of the privilege of a servant, by borrowing a
livery, and going into the upper gallery of the opera, which
was then appropriated to domestics. At home he had
contrived to secrete a spinet in his room^ upon which, after
1 Biog. UniTerselle.-^'Moreri.— Niceron ubi supra.
• Bibg. Universelle.— Moreri.<wLi|ie in the 4nn>^* I«iterar. MsckleDburgb*
for i72i,— >Saxii Onomatticoa.
\
50i A R N £.
muffling the strings with a handkerchief, he used to prao«
tise in the night while the rest of the family were asleep.
His father, who knew nothing of this, bound hini to a three
years' clerkship, during which this young votary of Apollo
dedicated every npoment he could obtain fairly, or other-
wise, to the study of music. Besides practising on the
spinet, and studying composition, by himself, "he contrived
to acquire some instructions on the violin, of Festing, a
performer of much fame at that time; and upon this instru-
ment he had made so considerable a progress, that soon
after be quitted his legal master, his father accidentally
calling at a gentleips^n's house in the neighbourhood, was
astonished to find a large party, and a concert, at which
his son played the first fiddle. His father was at first much
irritated at this disappointment of his hopes, but was soon
prevailed upon to let his son follow the bent of his inclina*'
lions ; and the young man was no sooner at liberty to play
aloud in his father^s house, than he bewitched the whole
family. In particular, he cultivated the voice of one of his
sisters, who was fond of inusic, by giving her such instruc-
tions as enabled her to become a favourite public per*
former. For her and for a younger brother, who performed
the character of the page, he set to music Addison's opera
of Rosamond, which was performed at Lincoln's Inn Fields^
ten nights successively, and with great applause.
Having succeeded so well in a, serious opera, Mr. Arne
tried his powers at a burletta, and set Fielding's Tom
Thumb, under the title of " The Opera of Operas," to
music, after the Italian manner, which had afterwards a
considetable run« In 1738, he established his reputation
as a lyric composer, by the admirable manner in which he
set Milton's Comus. In this masque he introduced a light,
airy, original, and pleasing melody, wholly different from
that of Furcell or Handel, whom all English composers had
hitherto either ^pillaged or imitated. Indeed, says Dr.
Burney, to whom we are indebted foi^ all that is valuable
in this memoir, the melody of Arne at this tinie, and of his
Vauxhall songs afterwards, forms an era in English music ;
it was so easy, natural, and agreeable to the whole king-
dom, that it had an effect upon our national taste ; and till
a more modern Italian style was introduced in the pasticcio
English operas of Messrs. BickerstafF and Cumberland, it
was the standard of all perfection at our theatres sfod public
gardens.
A R N E. 503
In. 1762, Arne quitted the former style of melody, in
which he had so well set Cooius^ and furnished Yauxhall
and the whole kingdom with such songs as had improved
and poUshed our national taste ; and when he set the bold
translation of Metastasio's opera of Artaserse, he crowded
the airs with all the Italian divisions and difficulties which
had ever been heard at the opera. This drama, however,
by the novelty of the music to English ears, and the ta-
leats of the original performers, Tenducci, Peretti, and
Miss Brent, had very great success, and still contiirues to
be represented whenever singers of superior abilities can
be procured. But in setting Artaxerxes, though the me-
lody is less original than that of Comus, Arne had thd
merit of first adapting many of the best passages of Italyj
which all Europe admired, to our own language, and of
incorporating them with his own property, and with what
was still in favour of former English composers.
Xhe general melody of Arne, if analyzed, would perhaps
appear to be neither Italian nor English, but an agreeable
mixture of Italian,. English, and Scotch. Many of his
ballads, indeed, were professed imitations of the Scotch
style, but in his other songs he frequently dropped into
it, perhaps without design. Arne was never a close imita-
tor of Handel, nor thought, by the votaries of that great
'musician, to be a sound contrapuntist. However, he had
an inward and secret reverence for his abilities, g.nd for
those of Geminiani, as well as for the science of Pepusch ;
but except when he attempted oratorios, theirs was hot the
merit requisite for him, a popular composer who had differ-
ent performers and diflFerent hearers t(5 write for. In the
science of harmony, though he was chiefly self-taught, yet
being a man of genius, quick parts^ and great penetration,
in his art, he betrayed no ignorance or want of study in his
scores. The oratorios he produced were so unfortunate^
that he was always a loser whenever they were performed.
And yet it would be unjust to say that they did not merit
a better fate; for though the chorusses were much inferior
in force to those of Handel, yet the airs were frequently
admirable. None, indeed, of himcapital productions had
full and unequivocal success but Comus and Artaxerxes, at
the distance of twenty-four years from each other. Th^
number of his unfortunate pieces for the stage was prodi*
gious ; yet none of them were condemned or neglected for
want of merit in the music, but the words, which he too
so* A R N E.
frequently wrote himself. Upon the whole, though Ame
had formed a new style of his own, there did not appeal*
that fertility of ideas, original grandeur of thought, or
those resources upon all occasions, which are discoverable
in the works of his predecessor, Purcell, both for the
church and stage ; yet in secular music, he must be allowed
to have surpassed him in ease, grace, and variety; which is
no inconsiderable praise, when it is remembered, that from
the death of Purcell to that of Arne, a period of more than
fourscore years, no candidate for musical fame among our
countrymen had appeared, who was equally admired by the
nation at larjje.
To this character of Arne's genius, which we were un-
willing to interrupt by details of less importance, we may
now add, that besides those mentioned, he composed the
opera of Eliza, Love in a Village, the masque of Britannia,
the oratorios of the Death of Abe], Judith, and Beauty and
Virtue ; the musical entertainment of Thomas and Sally,
the Prince of the FAiries, the songs in As You Like It, the
Merchant of Venice, the Arcadian Nuptials, King Arthur,
the Guardian Outwitted, the Rose, Caractacus, and Elfrida,
besides innumerable instrumental pieces, sougs, cantatas,
&c. &c. The degree of doctor of music was conferred
on Mr Arne, by the university of Oxford in 1759. Hef
died in the sixty-eighth year of his age, on March 5, 1778.
He married, in 1736, Miss Cecilia Young, a pupil of Ge-
ininiani, and a favourite singer of those times. In his
private character Dr. Arne was a man of pleasure, addicted
to promiscuous gallantry, and so much a lover of gaiety
and expensive enjoyments, that he left iscarcely any pro^
perty behind him.^
ARNGRIM JONAS. See JONAS.
ARNIGIO (Bartholomew), an Italian physician and
poet, was born at Brescia, in Lombardy, in 1523. His
father was a poor blacksmith, with whom he worked until
his eighteenth year. He then began to read such books
S^zme in his way, or were lent him by the kindness of his
ends, and, with some difficulty, was enabled to enter
himself of the university of Padua. Here he studied me-
dicine, and was indebted for his progress, until he took the
degree of doctor', to the same friends who had discovered
9ind wished to encourage his talents. On his retora to
1 Bwm9fB Hilt. •£ Miitic, r^lV^^
A R N I G I O. 505
' >
Brescia, he was patronised by the physician Consorto, who
introduced him to good practice ; but some bold experi«
ments which he chose to try upon his patients, and which
ended fatally, rendered him so unpopular, that he was
obliged to fly for his life. After this he gave up medicine^
and cultivated poetry principally, during his residence at
Venice and some oth^r places, where he had many ad-
mirers. He died at last, in his own country, in 1577. His
principal works are, 1. " Le Rime,'' Venice, 1555, 8vo.
2. ^* Lettera, Rime, et Orazione,*' 1558, 4to, without place
or printeir's name. 3. *^ Lettura letta publicamente sopnt
il sonetto del Petrarca,
Liete, pensose, accompagnate^ e sole/'
Brescia, 1565, 8vo. 4. " Meteoria, ovvero discorso in-
torno alle impressioni imperfette umide e secche, &c.'*
Brescia, 15g8, 4to. In this work he appears to have
^{tudied meteorology, with a view to the preservation of
health and the improvement of agriculture. 5. ** Dieci
Veglie degli ammendati costunai dell' umana vita," Bres-
cia, 1577, 4to, a moral work much esteemed in Italy, but
unnoticed by Fontanini in his ** Italian Library." 6. *' La
Medicina d'Amore;" mentioned by Mazzuchelli and other
bibliographers, but it is doubted whether it was ever
printed. Haym, however, gives it, with the title of ** Di-
alogo della Medicina d'Amore di Bartolomeo Arnigio,'*
Brescia, 1566, 12mo.*
ARNISiEUS, or ARNISCEUS (Henningus), a German
medical and political writer, was born in the environs of
Halberstadt, in Lower JSaxony. He studied medicine, and
travelled into France and England in pursuit of information
in that science. He afterwards taught it with much repu-
tation at Francfort on the Oder, and at Helmstadt, in the
duchy of Brunswick. At this last- mentioned university
he built, at his own expence, a chemical laborat9ry, and
laid out a botanical garden ; and, as sut)jects for dissection
were not easily found, he made many drawings of the
muscles, &c. coloured after nature, for the use of his
pupils. In 1630 he left Helmstadt, on being appointed
first physician to the kmg of Denmark, Christrern IV. and
died in his majesty's service in 1636. His works, which
are very numerous, are on subjects of medicine, politics,
and jurisprudence. The principal are, 1. " Observationes
> M'lQg. UaiTOjselle.— Diat Hist-^Haym. Bibl. lUl.
506 A 11 N I S JE U S,
anatomicse,^' Francfort, 1610, 4 to; Helmstadt, 1618, 4to*
This last edition contains his ^^ Disquisitiones de partus
terminis," which was also printed separately, Francfort,
1642, 12mo. 2. ^^ Disputatio de lue venerea," Oppen-
heim, 1610, 4to. 3. *' De observationibus quibusdam
fknatomicisepistola," printed with Gregory Horstius's Me-
dical Observations, 1628, 4to. 4. " De Auctoritate Prin-
cipum in Populum semper inviolabili," Francfort, 16 12,
4to. 5. " De jure Majestatis," 1655, 4 to. 6. "Desub-
jectione et taemptione Clericorum," 1612, 4to. 7. ** Lee*
tiones politicae," francfort, 1615, 4to. These political
writings seem to have been published with a view to coun-
teract the opinions of Althusius (See Althusius), who
wrote in favour of the sovereignty of the people. Arni-
soeus contended for their allegiance. Boeclerus and Gro-
tius speak wit^ respect of his political sentiments. *
ARNOBIUS, an African, and a celebrated apologist for
Christianity, h said to have taught rhetoric at Sicca in
Africa, with great reputation, and to have been converted
to Christianity, but the ifieans by which his conversion
was effected are variously represented by ecclesiastical
writers. Jerom says that he was admonished in his dreams
to embrace Christianity; that when he applied to the bishop
of the place for baptism, he rejected him, because he had
teen wont to oppose the Christian doctrine, and that Ar-
nobius immediately composed an excellent work against
bis old religion, and was consequently admitted into the
Christian church. But this seems highly improbable.
Lardner, who has investigated the early history of Arno-
bius with his usual precision, is inclined to think that
Arnobius had been a Christian for a considerable time be-
fore he wrote his great work " Disputationes adversus
GcHtes," and it is certain that he continually speaks of
himself as being a Christian, Slnd describes the manner of
the Christian worship, their discourses, and prayers, which
be could not have done if he had not been fully acquainted
with it ; nor could he have undertaken the public defence
of that religion without being thoroughly versed in its doc4
trines. He allovvs, indeed, that he was once a blind idolater,
and he professes to have been taught by Christ, but im-
putes no pait of his conversion to dreams. Besides, his
\vork is a verj^ elaborate composition, and illustrated by a
»
* Gen. Diet*— 'Moreri,— Bio^. UnfvcrseUe,-- Manyet and Hall«r.
A H N O B I U S. TOT
profusion of quotations from Greek and Latin authors,
which must havebeen the result of long study. The ex-
act time when Arnobius flourished is uncertain. Cave
places him about the year 303 ; Tillemont is inclined to
the year 297, or sooner. He wrote his book probably
about the year 297 or 298 ; but Lardner is of opinion not
so soon. The time of his death is uncertain. His work is
not supposed to have come down to us complete, but that
some part is wanting at the end, and some at the begin-*
ning. He appears, however, to have studied both the in*,
ternal and external evidences of Christianity with much
attention. He was learned and pious, and although his
style is generally reckoned rough and unpolished, and has
some uncouth and obsolete words, it is strong and nervous,
and^contains some beautiful passages. It is very highly ta
the honour of Arnobius, wbo was accomplished in all the
learning of Greece and Rome, that he embraced the
Christian religion when, it was under persecution. There
is reason, indeed, to suppose that the patience and magna-
nimity of the Christian sufferings induced him to inquire
into the principles of a religion which set human wicked-
ness and cruelty at defiance. His work " Adversus Gen-
tes" has been often reprinted ; the first edition at Rome,
1542, folio; to which, it is rather singular, that the editor
added the Octavius of Minucius Felix, as an eighth book,
mistaking Octavius for Octavus. It was reprinted at Ba-
sil, 1546; Antwerp, 1582; Geneva, 1597; Hamburgh,
1610; and at Leyden, but incorrectly, in 1651. *
ARNOBIUS, of Gaul, was a writer for the semi^pela-
gian doctrines, about the year 460, and wrote a ^' Com-
mentary on the Psalms,'' which was printed at Basle, 1537
and 1560, 8to, and atParis in 1539; Erasmus was the edi-
tor of one edition, and prefixed a preface to it. It is not a
work of extraordinary merit, but obtained reputation for
$ome time, by being mistaken for the production of Arno-
bius the African, in the preceding article. *
ARNOLD, a famous scholar of the twelfth century,
born at Brescia in Italy, whence he went to France, and
studied under the celebrated Peter Abelard. Upon his
return to Italy, he put on the habit of a monk, and began
to preach several new and uncommon doctrines, particu-
larly that the pope and the clergy ought not to enjoy
«
1 Gen. Diet— ^Cave, vol. !»'— >Iosheim'8 Eccl, Hist. — Lardner-s Works,— -Saxii
pBOout9liceD.— Moreri. ^ ibi<U
809 ARNOLD.
any tempcml estate. He maintained in his sermonsy thafc
those ecclesiastics who had any estates of their own, or
beld any lands, were entirely cut off from the least hope»
of salvation ; that the clergy ought to subsist upon the alms
and voluntary contributions of Christians ; and that all
other revenues belonged to princes and states, in order to
be disposed of amongst the laity as they thought proper.
He maintained also several singularities with regard to
baptism and the Lord's supper. He engaged a great
Bumber of persons in his party, who were distinguished by
bis name, and proved very formidable to the popes. His
doctrines rendered him so obnoxious, that he was con*
demned in 1 139, in a council of near a thousand prelates,,
held in the church of St. John Lateran at Rome, under
pope Innocent XL Upon this he left Italy, and retireS to
Swisserland. After the death of that pope, he returned to
Italy, and went to Rome ; where be raised a sedition
against Eugenius III. and afterwards against Adrian IV.
who laid the people of Rome under an interdict, till they
had banished Arnold and his followers. This had its de«-^
sired effect : the Romans seized upon the houses which the
Arnoldists had fortified, and obliged them to retire to Otri*
coli in Tuscany, where they were received with the utmost
affection by the people, who considered Arnold as a pro*-
phet. However, he was seized some time after by cardinal
Gerard ; and, notwithstanding the efforts of the vtscoUnts
of Campania, who had rescued him, be was carried to Rome,
where, being condemned by Peter, the prefect of that
eity, to be hanged, he was accordingly executed in 1155.
Thirty of his followers went from France to England, about
1 1 60, in order to propagate their doctrine there, but they
were immediately seized and put to death. Mr. Bering-^
ton, the historian of Abelard and Heloisa, after a very
elegant memoir of Arnold^s life, sums up his character with
much candour. He thinks be was a man whose character^
principles, and views, have been misrepresented; but he
allows that he was rash, misjudging, and intemperate, or he
would never have engaged in so unequal a contest. It
appears, indeed, by all accounts, that hie was one of those
reformers who make no distinctions between use and abuse^
and are for overthrowing all establishments, without pro*
posing any thing in their room. '
ARNOLD D£ Villa Nova was a famous physician^ who
1 Qen. Diet— Mosbeim.— Beriofton's Hiit. of Abelard.-.Gibb<m> fiift
ARNOLD. 50t
lived in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, and after
studying at Parts and Montpelier, travelled through Italy
and Spain. He was well acquainted with languages, and
particularly with the Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic. He was
at great pains to gratify his ardent desire after knowledge;
but this passion carried him rather too far in his researches^
as- he endeavoured to discover future events by astrology^
imagining this science to be infallible ; and upon this foun-
dation he published a prediction, that the world would
come to an end in 11335 or 1345, or, according to others^
in 1376. He practised physic at Paris for some time; but|
having advanced some new doctrines, he drew upon him*
self the resentment of the university; and his friends^
fearing he might be arrested, persuaded him to retire from
that city. Some authors have also affirmed, that the in-
quisitors of the faith, assembled at Tarascon, by order of
Clement V. condemned the chimerical notions of this
learned, physician. Upon his leaving France he retired to
Sicily, where he was received by king Frederic of Arragon
with the greatest marks of kindness and esteem. Some
time afterwards, this prince sent him to France, to attend
the same pope Clement in an illness, and Arnold was ship-
wrecked on the coast of Genoa, in 1309, though some say
it was in 1310, and others in 1313. The works of Arnold,
with his life prefixed, were printed in one volume folio, at
Lyons, 1 520, and at Basil, 1 585, with the notes of Nicholas
Tolerus. *
ARNOLD (Christopher), a learned writer of Nurem-
berg^ was born in that city in 1627, where he became pro-
fessor of history, rhetoric, and poetry, and was connected
with the most learned med of his time. His principal
works are, 1.' " Catonis grammatici dirse cum commentario
perpetuo," Leyden, 1652, a very scarce edition. 2. "Ora-
tio de Jano et Januario.^' 3. " Ornatus linguse Latinae,'*
printed four times at Nuremberg. 4. ** Testimonium Fla-
vianum de Cbristo," Nuremberg, 1661, 12mo. This is
to be found in the second volume of Havercamp's Josephus.
5. " De Parasitis," Nuremberg, 1665, 12mo. 6. " Not«
ad Jo. Eph. Wagenseilii commentarium in Sotam," Nu-
remberg, 1670, 4to. 7. " Letters to Nich. Heinsius," in
"Burmann's collection, vol. V. He died in ] 656. *
1 Moreri and Biog. XJaiverselle, in Arnau4.-^HaIler et MangeU— -Freiod's
History of Physit;.— Fabr. Bibl. Lat« Mad.— Saxii Onomasticou,
< Biog. UaiverteUe*-- Wills Diet de Savaus dc Nuremberg*
tflO ARNOLD.
ARNOLD. (Gothofred), pastor and inspector of the
churches of Perleberg, and historiographer to the king of
Prussia, was born at Annaburg in Misnia, in 1666. He was
a man of considerable eloquence and extensive reading, but
he disturbed the tranquillity of the church by his singular
opinions in theology, and especially by his " Ecclesiastical
History/^ in which he seemed to place all opinions, ortho-
dox or heretic, . on the same footing, but considered the
mystic divines as superior to all other writers, and as the.
only depositaries of true wisdom^ He wished lo reduce
^he whole of religion to certain internal feelings and mo-
tions, of which, perhaps, few but himself or bis mystical
brethreh could form an idea. . As he advanced in years,
however, he is said to have perceived the errors into which
be had been led by the impetuosity of his passions, and
became at last a lover of truth,, and a pattern of modera-
tion. His jprincipal works were this ^' Ecclesiastical His-
tory,'* whiBh was printed at Leipsic in 1700, and his
*^ History djf Mystic Theology," written in Latin. He died
in 1714. There is a very elaborate account of his life and
writings in the General Dictionary, and of his opinions in
Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History. *
ARNOLD (JoHN)i a very ingenious mechanic of Lon-
don, who introduced several improvements in the mecha-
nism of time-keepers, for which be received premiums
from the Board of Longitude. He was the inventor of the
expansion balance, aiid of the present detached escape-
ment, and the first artist who ever applied the gold cylin-
drical spring' to the balance of a time-piece. He died in
the fifty-fifth year of his age, at Well-hall, near Eltham in
Kent, August 25, 1799. The following publications may
be consulted for an account of his improvements : *^ An
account kept during thirteen months in the Royal Obser«
vatory at Greenwich, of the going of a Pocket Chronome*
ter, made on a new construction by John Arnold, having
bis new-invented balance spring, and a compensation for
the effects of heat and cold in the balaitce. Published by
permission of the Board of Longitude," 4to, 1780. "A
Letter from Mr. Christian Meyer, astronomer to the elector
Palatine, to Mr. N. N. on the going of a new Pendulum
Clock, made by Mr. John Arnold, and set up in the elec-
tor's observatory at Manheim, translated from the Ger«
i Chaufepic— Sazii OnomaiUcoiu
ARNOLD. 511
matT," 4to, 1781. *^ On the Longitude; in a letter to the
Commissioners of that Board ; containing remarks ou the
accounts given of a Clock at Manheim^ and tbat of a Pocket
Chronometer at Greenwich; both made by Mr. John Ar-
nold," ,4to, 1781. "An Aifiswer from John Arnold to an
anonymous letter on the Longitude, 4to, 1782.*
. ARNOLP (Nicholas), professor of divinity at Franeker,
was born at Lesna, a city of Poland, Dec. 17, 1618. He
was educated in the college of Lesna, particularly under
ComenLus, and was afterwards created subdeacon to the
synod of Ostrorog, at the age of fifteen, and in that quality
accompanied Arminius for two years in his visitation of the
churches of Poland, after which he was sent to Dantzick,
in 1635, and applied himself to the study of eloquence
and philosophy. He returned to Poland in 1638, and
pursued his divinity studies for about a year, after which
he was sent into Podolia to be rector of the school of Jab-
lonow. Having exercised that employment three months,
he performed the office of a minister the two following
years at a nobleman^s house. As it was observed that his
talents might be of great service to the church, it was
thought proper that he should visit the most celebrated
academies. With this view he set out, in 1641, aiKl after
Visiting Franeker, Groningen, Leyden, and Utrecht, he
came over to England; but unfortunately this purpose was
frustrated by the rebellion, which then raged in its utmost
violence, and had suspended the literary labours of Oxford
and Cambridge. On his return to his own country, he
preached witii great success and approbation, and in 1651
was chosen to succeed Cocceius as professor of divinity at
Franeker, which office he discharged until his death, Oct
15, 1680, after a long illness, in which he gave many in-
'stances of his piety, and resignation to the Divine will.
His works are very numerous, and were written principally
against the Socinian tenets* Among these Bayle enume-
rates his ^^ Refutation of the Catechism of the Socinians,**
his " Anti-Bidellus," " Anti-Echardus," his book "against
Brevingius," his " Apology for Arnesius against Erber-
mann,'' the defender of Bellarmin ; " Theological dis-
putes on select subjects,^' " Commentary on the Epistle
to the Hebrews," &c. Rewrote with learning and spirit^
and had a powerful host of enemies to couteod with in
> Gent. Ma;, 1799, &c
519 ARNOLD*
Poland^ where Socinian opinions were very extenureljr
disseminated. *
ARNOLD (Samuel), an English musician and composer
of considerable eminence, was born in London about 1739,
and received his musical education at the chape) royal,
St. Jameses, under Mr» Gates and Dr. Nares, who dis*
covered in him the most promising talents, which he after-
wards cultivated and strengthened by constant study. In
1760 he became composer to Covent-garden theatre, of
which the celebrated Mr. Beard was then one of the ma-
pagers, and had the advantage of having his compositions
introduced to the public through the medium of the vo-
cal abilities of that popular singer and his associates. For
them he composed the ** Maid of the Mill," which has ever
been a favourite with the public. But in 1767 he tried his
skill in a higher species of composition, the oratorio, set-
ting to music Dr. Brown's ** Cure of Saul," in which it
was universally confessed, that he was eminently success-
ftiL This encouraged him to proceed in the same style;
and he produced " Abimelech," " The Resurrection,'*
and " The Prodigal Son," . the various merits of which
have been justly applauded by the best musical critics.
The latter, became so much a favourite, that when, in 1773,
it was in contemplation to instal the late lord North chan«>
cellor of the university of Oxford, the stewards appointed
to conduct the musical department of the ceremony, ap-
plied to Mr. Arnold for leave to perform the Prodigal Soru
His ready compliance with this request, which, however, it
would have been very imprudent to refuse, {Procured hixfi
the offer of an honorary degree, and his refusal of this did
faim real honour. He was not insensible of the value of a.
degree, but determined to earn it in the usual academical
mode ; and conformably to the statutes of the university,
received it in the scbool^room, where he performed, as an
exercise, Hughes's Poem on the Power of Music. On
such occasions, it is usual for the musical professor of the
university to examine the exercise ' of the candidate, but
Dr. William Hayes, then the professor at Oxford, returned
Mr. Arnold his score unopened, saying, ** Sir, it is quite
.unnecessary to scrutinize the exercise of the author of the
Prodigal Son."
About ,1771 he purchased Marybone gardens, for which
* G«n. DJct-*Biog. Univenelle •
ARNOLD. 513
be doitipc^ed some excellent burlettas and other pieces, to
which be added some ingenious fire-works. ThLs scheme
succeeded ; but in 1776, the lease of the gardens expired,
and they were let for the purposes of building/ We find
Dr. Arnold afterwards employed by Mr. Colmau, then
manager of Covent-garden, as musical . composer, and
when he purchased the Haymarket theatre, Dr. Arnold
was there engaged in the same capacity, and continued in
it for life. On the death of Dr. Nares, in liSf^y he was
appointed his successor -as oi^anist and composer to his
majesty's chapel at St. James's; and at the commemoration '
of Handel in Westminster Abbey in 1784, was appointed,
one of the sub-directors. In 1786, he began to publish
an uniform edition of Handel's works, and about the same
time published four yolumes of cathedcal nmsic. In 1789^
he was appointed director and manager of the per*
formances held in the academy of ancient music, a post of
honour in wbieh he acquitted himself with the highest
credit. In private life^ he is allowed to have possessed
those virtues which engage and secure social esteem. He
died at his house in Duke-^treet, Westminster, Oct. 2.2,
1802, in his sixty- third year. His published works
amount to, four Oratorios, eieht Odes, three Serenatas,
forty-seven Operas, three Burlettas, besides Overtures,
Cancertosy and many smaller pieces.
in 1771, Dr. Arnold married the daughter of Dr. Arch.
Napier, Mus. D. by whom he left two daughters and a son.
The latter has already distinguished himself by nxuch ex-'
cellence both in music and painting. ^
ARNOLDE (RICHAR0), one of our ancient English
chroniclers, is a writer concerning whom very little in-
formation can now be recovered. Stowe says, ^^ Arnolde
was a citizen of London, who, being inflamed with the
fervente love, of good learninge,^ travailed very studiously
therein, and principally in observing matters worthy to be
renaembred of the posteritye : he ndted the charters,
liberttei^ lawes, constitucions and cuslomes of the citie of
London. He lived in the yeatr 1519.^* Holinshed, in hia
enumeration of writers, at the end of the reign of Henrjr
VIII. mentions him as "Arnolde of Londori," who " wrote,
eertayne collections touchyng historicall matters.'^ Frony
his own work, it appears that he was a merchant of L6nf«
^ Gent. Mas* 1802.-i-Siiit>p. Mag. froitfanaccottatby Dr. Busby.
Vol. XL L l
lU A R N O L D E.
don, trading to Flanders. He is sometimes called a haber--
dasher, probably from being a member of that aneienC
company. He resided in the parish of St. Magnus, Loq«
don-bridge, but at one time, from pecuniary embar-
rassments, was compelled to take shelter in the sanctuary
at Westminster^ In the year 1488, he appears to have
been confined in the castle of Sluys, in Flanders, on sus*
picion of being a spy, but was soon liberated; and among
the forms and precedents in his work, there is a charter of
pardon granted him for treasonable practices at home, but
of what description, cannot now be ascertained. It is con-
jectured that he died about the year 1521, at least seventy
years old.
His work, which has been sometimes called *^ The Cus-
tomes of London,*' and sometimes ^^ Aruolde's Chronicle,"
contains a medley of information respecting the magis-
trates, charters, municipal regulations, assizes of bread,
&c. mostly taken from a work of the same kind which is
still remaining among the Cottonian MSS. (Julius B. I.)
The first edition was printed at Antwerp by John Does-
borowe, without date, place, or printer's name, but pro-
bably in 1502. The second was printed by Peter Tre-
veris, about 1520, or 1521, and a third, longo intervalla, at
London, 1 8 1 1, as part of a series of the English chronicles
undertaken by some of the principal booksellers of London^
and printed with great care and accuracy^ It is to the
learned preface to this last edition that we are indebted
for the preceding particulars respecting Amolde, and to it
likewise we may refer the reader for a discussion on the
origin of the celebrated poem, " The Nut-brown Maid,"
printed in the same edition. ^
ARNOUL, bishop of Lisieux, in the twelfth century,
was treasurer of the church of Bayeux, archdeacon of
Seez, and in 1141, succeeded John, his uncle, in the
bishopric of Lisieux. In 1147 he travelled beyond- seas
with Louis the Young, king of France, and returned in
1149. In 1154, he was present at the coronation of
Henry II. king of England, whom he endeavoured to keep
steadfast to the orthodox &ith, as appears by the letters of
pope Alexander III. He espoused tlie cause of Thomas
a Becket, and travelled to England, on purpose to effect
I Preface to the edit. 1811.— Bale.— Pitts.— Tanoer. — Herbert's
T4>l. Ill — Waitoft'8 Hilt, of P«etry, vol. HI. p. 135. ^ ^
A H N O U U 515
t reconciliation between Becket and the king^ but finding
that his interference was useless, and likely to involve him.-
self with Henry, he resolved to retire to a monastsery.
Many years after he was made canon regular of the abbey
of St. Victor at Paris, where he died August 31, 1182.
He wrote several works, and among others, a volume of
letters, two speeches^ one delivered in the council held at
Tours, U63) and the other on occasion of ordaining a
bishop, and some pieces of poetry, all printed by Odo
Turnebus, the son of Adrian, Paris, 1585^ under the title
'^ Epistolaa, conciones, et epigrammata,'V and afterwards
inserted in the Bibliotheca Patrum. D^ Acberi^ in the second
volume of his Spicilegium, has a treatise by Arnoul, *^ De
Schismate orto po^t Honorii IL discessum, contra Girardum
episcopum Engolismensem,^' the legate of Peter of Leon,
the antipope : and in the thirteenth volume, a sermon and
five letters. ArnouPs letters are chiefly valuable for thd
particulars they contain of the history and discipline of his
times, and his poetry is favourably spoken of, as to cor<*
rectness of verse. *
ARNOULT (John Baptist)^ an ex*jesuit, was born in
1689, and died at Besan^on in 1753. He was the author
of some curious pieces. The first was a collection of
French, Italian, and Spanish proverbs, a scarce little
work in 12mo^ Besan^on, 1733, and published under the
assumed name of Antoine Dumont, to prevent any unplea-**
ilant consequences to the author for some humorous attacks
which it contains on the Jaivsenists. In 1738, he pub«
iished under th^ same name, in Latin> ^^ A treatise on
. Grace," but his most considerable work is ^^ Le Precep«
teur," Besan9on, 1747^ 4to, somewhat on the plan of
iDodsley's Preceptor ; and Sabathier says^ there are many
useful reflections in this wojk> although it is not well writ-
ten. Arnoult attached great iipportance to a new plan for
the reformation of French orthography, and intended to
have introduced it in an edition of Joubert an4. Danet's
French and Latin and Latiti and French dictionaries, but
this he did not live to execute. *
ARNTZENIUS (John), a learned philologist, was bora
at Wesel, in 1702, the son of Henry Amtzenius, who had
been successively director of the schools of Weselj Arn^
1 Dapin.— 'Moreri.— -Saxii Onomasticon.
^ Bio;. Universe Uc.-^Pict. fiUtorique.
LL 2
f 1« A R N T Z E N I U S.
beim^ and Utrecfat, an<r died in 1728. Our author stu*
died law, but deroted himself more to classical literature.
At Utrecht he was the pupil of Drakenborcfa and Duker^
ajid at Leyden, of Biirmami and Havercamp, and he had
scarcely completed the ordinary course of education, when
the reputation he had acquired procured him the offer of
director of the lesser schools of Nimeguen ; but before ac-
Isepting this, he took the degree pf doctor of laws at
Utrecht, and published his thesis, on that occasion, July
1726, •* De nuptiis inter fratrem et sororem,*' Nimeguen.
In 172S, he was appointed professor of history and rhe-
toric in the Atheneum of Nimeguen : and in 1742, he suc-
ceeded Burmann in his professoi's chair at Franeker. He
died in 1759. His works are, 1. ** Dissertationes de co-
lore et tinciura comarum et de civitate Romana Apostoli
Pauli,'* Utrecht, 1725, 8vo. 2. « Oratio de delectu
•criptorum qni juventuti in scholis proelegcmdi sunt,**
Nimeguen, 1726, 4to. S. ^* Oratio de causis corrupt$s
Eloquentise,'* ibid. 1728, 4to. 4. An edition of ** Aure*
lius Victor," 1733, 4to, with the entire notes of Domi-
nions Machaneus, Elias Vinctus, Andreas Scottus, and
Jaiius Gruterus,- and the excerpta of Sylburgius, and of
Anna, daughter of Tanaquil Faber. 5. An edition of
^ Plinii Panegyricus,** enriched by excerpta from many
manuscripts, and the learned conjectures of Heinsius and
Peri^nius. Its only fault, Ernesti says, is in defending
too pertinaciously the common readings. 6. An edition
of the ** Panegyricus of Pacatus,*' Amst. 1753, 4to. His
Latin poems and orations were published after his death
by his son John Henry, 1762, 8vo. *
ARNTZENIUS (Otho), brother of the preceding, was
Il.orn in 1703, at Amheim, and died in 1763. He was
professor of the belles lettres, first at Utrecht, then at
Goude, and at Djelft, and lastly at Amsterdam. His first
work was a dissertation ** De Milliario aureo," Utrecht,
1728, 4t0, reprinted in 1769 by Oelrichs in his " The-
saurus Dissert, selectissimarum.^' In 1735, he published
a Variorum edition of the Disticha Catonis, of which an
improved reprint was made at Amsterdam in 1754, with
two dissertations by Withof, on the author and text of the
Disticbs. There are also by him some academical ora-
* Biog. UnircrscUc.— Sastii Onomutic^n.— Dibdm's Clanies.— CUrke't Bibl.
Pict
A R N T Z E N I U S. 517
lions, "Pro,Latina eruditorum lingua," Goude, 1737,
4t0 5 " De Gneca Latbi sermonis origine," Delft, 1741,
4to; ^^ De Mercurio," Amst. ^746, 4to ; and he left manu?
script remarks and corrections on the Pseudo-Hegesippus
in tlie hands of his nephew, the subject of the next ar-^
tide. *
ARNTZENIUS (John Henry), son of John Amtzenius,
was. born at Nimeguen in 1734. Me followed the track of
study pointed out by his father and uncle, and became
law professor at Groninguen, and afterwards at Utrecht,
where he died April 7, 1797, after having long enjoyed
high reputation for learning and critical acumen. * Saxius
has a long list of his works. His orations on various sub-
jects of law and criticism, enumerated separately by
Saxius, were published under the title of ^^ Miscellanea,"
Utrecht, 1765, 8vo. Besides which he published an edi-
tion of " Sediilius," with notes, Leuw. 1761, 8vo, of " Ara-
tor,'* Zutphen, 1769, 8vo ; " Institutiones Juris Belgici,**
Gron. 1783, 1788; and an edition of the " Panegyrici Ve-
teres," 2 vols. 4to, Utrecht, 1790,. 1797.*
ARNU (Nicholas), was born at Merancourt, near Ver-
dun, in Lorraine, 1629. He became dominican in 1644,
and died at Padua in 1692, professor of metaphysics. We
have of his, 1. '^ Clypeus Philosophise Thomisticse," Pa-
dua, 1686, 8 vols. 8vo. 2. ^^ A commentary on the Sum
of St, Thoipas," 1691, 2 vols, folio. There is a third pro-
duction of his in being, on the league lietween the em"-
peror and the king of Poland, against the grand signior,
whom he menaces with the demolition of his empire ; and,
in order to give weight to this denunciation, he brings to-
gether a series of prophecies, ancient and modern. This
book appeared at Padua in 1684.'
I Biog. Uaiverselle.*-»Saxii OnomasticoB.-— Dibdin'f Classics.— Clarke's BibK
Pict. 9 Ibid. s Moreri.
«S5=B
^— I
hh 3
INDEX
TO TBB
SECOND volume;
Those marked thus * are new.
Those marked f are re-written, with additions.
Page
*Allen, Anthony 1
* John 1
Thomas 2
f Thomas 4
* Thomas 4
*Alleon, Dulac J. L 5
Allestry> Jacob 5
Richard 6
♦Alletz, P.A 9
Alley, WilHam 10
Alleyn, Edward 11
*Allibond> John 16
* Peter ib.
*Allioni, Charles ib.
-fAllix, Peter 17
♦AUoisi, Balthazar 22
^fAllori, Alexander ib.
* Christophanp 23
-j-Almain, James ib.
'^Almamon 24
Almarus ib.
Almeida, Francis 25
.— « — - Lam-encc 28
t Manoel SO
* Theodore ib.
f Al^neloveen, T. J. Van . . 31
♦Almici, P. CamiUe 33
*Almodovar, Duke d* . . . . ib.
*Almon, John 34
Alphery, Mekepher 36
fAlphonsus X. 38
^ ^ Peter 39
Alpini, Prospero ib.
.WUfl...... 4^
Pag»
Abop, Anthony 42
-^— Vincent 44
Alstedhis, John Henry ... 45
♦Alston, Charles 46
*Alstroemer, Jonas ...... 4/
* Claude 49
♦Alt, Baron d* ib.
*Alter, Francis Charles ... ib.
♦Althamerus, Andrew 60
tAlthusen,orAlthusius,John 51
♦Alticozzi, Laurence ib.
Altilio, Gabriel 62
*Alting, Henry 53
' James 65
t Menso 58
* Menso ib*
♦Altisaimo ib.
♦Altmann, J. G ib.
♦Altomari, D. A 59
*Altor£er, Albrecht : ib.
*Alunno, Frauds ........ 60
♦Alvarez, Diego ib.
' Emanuel ib.
■ F^-ands 61
* de Oriente ib.
♦Alyarotto, James 62
♦Alvensleben, Count d' . . . ib.
♦Alxinger, John Baptist d* 63
*Alypi!?s of Anitioch 64
* philosopher .... ib#
* ofTagasta ib.
f Amaja, Francis 65
♦Amalarius Fortunatus i . • ib.
*i .■ I J Symphosius ... ib.
520
INDEX.
Page
*Amalric Augeri 66
fAmalthei, brothers ', fb.
Amama, Sixtiniis 68
*Amara-Singha 69
f Amaseo, Romulus 70
f Amatus, J. R. Amato. ... 71
Amauri, or Amalric ..... 72
*Amberger, Christopher . . 73
t Amboise, Francis d* 74
George d* 75
* James d* 78
- Michael d* ib.
♦Ambrogi; Antoine Marie . 79
^^Ambrogio, Theseus ib.
f Ambrose, St 81
f» I. deacon of Alex. .88
|._ of CamalduU . . 89
— de Lombez 90
'- — - Isaac 91
tAmbrosini, Barth 92
f- Hyacinth ib.
*Ameline, Claude. 93
*A«nelius Gentilianus ib.
Amelot de la Moussaye ... d4
Amelotte, Denis 95
*Amenta, Nicholas 97
fAmerbach, John 98
*-^ Vitus ib.
t Ames, Joseph 99
t Winiam ........... 102
*Amherst, Lord 105
Amhurst^ Nicholas 108
*Amico, Antonine d' . * . . . 113
* Bartholonie^v 114
*. Bernardine ib.
*; 1— Vita-Maria ib,
fAmiconi, Ciiacomo ib.
*Amiot, Father 11&
iknman, John Conrad ... 117
*— _— Jost, or Justus . ♦ . 118
f., Paul; 119
Ammanati, Barth 120
•f Ammiapus Marcellinus . . 121
. AmmiratOy Scipio 12^
'tAmmoni]a8,sonofHermias 124
f^ y^^ Andrew , . . . 125f
•{•■>■ '.■ — * Saccas. ..... iU
■*Amner,^ Richard ....••.. 126
iimontons, William . . . , . 127
il^mort,. Ewsebius ••-..• - 129
Amory, Dr. Tliomas , . . , 130
Page
Amory, Thomas, esq. • • • • 134
♦Ajhphibalus 138
Amphilochius 139
fAmpsingius, John ib.
tAmsdorf, Nicholas 140
♦Amthor, Christ. Henry . . . 141
*Amulon, or Amolo ib.
Amy, N ib.
*Amvn-Ahmed ib,
Amyot, James 14S
Amyraut, Moses 146
f Amyrutzes • • • • ^^^.
fAnacharsis ^ ib.
Anacreon 154
*Anania, or Agnany, John 156
** John Lorenzo d* 157
Anastasius ^UtoCbacarius Ibi
Sinaite 159
t Anatolius ib-
tAnaxagdras. i^
fAnaxandrides I6i
Anaxarchus ,.•... ii>*
f Anaximander 163
fAnaximenes, Milesian . . . 165
I ofLampsacus ib.
fAncharanus, Peter 166
*Ancher, Peter Kofod 167
-fAncillon, David t^»
f— Charles 171
Ancourt,Florent-Cartond* 17^
Anderson, Adam . , 174
f I ' ' " Alexander .... 17^
T— Sir Edmund . • 176
* George 17^
4t_««^ ^^ Geo. accountant ISO
f James 182
* Jais.agriculto'ist 184
4 John ... , 169
* Walter.. I90
« •
*Andlo, Peter 191
• f Andocides ............. ib.
*Andoquc, Peter ib.
*Andrada, Alphonsus .... 19»
f— — Anthony . . . . ; . ib.
-. — ' — - Diego de Pay va , ib^
'• — Francis i93
— -Thomas 194
*AndriB8e, John G. JK, . • . . . ib.
*Andreani, Andrea ..*... ib.
*Andrieas, John.. ........ IdS
.f ' James i........ I'W
INDEX.
621
*Ao^esAj John Valentine 199
M John of Mugellp 201
» JFohnof Xativa . QQSi
*- Onuphrius 203
Valerius ^ 204
*Ai>^ini, Francis , 205
t Isabella 20^
* John Baptfct . . , 207
Andrelini^ Publip Fausto . ib.
Andrew, of Crete 208
tApdrew, or Andrea Pis^o 209
f^ deSarto.. 210
^Aiy^w^ or Andreas Tobias 212
y'M-. , .> Yves Mary 214
^Ai^ew^ James Pettit . ^ . ib.
t' . ■- tancejot 217
-tAxudrpinachus , 226
♦Andrpnicus, of Rhodes . . 227
*•-,.- — -ofThessalonic^ ib.
* ' " — of Gyresthes . ib.
t Livitts. ,.... 228
tAodrouet-du^Cerceavi* Jas. 229
tAndry, Niohote^. - . ib.
*Afleavi, B^h.... 231
Anellp, Thpipas 232
*Anfossii» P^i$)cal , . 237
+Ange d^ St, Joseph. .... . 238
de. St. Rpsalie. 239^
*AngeK John.. ib.
t Angelij Bopayenture . . . , ib.
+A«geJicp, Fra^. Giovanni. . 240
*Aflgelieri, .BpK)i^y#8ijture . . 241
tAiigeUo^ Peter .....
-. rrr Doawnico de
*Aoge)i^, Peter. . . , . .
.StepKeft de
» •
*A»gelQ, JjMwes
tAi^gelpni, FraoQ^ . .
^A9gelu0Di, Theodora
tAngelus^ Christopher
*Angerianp, Gir^^auo
*Aiigiapta, P. M. d\ .
Angilbert, St..
tAi>giolQUp,.J.phn MariQ . .
AngUcus, Gilb^rtw 253
^Ai^sci^ S.QpAionisba. . ib.
*A»gQijlwue,Ch5Mrl«dwWd* ib.
^Apgi^ip, Micb»d 256
^ABgi(ier> Frsu ia>d. Michael 257
lAAg49lM:»;,JohuA»dr^wdA lb.
*' I j" ■ Ugm 2^9
ib.
243
245
246
ib.
247
ib.
248
250
ib.
252
ib.
Anich^ Peter 259
♦Anichini, Lewis ...:.... 260
^Anna-Comnena , . Jb.
fAnnand^ William 261
Annat, Francis ,« ., 262
Annesley, Arthur 263
t -Samuel .. . 268
*Anniceris , ^ 269
fAnnius of Viterbo 270
*Anquetil, Louis Peter. . . . 273
^■" ' Duperron 274
*Ansart^ Andrew Jpseph , . 276
^Anscarius 277-
Aosegisus 28P
fAnselm, archbishop . . . . « ib.
*Ahseime;, de St. Mary 29^
* Antony ib.
* ' ■ of Antwerp 293
* ■ * George ib-
*Anslo, Reiner ib.
tAnson, George, lord 294
* . Peter Hvbert 301
* Anstey, Christopher ♦ ib]
tAnstis, John 303
*"• Juxupr ......... 307
t Antelmi, Joseph ........ ib.
t Antesignanusj Peter .... 309
^Anthemius , ib.
*Anthony, St _ 310
I — Dr. Fraaeia .... 312
r John 315
*Ai3LtigonuSj Caiystbius ... Uk
^^ Sochseus ib.
*Antimachus 316
* — ^^ Mark Antony ib.
•*Antiochu8 of Asealon. . . . 317
* ofSebo. ib.
t Antipater, Laslius ib.
t rofSidon 31»
^Antiphanes tt^-
*Alltiphon ....../, ibv
^Antiquarius, James 31^
fAntisthenes ib.
♦Antonelli, N. M^ria 32»
Antonianp^ Silvio ib.
Antonides Vander Goes . . 32d
^AAtonine de Forc^glioni . 324
*-. Aniubol ib»
^Antoninus Pm^ 325
■ ^ Phifpsophvs... 3*7
t— ~— U^ewto saj{
932
Antc»io da Messina
•f Nicholas . . ,
1 J^DEX;
*Antomus> Godefroy
Marcus
the Triumvir . .
-f ^Hus Nebriss.
* St.'Of Padua .. .
f AnviHe, J. B. B. d'
*Anweiy, or Anvari
^Anysius^ Janus
Anyta
*Apaczai> John
*Apel, John
Apelles, painter-.
' heretic
f Aper, Marcus
f Aphthonius .'
Apicius
f Apian, Petar and Philip. .
Apion
Apollinaris^Caius Su^itius
^ApoUinarius^ Claudius . . .
♦■■ the elder. . . .
——the younger .
*^Apollodorus> painter ....
f grammarian
■' architect. . . .
Apolk>nius> Greek writer .
f geometrician .
*- ■ Dyscolus
t- Tyaneus
f Apono^ Peter
♦Apostolius, Michael
*Appian> Historian
♦Apprece, John
Aprosio^ Angelico
Apuleius> Lucius
*Aquaviva, And. Matthew
*■ ' Claudius
♦Aquila
*Aquilano> Serafino
Aquilanus> Sebastian ....
Aquinas^ Thomas
*Aquino> Charles de
*— — Louis
♦ r- Peter
t-. Philip
♦Arabella Stuart
*Arab-chah
♦Aragon, TuUia d\ , . . . . ,
Ai9m, Eugene. , •
Page
332
333
335
ib.
337
341
342
343
MS
ib.
347
ib.
348
349
352
ib.
353
ib.
354
355
357
ib.
ib.
358
359
ib.
360
361
363
366
ib.
36d
370
ib.
371
372
374
376
377
ib.
378
ib.
ib.
382
ib.
ib.
383
ib.
388
389
ib.
fArantiiis, Jul. Csesai^ ....
*Arator
fAratus
♦Arbaudi Francis
Arbuckle^ James
fArbuthnotyiyexander , . .
' John ;
t Arcepe> Louis Etienne . . .
* Arcesilaus
*Archekius ; .
Archias^ Aulas Licittiuff. .
Archilochus
Archimedes
*Archinto, Octavius . .
* Count Charles
Archon> Louis
*Archyta8
^Afckenholz, John
*Arco, Nicholas
Arcudio, Peter
Arden> Edward . . . ..:...
*Ardene, E. J. de Rome d*
* J. P. de Rome d'
Ardem^ John
♦Ardeme> James ....
Ai'eha> Anthony de. .
* James de . * .
fAresi, Paul
Areteeus . . .... ....
*AretinOi Charles . . . .
f ■ Guido .....
t Peter. .....
t •
*Aretiu8
*Argaiz, Gregory de.
tArgall> John . . « • .
* Richard . . .
*Argellati, Philip. . ,
■ Francis .
fArgens^ J. B. Marquis d' .
^Argensola . . 1
Argentier^ John
*Argentre, Charles D. d* . .
*Argillata, Peter
Argoli> Andrew
John
Argonne, Noel . . . .
*Argota, Jerome . . .
ArgueSj Gerard des.
Argyropylus, John .
*Ariosti, Attilio. . . . .
t Ariosto^ Ludovi#o .
S9i
ib.
392
89S
ib.
394
396
399
400
.401
ib.
40?
403t
408
409
ib.
410
ib.
411
412
ib.
413
415
416^
ib.
417
ib.
418
419
ib.
420
423
425
ib.
426
426
427
428
429
431
ib.
ib,
432
433
ib.
434
ib.
ib.
435
4se
ib:
INDEX.
5»
Page
*Arisi, Francis ••••....«. 449
f Aristaenetus 450
Aristarchus, gramiBarian 451
t philosopher 452
*Aristeas 453
* historian and poet ib^
t Aiistidea, ^lius ib.
♦ — the Just 454
•*; philosopher . . • 465
* — , painter ib.
* Quintilianus . . 456
Aristippus 457
*Ari8to, of Chios 459
* of Coos ib.
* Titus ib.
*Aristobulus ib.
Aristophanes 460
t Aristotle 463
tAristoxenus • 471
fArius . . . . ^ 472
t Arkwright, Sir Richard . . 476
Arlaud^ James Anthony « . ib.
t Arlotto 477
♦Arluno, Bernard ib.
*Armellini, Mariano 478
ArmiiMUS, James ib.
t Armstrong, John 482
Arnald, Richard 437
♦Arnaldo, Peter Anthony. . 488
t Arnall, William ib.
Arnaud de MeyrveUh .... 489
Pag^
*Amaud, Francis ........ 482
* F. T. M. de B. d' 491
* — —^ — George 492
* 1 — Georges de Ronsil 493
Arnauld^ Anthony .494
D'Andilli, Robert ib.
— — — Anthony 495
Henry 498
*Amdt, Christian 499
■ John; ib.
f Joshua 500
* Charles 501
fArne, T. Augustine ib.
*Amigio, Barth 504
tArmsaeus> Hennihgus. . . . 505
t Amobius, of Africa 50^
t of Gaul 607
Arnold of Brescia ib.
de Villa Nova. .. . 608
Christopher 509
Gothojfred 610
— — John ib.
Nicholas 611
■ Samuel 512
^Amolde^ Richard 513
tArnoul . 514
^Amoult, John Baptist . . . 615
*Arntzenius, John ib.
* Otho 516
* John Henry.. 617
Arnu^ Nicholas ib.
t-
END OF TUE SECOND VOLUME.
Nichols, Son, and Bentlkt, Printers,
Red Lion Passage, Fleet Street, London.
t
J
ff
I
// r. /O. 3